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The issue of financial stability and sustainability affects the autonomy of local governments and their fulfilment of delegated obligations. This paper examines the financial stability of Bulgarian rural municipalities and the impacts of the economic, demographic and economic factors on their financial performance. It covers all 231 rural municipalities in Bulgaria. The purpose of this paper is to explore the capability of local governments to fulfill the financial indicators which are defined by the Bulgarian Public Finance Act (2017). The author proposes a model for the assessment of financial stability of rural municipalities that can be used by local authorities at all levels for monitoring the financial management of rural municipalities and for evaluating their propensity to follow defined fiscal indicators. ; Kwestia stabilności finansowej i zrównoważenia wpływa na autonomię samorządów lokalnych i realizowanie powierzonych im obowiązków. Niniejszy artykuł bada stabilność finansową bułgarskich gmin wiejskich oraz wpływ czynników społecznych, gospodarczych i demograficznych na ich wyniki finansowe. Badaniem objęto wszystkie 231 gmin wiejskich w Bułgarii. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu zbadanie zdolności samorządów lokalnych do spełniania wskaźników finansowych zdefiniowanych przez bułgarską ustawę o finansach publicznych (2017). Autor proponuje model oceny stabilności finansowej gmin wiejskich, który może być wykorzystywany przez władze lokalne na wszystkich szczeblach, do monitorowania zarządzania finansami gmin wiejskich oraz oceny ich skłonności do przestrzegania zdefiniowanych wskaźników fiskalnych.

This article explores the life and images of Huang Bamei (1906–1982)—a female bandit, guerrilla leader, and women's organization coordinator. During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), Huang was involved in smuggling and trade with pro-Japanese forces. The Nationalist authorities recruited her troops and hid her past by portraying her as a wartime heroine and model housewife. Yet, in later times she participated in guerrilla warfare and was portrayed as a pirate queen and a Han traitor, and her roles and images changed dramatically with the wars. Drawing on government archives, newspapers, memoirs, and films, this article examines how Huang developed survival strategies during turbulent times and how competing regimes used her images discursively to promote various social and political agendas and stimulate Chinese patriotism and war commemoration in different historical periods. Through a close reading of the life history of a woman made legendary by the state and the media, the article shows how Huang's changing roles and competing representations were deeply embedded in the wartime politics of modern China and Taiwan. The author argues that Huang's guerrilla practices, as well as her involvement in banditry, formed an integral part of not only her survival strategies but also a range of options for achieving legitimization. Keywords: Huang Bamei, pirate queen, female bandit, heroine, Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War, Taiwan

This collaborative art practice-based thesis mobilises the concept of power as an analytical lens to examine a decade-long collaboration (2007-16) between its author/artist and a Dublin-based youth organisation, Rialto Youth Project. In opposition to the depoliticisation of inequality and associated insidious ethics of social inclusion, a collaborative methodological framework is foregrounded, producing dialogical encounters in which multiple power relations are visualised, challenged and reconfigured and where freedom is recognised as a lived contingent practice. Working across disciplines and in response to lived experiences of systemic inequalities, a series of transgenerational projects were developed to critically examine and respond to power relations at a personal, community and societal level, contributing new transdisciplinary knowledge across the fields of socially engaged art practice, youth work and education. The thesis comprises an introduction, two chapters and a conclusion. By considering the historical ontology of the practice and the formation of subject positions of those working in collaboration, chapter one outlines the construction and conceptualisation of power over time among a diverse group exercising political imagination. In articulating lived experiences of complex and interconnected systemic power relations, the second chapter examines the complex relationship of voice and listening in the public manifestations of the collaborative practice, in which truth speaks to power and politics is staged publicly through dialogical and transformative actions.

none ; 3 ; Authors: Gualdrini G., Bordy J.M., Daures J., Fantuzzi E., Ferrari P., Mariotti F., Vanhavere F. ; In the framework of the ORAMED project (Optimization of RAdiation protection for MEDical staff), funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme, different studies were aimed at improving the quality of radiation protection in interventional radiology and nuclear medicine. The main results of the project were presented during a final workshop held in Barcelona in January 2011, the proceedings of which are available in the open literature. One of the ORAMED tasks was focused on the problem of eye-lens photon exposure of the medical staff, a topic that gained more importance especially after the ICRP decision to lower the limiting equivalent dose to 20 mSv per year. The present technical note has the scope, besides briefly summarising the physical reasons of the proposal and the practical implications, to provide, in tabular form, a set of air kerma to Hp(3) conversion coefficients based on the adoption of a theoretical cylindrical model that is well suited for reproduction of the mass and the shape of a human head. © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. ; none ; 10840/5302 ; Mariotti, F.; Ferrari, P.; Fantuzzi, E. ; Mariotti, F.; Ferrari, P.; Fantuzzi, E.; Gualdrini, G.

