Suchergebnisse

Im Reden über Kriminalität verständigt sich die Gesellschaft – über die Moralisierung von "Abweichung" – auf die soziale Ordnung und die in ihr eingelassenen Macht- und Herrschaftsverhältnisse. Kriminalität ist nicht nur ein Thema von Kontroll-"Experten", auch im Alltag werden beständig Geschichten über Kriminalität erzählt, weil sie eine Moral enthalten, die im Prozess der (Medien-) Rezeption lebenspraktisch gemacht werden kann. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, wie über die Analyse des alltäglichen Erzählens von Moralgeschichten symbolische und kulturelle Dimensionen von Kriminalität herausgearbeitet werden können, und welche Funktionen Kriminalität als symbolischer und kultureller Ressource im Prozess des alltäglichen Moralisierens zukommen. Vorgestellt wird dabei ein Konzept der Narrationsanalyse, das übliche Trennungen zwischen Text und Kontext, Form und Inhalt überwindet und die Moralgeschichte mit der Erzählsituation verbindet. Abschließend wird das Potential der Narrationsanalyse für die Untersuchung der Rezeption massenmedialer Kriminalitätsdarstellungen diskutiert.

The aim of the Master thesis Does the Law System of the Republic of Lithuania Ensure the Non-Discrimination of Women in Labour Market is, by answering the problematic question, to conduct a scientific research and confirm or deny the hypothesis that the law system of the Republic of Lithuania does not ensure the non-discrimination of women in labour market. This topic is problematic because there is a legislative context established in Lithuania that aims to ensure equal individual rights in the field of labour. Despite the relative legislation, the official statistical data demonstrate that de facto situation of women in labour market is worse than men. In Lithuania only in 2012 in the age range of 25-34 there were 17.8% more women with higher education than men and, compared to men, their work pay gap was 12.6%. What is more, in the age range of 35-44 the work pay gap was 17.3%, and the employment rate of women was 3% smaller than men. Hence, the subject of the scientific study is the legal system of the Republic of Lithuania in terms of the non-discrimination/discrimination of women in labour market. The objectives of the paper are as follows: 1. interview the representatives of three different institutions in Lithuania in order to find out the main reasons, why the situation of women in the labour market is worse, and to provide the form and base of discrimination of women; 2. present the concept of positive actions and the application of tools of positive actions that ensure the non-discrimination of women in labour market; 3. analyze and describe how to ensure the non-discrimination of women in labour market on an international and supranational level; 4. analyze Lithuanian law and point out the imperfections of certain laws that do not ensure the non-discrimination of women in labour market. In the first chapter of this Master thesis the forms and reasons of women discrimination in labour market were analyzed. It was important to find what the forms of discrimination are and what factors influence the worse situation of women in labour market, compared to men. The study was done as follows: the representatives of three different Lithuanian institutions were interviewed, the comparative analysis of legislation was carried out, and the analysis of scientific publications was done. The results demonstrated that women in labour market are discrimanet for these reasons: lack of representation of women when making decisions, constantly reproduced gender stereotypes, and the higher burden of family responsibilities, compared to men. The base of discrimination are marital and family status, family commitment, pregnancy, and parental leave. The Lithuanian law provides four prohibited forms of discrimination: direct, indirect, harassment, and sexual harassment. However, the description of law has no direct relation with actual segregation in employment. The second chapter provides the analysis of the application of positive actions that ensure the non-discrimination of women in labour market. Positive actions are important because they eliminate actual inequality in social life. It was researched, what the tools of positive actions are in the public work sector and private work sector. The comparative analysis with other countries was carried out. The results revealed that the Lithuanian law treats positive actions as temporary special measures that are used to ensure equality and prevent the violation of equal rights because of gender-related and other reasons. However, there is no law in Lithuania that would provide the exact nature and conditions of application of these measures. The third chapter provides the analysis of how the non-discrimination of women in labour market on an international and supranational level is ensured. Descriptive, analytic, and comparative methods were used to find out what measures and mechanisms can help to ensure the non-discrimination if women in labour market. With the use of international mechanisms the United Nations obligate the countries-participants of convention to apply national measures in fighting with the discrimination of women in labour market. In Lithuania the Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the Optional Protocol to the Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination Against Women are confirmed. Lithuania, as a participating country, formally considers the recommendations regarding the worse situation of women in labour market and implements them through various national programs by modifying or supplementing the legislation. The influence of the European Union is felt on a supranational level when writing national legislation. There are many EU directives applied in the national law of Lithuania. However, not all of them are applied consistently because the non-discrimination of women in labour market is not the priority issue in Lithuania. Chapter 4 provides the analysis of the legislation and legal mechanisms of the Republic of Lithuania. The main focus was on the issue of maternity leave regulated by the Labour Code, and the issue of making decisions, appealing them, and functions of Equal Opportunities Ombudsman. These questions are important because they are directly related to the situation of women in labour market and the ability to address a quasi-judicial body with the appeal about violation of rights. The methods of scientific analysis used in this chapter are analytical method, descriptive method and interview. The provision of parental leave that is regulated by the Labour Code raises main problems regarding the situation of a woman in labour market because the stereotypical idea that only a woman should go on parental leave is still alive. A very small part of men choose to go on a parental leave what causes long breaks between work for women and strongly affects their career. The results showed that people in Lithuania trust the Equal Opportunities Ombudsman more than they trust court. However, the contemporary function of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsman, which is the supervision of law enforcement, and its related competence of imposing administrative liability regarding the violation of Act on Equal opportunities for Women and Men and Law on Equal Opportunities are limited. The results of this research are important because they reveal the imperfections of laws and pose a need to adopt amendments. After the scientific research was conducted, the hypothesis raised was confirmed: the law system of the Republic of Lithuania does not ensure the non-discrimination of women in labour market. The answer to the question, whether the law system of the Republic of Lithuania ensures the non-discrimination of women in labour market, is no.

In recent years, gender stereotypes have been the subject of controversial discussions in French society. The debates have polarized into two camps: one driven by the importance they attach to gender differences; the other by the need to erase them and promote gender equality at work. Several (american) models explain the effects of stereotypes on judgment. These effects can either be stereotypical (i.e., when the person behaves in concordance with his stereotypes or counter-stereotypical (i.e., when he behaves differently to his stereotypes). To this day, very few studies have been carried out in France to test these models. Hence, the purpose of this doctoral dissertation was twofold. First, we examined gender and status stereotypes which could lead to sex inequality at work. Second, we tested the impact stereotypic conformity and stereotypic non-conformity had on the recruitment of applicants and on the evaluation of actual workers. We carried out 11 studies among students from different backgrounds and workers. Four studies were focused on characterizing the French gender and hierarchical stereotypes, one study allowed us to determine if French people feel pressure to comply with gender stereotypes and 6 studies were aimed to test the impact of stereotypic and counter stereotypic information on the evaluation of applicants and workers. We recruited 3528 (2136 women) with a mean age of 25 years. Results showed the major impact descriptive gender stereotypes have on the evaluation of people. When applying for a job, behaving stereotypically would benefit the applicants if their gender and status fit with the job. In the other case, it would disadvantage them. However, this impact fades when information about the applicants is available, in particular when the applicants are gender counter stereotypic. The judgment will then be based on the conformity between the applicants' personality and the job. Depending of the personal motivations of the evaluator, he can decide to either penalize or aid the counter stereotypical candidate. Finally, it is likely that stereotypes associated to jobs are those that have the more impact on the recruitment officer's judgment. Our discussion will focus on the importance French political authorities devote to gender stereotypes whereas changing representations of occupations would be a more promising solution to reduce gender inequality. ; Depuis quelques années, les stéréotypes sexués font l'objet de débats controversés dans la société française. Ces débats opposent ceux qui sont attachés à leurs différences à ceux qui désirent les gommer afin de permettre une plus grande égalité professionnelle entre les femmes et les hommes. Plusieurs modèles théoriques (américains) expliquent que les effets des stéréotypes s'expriment aussi bien quand un individu se comporte de façon conforme à ses stéréotypes sexués (comportement stéréotypique) que quand il se comporte de façon non-conforme (comportement contre-stéréotypique). Etant donné que très peu d'études ont été menées pour tester ces modèles sur le sol français, le but de la thèse a été double. Il s'agissait à la fois d'examiner le contenu des stéréotypes de sexe et de statut pouvant amener à de l'inégalité de traitement entre les hommes et les femmes dans le milieu du travail; et à la fois de mesurer l'impact de la conformité et de la non-conformité à ces stéréotypes sur le recrutement d'un candidat et sur l'évaluation d'un travailleur en poste. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé 11 études, menées essentiellement auprès d'étudiants issus de diverses disciplines, mais également de salariés en poste (3528 participants au total, dont 2136 femmes, âgés de 25 ans en moyenne). Les résultats montrent l'impact majeur des stéréotypes descriptifs sexués sur l'évaluation des individus mais uniquement lorsque ceux-ci postulent à un poste non conforme à leur sexe. Cet effet délétère disparaît lorsque des informations contre-stéréotypiques sur les candidats sont rendues disponibles. La bonne ou mauvaise évaluation de ce candidat se ferait, dès lors, à partir de l'adéquation entre sa personnalité et le poste visé. Sous l'effet de certaines motivations personnelles, l'évaluateur peut cependant choisir de pénaliser ce candidat contre-stéréotyique, ou de le favoriser davantage. Au final, ce sont surtout les stéréotypes liés aux professions qui impactent le plus le jugement des évaluateurs. Notre discussion portera sur l'importance accordée aux stéréotypes sexués par les politiques françaises alors même qu'un changement de représentations des métiers serait certainement plus à même de diminuer les inégalités de traitement entre les hommes et les femmes.

In recent years, gender stereotypes have been the subject of controversial discussions in French society. The debates have polarized into two camps: one driven by the importance they attach to gender differences; the other by the need to erase them and promote gender equality at work. Several (american) models explain the effects of stereotypes on judgment. These effects can either be stereotypical (i.e., when the person behaves in concordance with his stereotypes or counter-stereotypical (i.e., when he behaves differently to his stereotypes). To this day, very few studies have been carried out in France to test these models. Hence, the purpose of this doctoral dissertation was twofold. First, we examined gender and status stereotypes which could lead to sex inequality at work. Second, we tested the impact stereotypic conformity and stereotypic non-conformity had on the recruitment of applicants and on the evaluation of actual workers. We carried out 11 studies among students from different backgrounds and workers. Four studies were focused on characterizing the French gender and hierarchical stereotypes, one study allowed us to determine if French people feel pressure to comply with gender stereotypes and 6 studies were aimed to test the impact of stereotypic and counter stereotypic information on the evaluation of applicants and workers. We recruited 3528 (2136 women) with a mean age of 25 years. Results showed the major impact descriptive gender stereotypes have on the evaluation of people. When applying for a job, behaving stereotypically would benefit the applicants if their gender and status fit with the job. In the other case, it would disadvantage them. However, this impact fades when information about the applicants is available, in particular when the applicants are gender counter stereotypic. The judgment will then be based on the conformity between the applicants' personality and the job. Depending of the personal motivations of the evaluator, he can decide to either penalize or aid the counter stereotypical candidate. Finally, it is likely that stereotypes associated to jobs are those that have the more impact on the recruitment officer's judgment. Our discussion will focus on the importance French political authorities devote to gender stereotypes whereas changing representations of occupations would be a more promising solution to reduce gender inequality. ; Depuis quelques années, les stéréotypes sexués font l'objet de débats controversés dans la société française. Ces débats opposent ceux qui sont attachés à leurs différences à ceux qui désirent les gommer afin de permettre une plus grande égalité professionnelle entre les femmes et les hommes. Plusieurs modèles théoriques (américains) expliquent que les effets des stéréotypes s'expriment aussi bien quand un individu se comporte de façon conforme à ses stéréotypes sexués (comportement stéréotypique) que quand il se comporte de façon non-conforme (comportement contre-stéréotypique). Etant donné que très peu d'études ont été menées pour tester ces modèles sur le sol français, le but de la thèse a été double. Il s'agissait à la fois d'examiner le contenu des stéréotypes de sexe et de statut pouvant amener à de l'inégalité de traitement entre les hommes et les femmes dans le milieu du travail; et à la fois de mesurer l'impact de la conformité et de la non-conformité à ces stéréotypes sur le recrutement d'un candidat et sur l'évaluation d'un travailleur en poste. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé 11 études, menées essentiellement auprès d'étudiants issus de diverses disciplines, mais également de salariés en poste (3528 participants au total, dont 2136 femmes, âgés de 25 ans en moyenne). Les résultats montrent l'impact majeur des stéréotypes descriptifs sexués sur l'évaluation des individus mais uniquement lorsque ceux-ci postulent à un poste non conforme à leur sexe. Cet effet délétère disparaît lorsque des informations contre-stéréotypiques sur les candidats sont rendues disponibles. La bonne ou mauvaise évaluation de ce candidat se ferait, dès lors, à partir de l'adéquation entre sa personnalité et le poste visé. Sous l'effet de certaines motivations personnelles, l'évaluateur peut cependant choisir de pénaliser ce candidat contre-stéréotyique, ou de le favoriser davantage. Au final, ce sont surtout les stéréotypes liés aux professions qui impactent le plus le jugement des évaluateurs. Notre discussion portera sur l'importance accordée aux stéréotypes sexués par les politiques françaises alors même qu'un changement de représentations des métiers serait certainement plus à même de diminuer les inégalités de traitement entre les hommes et les femmes.

This report investigates the phenomena of unpaid work in Australia. Unpaid work is defined as activities such as cooking, cleaning, childcare, other housework and voluntary work done without payment. The report looks at unpaid work in contemporary Australia, including current statistical data, sociological research, knowledge gaps and potential policy initiatives. It provides a descriptive analysis of the 2006 ABS Time Use Survey data, a literature review of current research into unpaid work, identifies knowledge gaps in the current literature and investigates cross-national research to find initiatives that increase male uptake of unpaid work. Analysis of the 2006 ABS Time use survey data showed: • An obvious and ongoing gender disparity exists in levels of unpaid work in Australia, with women undertaking sixty-five percent of all unpaid work. • Two hours and 12 minutes defines the gendered division of labour in modern Australian households; men spend 2 hours and 12 minutes more per day than women in paid work, women spend 2 hours and 12 minutes more per day in unpaid work. • The total time people are spending on unpaid work is increasing, with women continuing to spend more time in all unpaid work activities, except outdoor activities. • Women are still responsible for three quarters of the time spent in indoor housework, but are spending less time in housework activities than they did in 1992. • Men are responsible for fifty-six percent of outdoor household work, but their time spent in these tasks has declined since 1992. • Women are responsible for seventy-three per cent of time spent on childcare. • Both men and women have increased their time spent on childc·are since 1992. • Male participation in unpaid work is increasing in some tasks, like housework and childcare, and declining in other tasks such as outdoor work. • Women are increasing their time spent in outdoor work and childcare, and decreasing time spent in indoor work. • Overall, gender disparity still exists with women undertaking sixty-five per cent of all time spent on unpaid work in Australia. The literature review revealed: • Research into unpaid work uses sociological theory and statistical time use data to explain the causes and inequities in unpaid work rates in Australia and cross-nationally. • The major variables that predict unpaid work rates in Australia include employment, income, marital status and parental status. • Micro-level variables consistently predict female unpaid work rates, but very few micro-level variables predict male unpaid work rates. • Women's over-representation in unpaid work has a concurrence with other negative lifestyle factors, such as low socio-economic status, increased feelings of time pressure, less time spent in leisure activities and sleep, and increased likelihood of poor health. Knowledge gaps in the literature include: • Australian time use data can be utilised in new ways to investigate minority demographic groups, the social mobility, public perceptions of time use equity and the effects of macro-level factors such as Australian government policy on unpaid work distribution. • Time use survey methodology can be improved, including increasing the scope of the survey to include children, adding a longitudinal component, and ensuring more rigorous data collection methods. Cross-national research demonstrates that: • Macro-level variable such as government policy are the most significant indicator in predicting increases in male unpaid work rates. • Strategies to increase male participation in family responsibilities have had high success in Scandinavian countries, and include 'Use it or lose it' paternity leave, campaigns to promote more active fathering, mandatory awarding of joint custody in divorce arrangements, and workplace flexibility that accommodates family commitments • Countries that favour the 'male breadwinner' model and provide taxation and welfare benefits that encourage women to stay at home have more inequitable unpaid work distribution between the genders • Countries that favour the 'mother-worker' model and have flexible workplace arrangements, publicly funded child care and parental leave (not just maternity leave) have more equitable distributions of unpaid work between the genders • Policies that reinforce traditional gender dynamics (especially those that encourage women to be primary care-givers for children) result in more inequitable unpaid work distribution. Australian policy can be improved by: • Taking unpaid work into account when formulating policy • Ensuring government policy does not implicitly reinforce traditional gender dynamics • Introducing specific strategies to encourage male participation in unpaid work modelled from successful Scandinavian initiatives.