Nowaday, the f stereotypical views of Islam with radicalism is increasing and also revives the wave of Islamophobia, both in terms of religion, culture, and politics. In the context of the Indonesian state, for example, Pancasila democracy is being sued by several groups who wish to make religious laws as state constitutions to reap the pros and cons among the public. They assume that the Indonesian state system is "evil†because it is not in accordance with the instructions in the Qur'an. This article the author tries to position democracy in the perspective of the Qur'an. From the research carried out it can be seen that indeed in Lafdziyah, democracy has never been explicitly mentioned in the Qur'an. The Qur'an only mentions orders to consult (syura). In this case, Shura is narrower than democracy. Especially if you examine the opinions of some intellectuals who claim that the harmony of shura and democracy lies in several principles of democracy, namely justice (al-'adalah), equality (al-musawah), independence (al- hurriyyah), deliberation (ash-shura), and accountability (al-mas'uliyyah). From these principles it can be seen that shura is only a small part of a broader democratic system. However, democracy does not conflict with the Qur'an at all. Al-Quran actually provides a moral foundation in building a democratic system

Nowaday, the f stereotypical views of Islam with radicalism is increasing and also revives the wave of Islamophobia, both in terms of religion, culture, and politics. In the context of the Indonesian state, for example, Pancasila democracy is being sued by several groups who wish to make religious laws as state constitutions to reap the pros and cons among the public. They assume that the Indonesian state system is "evil" because it is not in accordance with the instructions in the Qur'an. This article the author tries to position democracy in the perspective of the Qur'an. From the research carried out it can be seen that indeed in Lafdziyah, democracy has never been explicitly mentioned in the Qur'an. The Qur'an only mentions orders to consult (syura). In this case, Shura is narrower than democracy. Especially if you examine the opinions of some intellectuals who claim that the harmony of shura and democracy lies in several principles of democracy, namely justice (al-'adalah), equality (al-musawah), independence (al- hurriyyah), deliberation (ash-shura), and accountability (al-mas'uliyyah). From these principles it can be seen that shura is only a small part of a broader democratic system. However, democracy does not conflict with the Qur'an at all. Al-Quran actually provides a moral foundation in building a democratic system

This article traces how 'agroecology' is co-produced as a global socio-technical object. The site of co-production, the Global Dialogue on Agroecology, was convened by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in different cities around the world between 2014 and 2018 (Rome 2014; Brasilia, Dakar, Bangkok 2015; La Paz, Kunming, Budapest 2016; Rome 2018). We analyze these 'expert' symposia and regional meetings by exploring how knowledge about agroecology circulates and frames the terms of debate. Our analysis is based on an ethnography carried out by the first author since 2013 and participant observations by both authors in the Global Dialogue. We focus on three key processes that contribute to the stabilization of a global agroecology: 1) the work carried out to define 'agroecology', 2) actors' interests and strategies that are revealed through the politics of circulation, and 3) the emergence of the 'evidence based' logic within this dialogue and the 'experts' who are legitimized. We argue that the version of 'agroecology' that was stabilized through the Global Dialogue is one that has been highly influenced by civil society actors, even though they were not recognized as 'experts' in the process. We conclude with reflections upon the politics of 'agroecological' knowledge and what this means for the institutionalization of agroecology.