In Ecuador, the adoption and consolidation of international architectural styles has been historically executed within a late period, it has even started to exist, when in the places of their origin these approaches have stopped being active. Particularly in the capital city of Quito, the brutalist movement developed with a ten-year delay. In this period of time it was possible to visualize small or sporadic hints that started to announce its appearance. This tendency, however, became clear in the mid-sixties when monumental structures of concrete started to occupy the city. Within the two-decade work of architects Oswaldo de la Torre, Milton Barragán and Ovidio Wappenstein it's possible to see the presence of this architectonic movement represented in the execution of public and private buildings of diverse scales. This work recognizes the existence of representative edifications within the brutalist architectural movement in Quito during a twenty-year period, and tries to assemble a speech about its acceptance in community, its development and end. This work also illustrates, through graphic analysis, the characteristics that give value to such structures and make them part of this expressive category. To develop this investigation, the next series of hypothesis are proposed: •The origin of the brutalist movement in the city of Quito, is exposed through a selected group of buildings designed by architects Oswaldo de la Torre Villacreces, Milton Barragán Dumet and Ovidio Wappenstein. •The adoption, development and ending of the brutalist movement in Quito is explained in five key moments that are related to historic, economic and political conditions of the city. • The formal and functional characteristics of the selected works, determine three ways of approximation to brutalism. • The production of Quito can be faced to the global environment of brutalism; this is because it is conceived upon universal architectonic principles. The work integrates eleven works of multiple scales, programs and representations within the city. The document is based on the analysis of the recompilation or the original blue prints as the primordial way to do its bi dimensional and tri dimensional reconstruction. This selection doesn't look for the equilibrium in the number of works of each author, it rather evaluates the selection because of their formal, special and material relevance. To structure the development of this movement in the city, this work proposes the aggrupation of the buildings in five temporal moments where they can be associated by the historical situation in Quito and the factors that contribute to their particularity and representation in the media. The study pretends to situate the three characters as the initial exponents of this movement and to recognize that their work promoted posterior interventions in the same line by other professionals. The descriptive reading of the projects its accompanied by the graphic dissection of the buildings. This action combined, locates the qualities that sustain the edifications within the movement and at the same time it determines the particular way in which each architect intervenes. The unveiled information determines the existence of multiple classes or subcategories inside brutalism in Quito. Therefore, this work illustrates the ways this current is approximated as replicable architectonic principles. Once the specific qualities of the projects are interpreted as logics for design, they are assumed as useful tools for the orientations in essays of the studious in the subject as for the works of designer architects. ; La adopción y consolidación de estilos arquitectónicos internacionales en Ecuador, históricamente se ha llevado a cabo dentro desplazamientos tardíos, llegando inclusive a existir en momentos en los que, en sus lugares de origen, han dejado de ser vigentes. Particularmente en la ciudad capital, Quito, la corriente brutalista se desarrolló con un retraso aproximado de diez años, tiempo en el cual fue posible visualizar pequeños o esporádicos indicios que anunciaban su aparición. No obstante, la tendencia fue rotundamente clara, a mediados de los años sesenta, cuando estructuras monumentales de hormigón armado, empezaron a poblar la ciudad. Dentro de la obra realizada durante dos décadas, por los arquitectos Oswaldo de la Torre, Milton Barragán y Ovidio Wappenstein, es posible evidenciar la presencia de este movimiento arquitectónico, representado en la ejecución de edificaciones de carácter público y privado. Este trabajo, reconoce la existencia de obras representativas del movimiento arquitectónico brutalista en Quito en un periodo de veinte años e intenta ensamblar un discurso acerca de su adopción en el medio, su desarrollo y término. Ilustra a partir del análisis gráfico, las características que dan valor a estas obras y que explican su clasificación dentro de esta categoría expresiva. La investigación plantea las siguientes hipótesis: El origen del movimiento brutalista en la ciudad de Quito, se expone a través de obras seleccionadas del trabajo de los arquitectos Oswaldo de la Torre Villacreces, Milton Barragán Dumet y Ovidio Wappenstein. La adopción, el florecimiento y el cierre de la corriente arquitectónica brutalista en Quito, se explica en cinco momentos, relativos a condiciones históricas, económicas y políticas de la ciudad. Las características formales y funcionales de las obras seleccionadas, determinan tres modos de aproximación hacia el brutalismo. La producción quiteña puede ser enfrentada al entorno brutalista global, gracias a que se concibe sobre principios arquitectónicos universales. Respecto a la primera hipótesis, el trabajo integra once proyectos de múltiples escalas, programas y representatividad dentro de la ciudad. Para su análisis, el documento se basa en la recopilación de la planimetría original como medio primordial para realizar la reconstrucción bidimensional y tridimensional. La selección no busca el equilibrio en el número de obras de cada autor, sino que evalúa la selección a partir de su pertinencia formal, espacial y material. Para estructurar el desarrollo de este movimiento en la ciudad, se propone la agrupación de las obras en cinco momentos temporales, en los que se pretende asociar la situación histórica de Quito, con la gestación de las obras, así como atar los factores que contribuyen a su particularidad y representatividad en el medio. El trabajo pretende situar a los tres personajes como exponentes iniciales de esta corriente, reconociendo simultáneamente que su trabajo promueve posteriores intervenciones en esa misma línea, de parte de otros profesionales. La lectura descriptiva de los proyectos, se acompaña de la disección gráfica de las obras. Esta acción combinada, ubica las cualidades que sustentan a las edificaciones, dentro de la corriente en estudio y al mismo tiempo, determina el modo particular, al que cada uno de los creadores recurre en su gestión. La información develada, determina la existencia de múltiples clases o subcategorías en el brutalismo quiteño, por lo tanto, el trabajo ilustra los modos de aproximación a esta corriente, como principios arquitectónicos replicables. Una vez que las cualidades específicas de los proyectos se interpretan como lógicas de diseño, se asumen como herramientas útiles, para la orientación de las faenas de estudiosos del tema, así como el trabajo de proyectistas arquitectónicos. ; Postprint (published version)

Background: The public sector in South Africa has long been concerned with poor performance in financial management in municipalities. The Auditor-General who has a constitutional mandate to audit government departments highlighted challenges in financial management facing the municipalities. The challenges include lack of compliance with the legislation of municipal financial management, weak audit outcomes, financially unqualified financial statements, mismatch in produced financial statements, missing reports regarding performance, incomplete disclosure in financial authorisation and unauthorised and waste expenditure. To overcome these challenges, the government introduced the Financial Management Information Systems (FMIS) to municipalities in South Africa to support budget preparation and implementation, accounting and reporting, performance monitoring and auditing and evaluation. However, FMIS have not reached widespread use and in the majority of municipalities required re-implementation. Employees are concerned that FMIS are not aligned with their work processes. Lack of sense of ownership towards FMIS is the contributing factor to end-users being reluctant to use FMIS. It was noted that end-users of FMIS were not given a chance to take control and contribute to the development of FMIS for their municipalities. Objective: Previous research posits that the degree of end-user's sense of ownership towards a system that they use in the workplace positively correlates to their level of involvement in the development process of the system. Employees in government departments such as municipalities are not usually involved or participate in the system development process. Sense of ownership towards the system is expected to arise when end-users participate in the system development process of the system. End-users may perceive that they have influence and control during the development of the system and thereby develop a sense of ownership about the system when it is ready for use. The study, therefore, investigated how end-user participation in system development engenders a sense of ownership among end-users of FMIS in municipalities. Method: The study was qualitative, deductive, followed the interpretive research epistemology and drew on a theory of psychological ownership as a theoretical lens, to analyse how end-user participation in FMIS development engenders a sense of ownership. A case study of the Western Cape Province focusing on two local and two district municipalities was considered as a representation of a South African context. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, observations of end-users during co-design sessions of FMIS development and document analysis. Thematic data analysis was appropriate for the study. Findings: Findings showed that end-users were excluded through the waterfall system development model used for FMIS development. The FMIS development was a top-down approach in which strategic decisions regarding the implementation of FMIS were made from the executive top management of the National and Provincial Treasury departments. The communication about the development was between National Treasury, Provincial Treasury and the system development team. Although end-users were provided training before using the system, they were concerned that the systems were not aligned with their work processes. It was evident that end-user participation in project initiation, system requirements specifications and system design specifications phases could enable end-users to gain a sense of ownership in the form of a sense of responsibility through problem-solving and decision-making, meaningfulness through collective learning during participation and locus of control through shared leadership. End-users revealed that the more they contribute to the development, they learn new skills, feel psychologically empowered and boost their confidence towards FMIS. End-users emphasised that shared leadership during end-user participation is likely to have an influence on how the system is developed to suit work processes. However, findings showed that end-user participation in organisations with complex structures such as municipalities could be hindered by a myriad of factors. Standardisation and lack of stakeholder collaboration, complex job-design and leadership-style approach across tiers of government have been stated by end-users as factors that may hinder the effectiveness of end-user participation in system development in municipalities. Originality/contribution: The theoretical contribution of the research emerges from the use of the theory of psychological ownership to investigate end-user participation to engender an end-user's sense of ownership towards FMIS. There is a lack of evidence-based studies in developing countries focusing on the end-user perspectives regarding factors affecting poor uptake of information systems in the public sector. To address this gap, this study made a descriptive contribution to the concept of a sense of ownership. There is a dearth of studies examining how end users of information systems in government departments in developing countries can be empowered through a sense of ownership to enhance the use and acceptance. In response to this research gap, this study focuses on the concept of end-user participation and contributes to the body of IS knowledge by examining the end-user participation approach as a systems development strategy to engender a sense of ownership to end-users of information systems in government departments.

Darbe siekiama išanalizuoti Ukrainiečių Karinės Organizacijos-Ukrainiečių Nacionalistų Organizacijos santykių raidą su Lietuvos Respublika. Darbo chronologinės ribos – nuo ryšių užmezgimo 1922 m. iki 1938 m. organizacijos lyderio pulk. Jevgenijaus Konovaleco mirties Roterdame. Pagrindinės priežastys lėmusios Lietuvos vyriausybės politikų ir intelektualų ryšių su UWO-OUN užmezgimą kilo dėl Lietuvos-Lenkijos konflikto dėl Vilniaus krašto. Ukrainiečius ir lietuvius netenkino orientacija į Antantės valstybes, o geopolitinė situacija ir prarastos teritorijos vertė ieškoti sąjungininkų. UWO-OUN priklausę nariai rengė pasikėsinimus, išpuolius ir sabotažo kampanijas, nukreiptas prieš Lenkijos valstybės aukščiausius pareigūnus. Dėl to Lenkijos slaptosios tarnybos ėmė persekioti J. Konovaleco vadovaujamą organizaciją. UWO-OUN nesugebėjo perkelti organizacijos struktūrų į Lenkijos aneksuotas Vakarų Ukrainos teritorijas, todėl J. Konovalecas kreipėsi į kitas valstybes – Čekoslovakiją, Vokietiją ir Lietuvą, konfrontavusias su Lenkija – tikėdamasis sulaukti pagalbos. Lietuvoje iš lietuvių intelektualų ir politikų kartu su UWO-OUN nariu Ivanu Revjuku buvo suformuota viena iš organizacijos atstovybių, kodiniu pavadinimu "Leniwka", kitaip dar žinoma, kaip Lietuvių-ukrainiečių draugija. Tyrimui atlikti buvo naudojami diachroninis, genetinis, aprašomasis ir analitinis metodai. Kadangi UWO-OUN atstovybes suformavo ne tik Lietuvoje sostinėje Kaune, bet ir kitose valstybėse, tokiose kaip Jungtinė Karalystė, Prancūzija, Vokietija ir t.t. todėl darbe buvo naudotąsi ir transnacionalinės istorijos vienu iš metodu perkėlimo istorija. Darbą sudaro keturi skyriai. Pirmajame skyriuje pristatomi lietuvių ir ukrainiečių pirmieji ryšiai jų užmezgimo aplinkybės, Lietuvos pozicija Vakarų ukrainiečių atžvilgiu. Antrajame skyriuje analizuojamas Stepono Smoko pasikėsinimas į Lenkijos valstybės viršininką Józefą Klemensą Piłsudskį ir ryšių su Lietuva užmezgimas. Trečiajame skyriuje aptariamas Lietuvos vyriausybės politikų ir intelektualų politinis dialogas kartu su UWO-OUN organizacijos atstovais Kaune, analizuojama Lietuvos pozicija kilus nesutarimams tarp UWO-OUN ir VULR vyriausybės. Paskutiniajame - ketvirtajame skyriuje – nagrinėjama Lietuvių ir ukrainiečių kultūrinė veikla. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad ukrainiečių tauta formavosi skirtingai. Vakarų ukrainiečių tautinis atgimimas buvo tolygus kitoms Vidurio Rytų Europos tautoms, tačiau nesugebėjus išlaikyti VULR valstybingumo emigracijoje, ukrainiečių karininkų iniciatyva susiformavo radikalios nacionalistinės organizacijos, kurios siekė nepriklausomos ir vieningos Ukrainos valstybės sudarymo. Lietuvos vyriausybės politikai ir intelektualai buvo susipažinę su Vakarų ukrainiečių nacionalistinėmis nuostatomis, suprato, kad tarp VULR ir UWO-OUN vadovų vyrauja nesutarimai dėl tautinės vyriausybės vadovo vietos. ; The aim of the work is to analyse the development of the relations of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists with the Republic of Lithuania. Chronological limits of the work spans from the first contact establishment in 1922 until the death of the commander Yevhen Konovalets in Rotterdam, 1938. The main reason that began the relationship between the Lithuanian establishment and UWO-OUN was Lithuanian-Polish conflict over the Vilnius region. Ukrainians and Lithuanians were not satisfied with the orientation towards the Entente states, the geopolitical situation and the value of the lost territory in search of allies. Members belonging to the UWO-OUN staged attacks, assaults and sabotage campaigns against the highest Polish state officials. As a result, the Polish