The Roman legislator regulated various sexual attitudes, according to him, morally reprehensible: fornication, adultery, prostitution, pedophilia, sodomy and homosexuality. Republican leges, and later imperial leges, concerned the problems connected with these phenomena. The Christian Roman emperors and Byzantine emperors paid particular attention to those problems. A significant extension of sources, necessary in the analysis of the problem, are the literal sources, and among them the Byzantine historiography of the 6th–12th centuries. The author focused on the issue of homosexuality in Justinian's law. The analysis of the problem includes Byzantine historiography (Procopius of Caesarea, John Malalas, Theophane the Confessor, Simone Logoteta, Michael the Syrian, George Kedrenos, George Hamartolos, John Zonaras). ; Rzymski prawodawca regulował różne, jego zdaniem naganne moralnie zachowania seksualne. Ingerencja prawodawcza odnosiła się do seksualności obywateli i pozostałych członków społeczeństwa. Leges republikańskie, a potem imperialne, dotyczyły problemów związanych ze zjawiskami nierządu, cudzołóstwa, prostytucji, pedofilii, sodomii i homoseksualizmu. Znaczącym rozszerzeniem źródeł niezbędnych w analizie problemu są źródła literackie, a wśród nich historiografia bizantyńska VI–XII w. Autorka skoncentrowała się na problemie homoseksualizmu w prawie Justyniana I. W analizie problemu zostały uwzględnione dzieła kronikarzy bizantyńskich: Prokopiusza z Cezarei, Jana Malalasa, św. Teofana Wyznawcy, Szymona Logotety, Michała Syryjczyka, Grzegorza Kedrena, Grzegorza Hamartola, Jana Zonarasa.

The account of the 1219 treaty between the Lithuanian dukes and Galicia-Volhynia provided by the chronicler of the Ruthenian principality lists briefly several dukes from different areas of what is treated by contemporary historians as the Lithuanian confederation. They include the dukes of Lithuania, Deltuva, Nalšia and Žemaitija, but do not mention representatives of the Curonians, Žemgalians (Semigallians) or Yotvingians. Our knowledge of one of the omitted areas, Žemgala (Semigallia, today southern Latvia and northern Lithuania), is still based on the presumption that its society should have developed according to a more or less similar path as other Baltic societies of that period. The article invites us to reconsider this presumption, focusing on one episode mentioned by Henry of Livonia in his chronicle from the early 13th century. Henry describes how, in 1219, the Žemgalians of the Mežotne (Mesoten) area approached the Bishop of Riga seeking military assistance to defend themselves against the Lithuanians, and, as it became evident during the negotiations, against other Žemgalians. In dealing with this episode, the author attempts to characterise the society of Žemgala, mainly its upper social layer, which could be described considering scarce sources. This leads him to the broader question of whether the development of Žemgalian society was similar to other non-Christian (firstly, Baltic) societies.

This article traces how 'agroecology' is co-produced as a global socio-technical object. The site of co-production, the Global Dialogue on Agroecology, was convened by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in different cities around the world between 2014 and 2018 (Rome 2014; Brasilia, Dakar, Bangkok 2015; La Paz, Kunming, Budapest 2016; Rome 2018). We analyze these 'expert' symposia and regional meetings by exploring how knowledge about agroecology circulates and frames the terms of debate. Our analysis is based on an ethnography carried out by the first author since 2013 and participant observations by both authors in the Global Dialogue. We focus on three key processes that contribute to the stabilization of a global agroecology: 1) the work carried out to define 'agroecology', 2) actors' interests and strategies that are revealed through the politics of circulation, and 3) the emergence of the 'evidence based' logic within this dialogue and the 'experts' who are legitimized. We argue that the version of 'agroecology' that was stabilized through the Global Dialogue is one that has been highly influenced by civil society actors, even though they were not recognized as 'experts' in the process. We conclude with reflections upon the politics of 'agroecological' knowledge and what this means for the institutionalization of agroecology.