secret services began to persecute the organization led by Y. Konovalets. UWO-OUN was unable to relocate the organisation's structures to the annexed territories of western Ukraine, so Konovalets appealed to other countries - Czechoslovakia, Germany and Lithuania, which were confronted with Poland - in the hope of receiving help. In Lithuania, one of the representative offices of the organization, code-named Leniwka, otherwise known as the Lithuanian-Ukrainian Society, was formed from Lithuanian intellectuals and politicians together with UWO-OUN member Ivan Revjuk. Diachronic, genetic, descriptive and analytical methods were used for the study. Since UWO-OUN representations were formed not only in Kaunas, the capital of Lithuania, but also in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, etc., the transfer history was also used as one of the methods. The work consists of four sections. The first chapter presents the first relations between Lithuanians and Ukrainians, the circumstances of their establishment, Lithuania's position towards Western Ukrainians.The second chapter analyzes Stephen Smok's attack on the Polish head of state Józef Klemens Piłsudski and the establishment of relations with Lithuania. The third chapter discusses the political dialogue between Lithuanian government politicians and intellectuals together with the representatives of the UWO-OUN organization in Kaunas, and analyzes Lithuania's position in case of disagreements between the UWO-OUN and the VULR government. The last - the fourth chapter - examines the cultural activities of Lithuanians and Ukrainians. The study revealed that the Ukrainian nation formed differently. The national revival of Western Ukrainians was on a par with that of other Central and Eastern European nations, but by failing to maintain VULR statehood in emigration, radical nationalist organizations formed on the initiative of Ukrainian officers to form an independent and unified Ukrainian state. Lithuanian government politicians and intellectuals were familiar with the nationalist attitudes of Western Ukrainians and understood that there were disagreements between the leaders of VULR and UWO-OUN over the position of the head of the national government. ; Humanitarinių mokslų fakultetas ; Istorijos katedra

Aim of the article is to spotlight the problem of Korean ethno-national artistic Traditions preservation and development in the context of Korean ethnic group residence outside the ethnic homeland, in Ukraine. The methodology of the article consists of a set of basic research principles such as: the art analysis has been used for the "Toradi" Kyiv dance group creative activity characterization; the historical analysis has been used for the Korean art traditions comprehension; the descriptive analysis has been used for the sequence of events representation; logical and analytical analyses have been used for the Kyiv Korean music collective art and creative activities meaningful aspects detections an example of the cultural traditions and art preservation by the Korean ethnic community in Ukraine.Scientific novelty of the article. The Korean artistic traditions influence in Ukraine among the Korean ethnic community has been first traced.Conclusions. Features of traditional Korean national dance — an important achievement of world choreography — as a reflection of the Korean nation musical and choreographic art peculiarities, its historical development, traditional ideas about beauty, ethnic mentality, etc. have been analyzed. The "Toradi" Korean choreographic group creative work, its connection with the art of Korea, realized through the "Toradi" group visits to Seoul and the invitations of South Korean choreographers to Kyiv, which have significantly enriched and complemented the creative palette of the dance group and enlarged national colorings creative work of the dance group, have been examined. The deep connection between the ethno-national artistic traditions of Korea and the art of Korean ethnic group in Ukraine has been proven; the peculiarities of this phenomenon as the model of ethno-national artistic traditions preservation in the era of Ukrainian society democratization have been revealed. ; Охарактеризована деятельность хореографического ансамбля «Торади», раскрыта его роль в развитии национальных культурных традиций корейского этноса в Украине. Рассмотрена проблема сохранения этнонациональных традиций в условиях проживания корейского этноса за пределами его этнической родины. В апреле 2007 года в Киеве создан Корейский культурный центр, цель которого — налаживание связей между представителями корейской нации в Украине и популяризация национальной культуры корейцев. Его деятельность направлена на создание нового имиджа страны — представительницы Востока, на распространение информации о культуре, мало известной европейцам. Важные вопросы жизнедеятельности корейской диаспоры в Украине и в мире освещает всеукраинское периодическое издание — журнал «Мугунхва». Корейский культурный центр сотрудничает с региональными представительствами корейских национальных обществ в Украине, налаживает контакты с зарубежными организациями, также популяризирующими корейскую культуру в странах своего пребывания. Методологию исследования составляют: искусствоведческий анализ — для характеристики деятельности киевского ансамбля танца «Торади», исторический — для освещения корейских культурных традиций, описательный — для воспроизведения развития событий, логико-аналитический — для раскрытия содержания деятельности киевского хореографического коллектива по сохранению в Украине корейской культуры. Научная новизна работы состоит в том, что впервые освещены проявления и популяризация в Украине культурных традиций Кореи. Корейский национальный танец рассмотрен как органическая составляющая мировой хореографии. Раскрыты особенности музыкального и хореографического искусства корейского народа. Творческие контакты и сотрудничество ансамбля «Торади» с известными южнокорейскими хореографами обогащают художественный потенциал коллектива новыми образами и многогранной танцевальной лексикой. Деятельность хореографического ансамбля «Торади» является образцом того, как в условиях активизации глобализационных процессов в мире можно сохранять и обогащать этнонациональные культурные традиции. ; Охарактеризовано діяльність хореографічного ансамблю «Тораді», розкрито його роль у розвитку мистецьких традицій корейського етносу в Україні. Розглянуто проблему збереження етнонаціональних традицій в умовах проживання корейського етносу за межами його етнічної батьківщини. У квітні 2007 року в Києві утворено Корейський культурний центр, мета якого — налагоджувати зв'язки між представниками корейської нації в Україні та популяризувати національну культури корейців. Його діяльність спрямована на створення нового іміджу країни — представниці Сходу, на поширення інформації про маловідому для європейців культуру. Важливі питання життєдіяльності корейської діаспори в Україні й у світі висвітлюються у всеукраїнському періодичному виданні — журналі «Мугунхва». Корейський культурний центр співпрацює з регіональними представництвами корейських національних товариств в Україні, налагоджує контакти із закордонними організаціями, які також поширюють корейську культуру у країнах свого перебування. Методологію дослідження становлять: мистецтвознавчий аналіз — для характеристики діяльності київського ансамблю танцю «Тораді», історичний — для висвітлення корейських мистецьких традицій, описовий — для відтворення розвитку подій, логіко-аналітичний — для розкриття змісту діяльності київського хореографічного колективу зі збереження в Україні корейської культури. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в тому, що вперше висвітлено вияв і популяризацію в Україні мистецьких традицій Кореї. Корейський національний танець розглянуто як органічну складову світової хореографії. Розкрито особливості музичного й хореографічного мистецтва корейського народу. Творчі контакти і співпраця ансамблю «Тораді» з відомими південнокорейськими хореографами збагачують мистецький потенціал колективу новими образами й багатогранною танцювальною лексикою. Діяльність хореографічного колективу «Тораді» є зразком того, як в умовах активізації глобалізаційних процесів у світі можна зберігати й збагачувати етнонаціональні культурно-мистецькі традиції.

Aim of the article is to spotlight the problem of Korean ethno-national artistic Traditions preservation and development in the context of Korean ethnic group residence outside the ethnic homeland, in Ukraine. The methodology of the article consists of a set of basic research principles such as: the art analysis has been used for the "Toradi" Kyiv dance group creative activity characterization; the historical analysis has been used for the Korean art traditions comprehension; the descriptive analysis has been used for the sequence of events representation; logical and analytical analyses have been used for the Kyiv Korean music collective art and creative activities meaningful aspects detections an example of the cultural traditions and art preservation by the Korean ethnic community in Ukraine.Scientific novelty of the article. The Korean artistic traditions influence in Ukraine among the Korean ethnic community has been first traced.Conclusions. Features of traditional Korean national dance — an important achievement of world choreography — as a reflection of the Korean nation musical and choreographic art peculiarities, its historical development, traditional ideas about beauty, ethnic mentality, etc. have been analyzed. The "Toradi" Korean choreographic group creative work, its connection with the art of Korea, realized through the "Toradi" group visits to Seoul and the invitations of South Korean choreographers to Kyiv, which have significantly enriched and complemented the creative palette of the dance group and enlarged national colorings creative work of the dance group, have been examined. The deep connection between the ethno-national artistic traditions of Korea and the art of Korean ethnic group in Ukraine has been proven; the peculiarities of this phenomenon as the model of ethno-national artistic traditions preservation in the era of Ukrainian society democratization have been revealed. ; Охарактеризована деятельность хореографического ансамбля «Торади», раскрыта его роль в развитии национальных культурных традиций корейского этноса в Украине. Рассмотрена проблема сохранения этнонациональных традиций в условиях проживания корейского этноса за пределами его этнической родины. В апреле 2007 года в Киеве создан Корейский культурный центр, цель которого — налаживание связей между представителями корейской нации в Украине и популяризация национальной культуры корейцев. Его деятельность направлена на создание нового имиджа страны — представительницы Востока, на распространение информации о культуре, мало известной европейцам. Важные вопросы жизнедеятельности корейской диаспоры в Украине и в мире освещает всеукраинское периодическое издание — журнал «Мугунхва». Корейский культурный центр сотрудничает с региональными представительствами корейских национальных обществ в Украине, налаживает контакты с зарубежными организациями, также популяризирующими корейскую культуру в странах своего пребывания. Методологию исследования составляют: искусствоведческий анализ — для характеристики деятельности киевского ансамбля танца «Торади», исторический — для освещения корейских культурных традиций, описательный — для воспроизведения развития событий, логико-аналитический — для раскрытия содержания деятельности киевского хореографического коллектива по сохранению в Украине корейской культуры. Научная новизна работы состоит в том, что впервые освещены проявления и популяризация в Украине культурных традиций Кореи. Корейский национальный танец рассмотрен как органическая составляющая мировой хореографии. Раскрыты особенности музыкального и хореографического искусства корейского народа. Творческие контакты и сотрудничество ансамбля «Торади» с известными южнокорейскими хореографами обогащают художественный потенциал коллектива новыми образами и многогранной танцевальной лексикой. Деятельность хореографического ансамбля «Торади» является образцом того, как в условиях активизации глобализационных процессов в мире можно сохранять и обогащать этнонациональные культурные традиции. ; Охарактеризовано діяльність хореографічного ансамблю «Тораді», розкрито його роль у розвитку мистецьких традицій корейського етносу в Україні. Розглянуто проблему збереження етнонаціональних традицій в умовах проживання корейського етносу за межами його етнічної батьківщини. У квітні 2007 року в Києві утворено Корейський культурний центр, мета якого — налагоджувати зв'язки між представниками корейської нації в Україні та популяризувати національну культури корейців. Його діяльність спрямована на створення нового іміджу країни — представниці Сходу, на поширення інформації про маловідому для європейців культуру. Важливі питання життєдіяльності корейської діаспори в Україні й у світі висвітлюються у всеукраїнському періодичному виданні — журналі «Мугунхва». Корейський культурний центр співпрацює з регіональними представництвами корейських національних товариств в Україні, налагоджує контакти із закордонними організаціями, які також поширюють корейську культуру у країнах свого перебування. Методологію дослідження становлять: мистецтвознавчий аналіз — для характеристики діяльності київського ансамблю танцю «Тораді», історичний — для висвітлення корейських мистецьких традицій, описовий — для відтворення розвитку подій, логіко-аналітичний — для розкриття змісту діяльності київського хореографічного колективу зі збереження в Україні корейської культури. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в тому, що вперше висвітлено вияв і популяризацію в Україні мистецьких традицій Кореї. Корейський національний танець розглянуто як органічну складову світової хореографії. Розкрито особливості музичного й хореографічного мистецтва корейського народу. Творчі контакти і співпраця ансамблю «Тораді» з відомими південнокорейськими хореографами збагачують мистецький потенціал колективу новими образами й багатогранною танцювальною лексикою. Діяльність хореографічного колективу «Тораді» є зразком того, як в умовах активізації глобалізаційних процесів у світі можна зберігати й збагачувати етнонаціональні культурно-мистецькі традиції.

In France, hiring employees in agriculture has become more common during the last forty years, especially non-familiar permanent employees. The progress of employees is related to strong structural transformations in agriculture, such as the enlargement of farms and the decrease of family workforce. Decreasing employees' turnover is a challenge for farms' sustainability. Thereby, our hypothesis is that take into account the role of employees in farm teamwork and understanding changes over time is a fundamental condition to identify ways to support farmers and employees to face this challenge. The aim of this thesis is to build a framework which associates both the approach to the work in livestock farms and the career development of employees to analyze how their works evolve. For this reason, the concept of human resources management has been used, in order to bring valuable contributions concerning work planning and career development inside organisations.The framework was built with the concepts of tasks assignment, versatility, specialization and autonomy. It was implemented with and empirical data from individual interview with 14 non-familiar permanent employees and 8 farmers (their employers), on dairy farms in Auvergne, a center region of France. The framework is composed by 8 variables, 19 categories, 3 rhythm of changes and 12 drivers of changes related to the farm, the farm teamwork and the employee. A conceptual representation of framework was built by linking its content. Results show that our framework is pertinent to analyze the evolutions on employees' work from a dynamic perspective. Five pathways were identified based on eight variables that describe the evolution of task assignment, the trend toward versatility vs. specialization, and the evolution of autonomy. These pathways qualify the role of employees in farm teamwork. They could be useful for farmers, employees and agricultural advisors to plan employees' career, thus to keep employees in farms. The longer-term goal is to discuss these results with farmers, employees and agricultural advisors to validate the framework and to assess its usefulness for a reflexive process concerning employees work organization in livestock farms. ; En France, le recours à de la main-d'œuvre salariée a fortement augmenté en agriculture ces quarante dernières années, notamment les salariés permanents non familiaux. Les principales raisons de ce développement sont de profondes transformations structurelles dans le secteur agricole, comme l'agrandissement des exploitations et la diminution de la main-d'œuvre familiale. Maintenir ces salariés dans les exploitations, et ainsi réduire le turnover, est devenu un défi pour la pérennité des élevages. Notre hypothèse est qu'il est nécessaire de rendre compte du travail et de comprendre le rôle des salariés dans les exploitations d'élevage, ainsi que de comprendre les changements au cours du temps, pour identifier des leviers qui pourraient aider les éleveurs et les salariés à relever ce défi. Ainsi, notre objectif est de proposer un cadre d'analyse qui articule le travail en élevage et le développement de la carrière des salariés afin de rendre compte des évolutions de leur travail, que nous appelons « trajectoire ». Pour cela les concepts proposés en gestion de ressources humaines ont été mobilisés. Ils constituent des contributions pertinentes concernant l'organisation du travail et le développement de la carrière des salariés dans les organisations. Le cadre d'analyse a été construit à partir des concepts d'attribution de tâches, de polyvalence/spécialisation et d'autonomie. Il a été implémenté avec des données empiriques issues d'entretiens individuels auprès de 14 salariés permanents non familiaux et de huit éleveurs (leurs employeurs), dans des exploitations d'élevage bovin laitier en Auvergne. Le cadre d'analyse est composé de 8 variables (19 modalités), 3 types de temporalités des changements et de 12 moteurs de changements liés à l'exploitation d'élevage, au collectif de travail et au salarié. Une représentation graphique du cadre d'analyse est proposée en exposant les articulations entre ses composants. Nos résultats montrent que le cadre d'analyse proposé est pertinent pour analyser le travail des salariés en prenant en compte la dynamique d'évolution temporelle. Cinq grands types de trajectoires d'évolution du travail des salariés ont été identifiés, à partir de la combinaison des 8 variables descriptives de l'évolution des tâches attribuées, de la tendance vers la polyvalence vs. la spécialisation et de l'évolution du niveau d'autonomie. Ces trajectoires identifiées qualifient la place des salariés dans les collectifs de travail. Connaître les trajectoires du travail des salariés permettra aux éleveurs, aux salariés et aux conseillers de réfléchir à la carrière des salariés dans les exploitations, et ainsi aux moyens de les pérenniser. Les perspectives de ce travail sont de discuter ces résultats avec les éleveurs, les salariés et les conseillers, afin d'évaluer leur utilité dans un processus réflexif sur l'organisation du travail des salariés en élevage.