In the current global era, the internet is one technology that provides information for all parties through various existing websites. In foreign countries, the internet in general can hardly be separated from the world of education. While in Indonesia internet use can be connected to all types of fields. Both education, entertainment, moreover the world of business (e-commerce). For that in scientific writing, the author makes a website that can provide information to the public related to the world of business (e-commerce), namely Website Creation Selling Futsal Equipment Using Adobe Dreamweaver CS5 and using MySQL as its database, which is expected to benefit all the wider community. In addition, the most famous information access system on the internet is the World Wide Web (WWW) or commonly known as We have grown so rapidly that it can exceed the speed of other technological developments in this world. The Internet and the Web are also growing rapidly in terms of the extent and breadth of fields of use that significantly affect several aspects of life. All areas of life also feel the impact of the developments that occur. Industry, travel agencies, hospitals, banking, education and government use the Web to improve operational efficiency in carrying out its functions. The use of the internet can now be found in almost every layer.Keywords: Website, Selling Futsal Equipment, PHP, Dreamweaver CS5

The use of information technology has a very broad scope. One of them is in the field of funeral. Funeral is often a "backward" issue in this life. Even if we look at our "nature" as human beings, we will all experience what is called death. The thing we need to prepare for death besides worship is that we need to prepare our final rest right. We often forget this, even though if we see the phenomenon that the world mortality rate is increasing every day, even Indonesia is one of the countries with a very high mortality rate. The high mortality rate is not in line with the number of locations or burial places available. This has become a problem that must be solved and become a problem that is quite serious and needs serious handling. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of information technology to record the overall mortality rate and also record the availability of existing locations to bury it. That way the government can monitor every problem that exists and can provide solutions that can be disseminated easily by utilizing information technology, the author uses the Waterfall method to facilitate the process of needs analysis until testing the design of building information systems public cemetery (TPU) Pondok Rajeg Bogor.

One of the most prevalent issues of the Victorian era was the increasing movement of women into the job market. That was the time when the traditional female roles were reinforced and reconsidered at the same time. Women who were regarded as "Angels of the house" started to seek freedom from domesticity. The article explores the lexical units representing working women in Victorian novels. It highlights the major areas in which Victorian women were involved (household service, education, industry, outwork, trade, entrepreneurship, agriculture, art). The analysis is based on a number of methods, in particular on the lexical-semantic field method and the frame analysis. The socio-cultural commentary along with the extensive illustrative material enables the author to single out the lexemes describing female professions (lady's maid, housemaid, governess, schoolmistress, etc.) as well as the most common stereotypes concerning working women in those days. The contextual environment study of 33 female job titles offers insight into typical actions, social status, as well as the inner life of Victorian working women. However, the less typical female occupations (doctors, politicians, etc.) can be rarely found in Victorian novels. The findings of the analysis may be useful for linguistic and cultural research of the Victorian era as well as for gender and feminist studies.

Attitude competency is one of the learning outcomes that must be mastered by students in addition to knowledge and skills competencies. It aims, if the attitude is formed early on at the next level students already have a strong character. Armed with good and strong character students will become human beings who believe and fear God Almighty, have noble character, are healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent, and become democratic and responsible citizens in accordance with national education goals.This study aims to develop assessment instruments that can be used to assess attitude competencies. This research is Sugiyono's research and development model. From the ten steps of Sugiyono's research and development, the steps taken in this study ended in the seventh step. This is due to the limitations of the author in conducting research.The results of the study indicate that the attitude assessment carried out by the teacher has not been well planned. Test the validity of experts shows the products produced from this study have a score of 3.73 with a very good category. The score was obtained from the average score given by expert assessment 3.76, material expert 3.72, Creed Morals MIN 2 teacher Kulon Progo 3.64 MI teacher Ma'arif Karangwuni 3.70, and MI Ma'arif Dondong teacher 3.83.

M. Coetzee is a writer who lived and worked in South Africa under the apartheid rule until 1990. He used his works to unveil the transition in the political world. He has found a new way of creating the South African world, rejecting all conventional modes. A creative writing is always a rewriting which highlights the trace of various texts, sometimes consciously and often unknowingly. These texts can be historical, political, social or any other which advocates the idea of intertexuality. Therefore, every work is a reflection of the author's past experiences and readings. John Maxwell Coetzee has woven his novel 'Disgrace' in the frame of intertexuality, where the English romantic movement had been projected in the context of politically changed South Africa. Creative works by any author are no longer seen as only his imaginative creation. All works are considered as the products of prior works in any field of knowledge. In the process of understanding any text, it is believed that our knowledge is structured and dynamic in nature. It is mainly derived from our concept of the world through the use of language which comprises all genres. Readers of the world are integrated into single world humanity. Similarly, all texts, whether literary or non-literary, are 'intertextual'.