In France, hiring employees in agriculture has become more common during the last forty years, especially non-familiar permanent employees. The progress of employees is related to strong structural transformations in agriculture, such as the enlargement of farms and the decrease of family workforce. Decreasing employees' turnover is a challenge for farms' sustainability. Thereby, our hypothesis is that take into account the role of employees in farm teamwork and understanding changes over time is a fundamental condition to identify ways to support farmers and employees to face this challenge. The aim of this thesis is to build a framework which associates both the approach to the work in livestock farms and the career development of employees to analyze how their works evolve. For this reason, the concept of human resources management has been used, in order to bring valuable contributions concerning work planning and career development inside organisations.The framework was built with the concepts of tasks assignment, versatility, specialization and autonomy. It was implemented with and empirical data from individual interview with 14 non-familiar permanent employees and 8 farmers (their employers), on dairy farms in Auvergne, a center region of France. The framework is composed by 8 variables, 19 categories, 3 rhythm of changes and 12 drivers of changes related to the farm, the farm teamwork and the employee. A conceptual representation of framework was built by linking its content. Results show that our framework is pertinent to analyze the evolutions on employees' work from a dynamic perspective. Five pathways were identified based on eight variables that describe the evolution of task assignment, the trend toward versatility vs. specialization, and the evolution of autonomy. These pathways qualify the role of employees in farm teamwork. They could be useful for farmers, employees and agricultural advisors to plan employees' career, thus to keep employees in farms. The longer-term goal is to discuss these results with farmers, employees and agricultural advisors to validate the framework and to assess its usefulness for a reflexive process concerning employees work organization in livestock farms. ; En France, le recours à de la main-d'œuvre salariée a fortement augmenté en agriculture ces quarante dernières années, notamment les salariés permanents non familiaux. Les principales raisons de ce développement sont de profondes transformations structurelles dans le secteur agricole, comme l'agrandissement des exploitations et la diminution de la main-d'œuvre familiale. Maintenir ces salariés dans les exploitations, et ainsi réduire le turnover, est devenu un défi pour la pérennité des élevages. Notre hypothèse est qu'il est nécessaire de rendre compte du travail et de comprendre le rôle des salariés dans les exploitations d'élevage, ainsi que de comprendre les changements au cours du temps, pour identifier des leviers qui pourraient aider les éleveurs et les salariés à relever ce défi. Ainsi, notre objectif est de proposer un cadre d'analyse qui articule le travail en élevage et le développement de la carrière des salariés afin de rendre compte des évolutions de leur travail, que nous appelons « trajectoire ». Pour cela les concepts proposés en gestion de ressources humaines ont été mobilisés. Ils constituent des contributions pertinentes concernant l'organisation du travail et le développement de la carrière des salariés dans les organisations. Le cadre d'analyse a été construit à partir des concepts d'attribution de tâches, de polyvalence/spécialisation et d'autonomie. Il a été implémenté avec des données empiriques issues d'entretiens individuels auprès de 14 salariés permanents non familiaux et de huit éleveurs (leurs employeurs), dans des exploitations d'élevage bovin laitier en Auvergne. Le cadre d'analyse est composé de 8 variables (19 modalités), 3 types de temporalités des changements et de 12 moteurs de changements liés à l'exploitation d'élevage, au collectif de travail et au salarié. Une représentation graphique du cadre d'analyse est proposée en exposant les articulations entre ses composants. Nos résultats montrent que le cadre d'analyse proposé est pertinent pour analyser le travail des salariés en prenant en compte la dynamique d'évolution temporelle. Cinq grands types de trajectoires d'évolution du travail des salariés ont été identifiés, à partir de la combinaison des 8 variables descriptives de l'évolution des tâches attribuées, de la tendance vers la polyvalence vs. la spécialisation et de l'évolution du niveau d'autonomie. Ces trajectoires identifiées qualifient la place des salariés dans les collectifs de travail. Connaître les trajectoires du travail des salariés permettra aux éleveurs, aux salariés et aux conseillers de réfléchir à la carrière des salariés dans les exploitations, et ainsi aux moyens de les pérenniser. Les perspectives de ce travail sont de discuter ces résultats avec les éleveurs, les salariés et les conseillers, afin d'évaluer leur utilité dans un processus réflexif sur l'organisation du travail des salariés en élevage.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and bring out the factors that affect use
of the female condom among sexually active women in Chongwe District. The
female condom even though widely publicised still remains the least used method
of contraception. Based on the 2007 Demographic and Health Survey Statistics, in
Zambia alone, use only counts for an alarming 2 per cent of the total women population
(Demographic & Health Survey 2007). This highlights the fact that use among women
is very low and this article investigates why use is low.
The study establishes what factors affect use and the study takes place in Chongwe
District which provides a fair and general representation of the country's population.
Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used for the present study.
A Descriptive case study method was employed in the study. This method was used
because it looks at individuals, groups, institutions, methods and materials in order to
describe, compare, contrast, classify, analyse and interpret the entities and the events
that constitute their various fields of enquiry. A sample of 250 Chongwe residents
both male and female was selected from both Chongwe and Kanakantapa Wards.
A Cluster sampling method was employed to select the two Wards Chongwe and
Kanakantapa. A list was obtained from organisations (markets, schools, hospitals,
council and police) and a sampling frame created. Simple random technique was used
to select the total sample of 250 residents.
Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect the data. This method is
appropriate and used because it enables the researcher avoid biases in collecting
data and to have a full picture of what is really happening concerning the activities
surrounding the use of the female condom.
The results show that attitudes, perceived barriers, knowledge and male partner
influence all have an effect on female condom use. It was also found that attitudes
towards female condom use were very poor in Chongwe district. The majority
(46.7%) were not interested in the female condom at all with only (20%) showing
interest and (33.3%) not sure whether or not they liked it or accepted it. The response
on knowledge on the other hand was very positive with 70 per cent claiming to have
knowledge of the female condom and only 30 per cent having no idea at all. This
result proves that knowledge of the female condom still remains high.
The Demographic and Health Survey states that knowledge is at 65.8 per cent for
women and 65.6 per cent for men (Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2007).
Barriers such as price of the commodity, scarcity, victimisation proved to negatively
affect female condom use in the district. Forty-five per cent said the commodity
was scarce with 10 per cent saying it was expensive. Forty per cent said they were
victimised by their male partners with five per cent claiming they were victimised by
their fellow females. Male partners influence towards the use of the female condom
was also found to have an effect on female condom use. While 77.8 per cent of the
female respondents said their male partners refused to discuss use of the female
condom and 22.2 per cent had their male partners agree to discuss use of the female
condom. Female condom use in Zambia is a matter that still requires stakeholders'
involvement.
Workshops and awareness activities must be increased so as to cover all areas
including the remotest of places. Distribution of the female condom has to be increased
worldwide for it to compete with the already established male condom. Only then
can the female condom compete neck to neck with the male condom. Sensitisation
campaigns too would play a major role in teaching male folk that the female condom
can protect both male and female. Counselling helps overcome women's initial
difficulties in using the device. Directing promotional campaigns to men and providing
women with negotiation skills are important to overcome men's resistance to use of
condoms. Over time, the use of the female condom has concentrated among a subset
of women or couples with high motivation to use it; and since the female condom is a
relatively new method, initial interest and demand has to be generated (WHO, 1997).
This fight needs the input and influence of churches whose involvement could be very
effective.

The need to strengthen social security provision for development is not news. How many countries have achieved this and how? This study deals with quality social security provision and its contributions to information society building and development. It analyses the very developed case of Finland's experience in elements of social security, ICT and development. The three elements have also been analysed for Tanzania's experience. The analysis and comparison for the two research regions aim to draw conclusion for the case of Tanzania. The two countries have been analysed together as they both advocate the equality principle in social security and welfare programmes, which are regarded as resources to be distributed equally for all to enable individuals to participate well in development activities. Both societies experienced severe economic crises, which forced them to adopt socio-economic changes and they have well representation of the problems of the economical globalisation in the North and the South. The methodological approach was first historic descriptive and then thematic comparative and adopted qualitative approaches. For comparison of the two research regions, the themes that were considered significant to elucidate the contributions of quality social security provision to the information society building and development were chosen. The focus is on the themes that could complement theory and practice in both research regions and concurrently be lessons for the case of Tanzania. The findings establish that, in both countries, economic crises and globalisation conditions forced the research regions to cut down the public services and adapt the rules of free trade. In Tanzania, living standards and economic growth deteriorated and citizens took personal responsibility of their own wellbeing. Finland, as a welfare state, was able to go through the economic crises because of the overemphasis of social security and welfare programmes and it is currently a highly competitive economy recognised as an 10 informational welfare state. It reached there without drastically cutting taxes or slashing welfare budgets. The outcome of the comparison reveals that, a lot could be learned from Finland because of the high level of differences in economic growth and development processes of the research regions. It follows historical background, social, cultural, economical and political conditions enhanced by both functional and technical dimensions. Similarities were seen in the application of solidarity and collaborative themes when Finland and Tanzania put emphasis on the importance of human resources by focusing on man for development purposes. However, Tanzania failed to utilise those themes at the government's institutions especially during the economic crisis while Finland continued to implement them in the development strategies in all situations and at all levels. Fundamental differences could be observed with regard to sustainability of structures, utilisation of skilled labour, social and ICTs situations. In all themes, Finland performed better than Tanzania indicating the right balance between economic growth, the redistribution of income and structures viable for sustainable development. The similarities and differences between the research regions are explained by the conclusions that, first, the role of the state in the provision of quality social security and welfare services is significant to ensure the maintenance of configurations of social, political as well as economic values that shape social security and welfare policies and those values must be maintained in considerations of historical background, social, cultural, economical, technological and political conditions in the information society building and development strategies. Second, it is imperative for Tanzania to learn from other regions as to what needs to be put into the ground first for any development process since, she has the potentials to overcome challenges that led to the low quality social security provision, functional and technical difficulties that hinder development processes. At the right conditions and the political will, creation of critical set of interventions is the way forward. Third, differences on the application of the themes are due to the influences of the predetermined far-sighted goal oriented policies and goal attainments, which were implemented from the bottom up collaboration respecting each other's ideas for the Finnish experience, while Tanzania had no clear focus on the implementation of interventionist government's policies by treating the social sector as non-productive one denying modern attitudes. Finland's development and information society building achievements must be seen in connection of the linkage of social security and welfare 11 sector and other productive sectors. This is because the authorities foresaw that, the development of human resources is of vital importance for development. Therefore, for a competitive economy, defiance of spending on health and education is not a solution but precisely the opposite of it. Putting an emphasis on the welfare and quality social security provision means investment in human resources, vital for the development of any country. Keywords: social security, information society, development, Tanzania

El autor aborda el tema como una aproximación amplia en el contexto de la América Hispánica, y con mayor dedicación y profundidad lo referente al tema de la niñez en nuestra realidad colombiana. En estas páginas, el autor trasciende ampliamente el sentido meramente histórico y, basándose en la más minuciosa y seria investigación de documentos, hace énfasis en las características fenomenológicas de esos grupos humanos, nuestros niños de los siglos XVII y XVIII, sujetos pasivos de una sociedad nutrida de fanatismo religioso y complejos raciales. Al ojo abierto y avizor del autor no se escapa ninguno de los factores que intervienen en la formación del grupo social como tal, en su estructura, en su composición, en su formación y en su desarrollo. Tenemos ante nosotros una visión exhaustivamente sociológica del estrato social que llamamos niñez, que pocas veces se ha estudiado como elemento de significación; Páez Morales nos lo hace pensar y nos deja pensando. Comienza el estudio presentando el contexto social en donde hay que ubicarse. Es un universo que inicia su presencia histórica tras una acción de conquista y colonia. Nace el "Nuevo Mundo', y ese momento de su nacimiento es un tiempo con características notables. La visión del autor a lo largo de los cuatro capítulos es completa. Con ello queremos decir que fija su análisis descriptivo y explicativo dentro de las condiciones y mecanismos del orden social, pero, al mismo tiempo, tiene permanentemente presente la percepción del momento histórico de cambio y transformación característico de ese período de la historia americana. Composición social, legislación, formación ideológica, manejo económico, salud, protección, arte y elementos de orden social están presentes en estas páginas, tratados con objetividad, agudeza y profundo conocimiento del método de análisis comprensivo sobre el amplio tema de la familia en su representación más interesante: la niñez. El resultado es un excelente material que debe estar presente como base para toda inquietud científica que quiera adentrarse en el estudio y análisis de nuestra actual realidad social y familiar. "Una sociedad se define no sólo por su actitud ante el futuro, sino frente al pasado . Sus recuerdos no son menos reveladores que sus proyectos". Las palabras del mexicano Octavio Paz, traídas al recuerdo por el autor de este libro, son claro indicio del objetivo esencial de su trabajo como aporte noble y valioso hacia futuros trabajos histórico-sociológicos de nuestra realidad de pueblo mestizo aculturado indígena occidentalista, que es la gran contradicción de nuestra realidad actual. ; The author approaches the subject as a broad approach in the context of Hispanic America, and with greater dedication and depth in relation to the issue of children in our Colombian reality. In these pages, the author transcends the merely historical sense and, based on the most meticulous and serious investigation of documents, he emphasizes the phenomenological characteristics of those human groups, our children of the XVII and XVIII centuries, passive subjects of a society nourished by religious fanaticism and racial complexes. To the author's open and vigilant eye, none of the factors that intervene in the formation of the social group as such, in its structure, in its composition, in its formation and in its development, escape. We have before us an exhaustive sociological vision of the social stratum that we call childhood, which has rarely been studied as an element of significance; Paez Morales makes us think about it and leaves us thinking. He begins the study by presenting the social context in which we must place ourselves. It is a universe that begins its historical presence after an action of conquest and colony. The "New World' is born, and that moment of its birth is a time with remarkable characteristics. The author's vision throughout the four chapters is complete. By this we mean that he sets his descriptive and explanatory analysis within the conditions and mechanisms of the social order, but, at the same time, he has permanently present the perception of the historical moment of change and transformation characteristic of that period of American history. Social composition, legislation, ideological formation, economic management, health, protection, art and elements of social order are present in these pages, treated with objectivity, acuity and deep knowledge of the method of comprehensive analysis on the broad topic of the family in its most interesting representation: childhood. The result is an excellent material that should be present as a basis for any scientific concern that wants to go into the study and analysis of our current social and family reality. "A society is defined not only by its attitude towards the future, but also towards the past . Its memories are no less revealing than its projects". the words of the Mexican Octavio Paz, brought to mind by the author of this book, are a clear indication of the essential objective of his work as a noble and valuable contribution towards future historical-sociological work on our reality as a mestizo, acculturated indigenous westernist people, which is the great contradiction of our current reality. ; CRAI-USTA Bogotá ; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000908401