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AbstractSexual violence is prevalent in contemporary armed conflicts. International humanitarian law and human rights law absolutely prohibit all forms of sexual violence at all times and against anyone; international criminal law moreover provides for the individual criminal responsibility of sexual crimes' perpetrators. These three bodies of law importantly reinforce each other in this field. The discrepancy between the facts on the ground and the law is a matter of concern that cannot be explained by potential legal gaps or uncertainties. What is needed is to find new ways of improving implementation for existing laws at the domestic and international levels.

AbstractMomentum is growing around a proposed treaty governing the international transfer of small arms and light weapons. Those promoting the new instrument emphasize the existing obligations of States, under the law of State responsibility, not to aid or assist another State in violating international law. This article explores the extent to which the prohibition of "complicity" is a sufficient basis for requiring States to consider the end-use of the weapons they transfer. It offers suggestions for strengthening the effectiveness of the current draft treaty in a way that places respect for international humanitarian law and human rights at its core.

Eric Helleiner's book provides a powerful corrective to conventional accounts of the negotiations at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944. These negotiations resulted in the creation of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank - the key international financial institutions of the postwar global economic order

Ein erklärtes Ziel der Bundesregierung ist der Transfer von Umwelttechnologie. Informationen über die von verschiedenen Stakeholdern durchgeführten Projekte und Aktivitäten zum internationalen Umwelttechnologietransfer werden jedoch bislang nicht zentral erfasst und aufbereitet. Sie könnten aber einen wichtigen Beitrag für die Stärkung der Vernetzung leisten sowie helfen, zusätzliche Synergien und Kooperationen auf diesem Gebiet zu generieren und die Zielgenauigkeit der Förderung zu steigern. Um diese Vorteile zu ermöglichen und mehr Effizienz und Abstimmung unter den Handelnden zuzulassen, ist es also notwendig, solche Informationen stärker zusammenzuführen und besser gebündelt bereitzustellen. Die INTECUS GmbH, Abfallwirtschaft und umweltintegratives Management und eclareon GmbH wurden im November 2021 mit der Aufgabe betraut, eine dauerhafte und zentral angelegte Übersicht deutschen Engagements im globalen Umwelttechnologietransfer mittels kartengestützter Online-Visualisierung voranzutreiben, die hierzu vorhandene Datenbasis aufzubessern und zu erweitern und eine Umfrage unter relevanten Stakeholdern zur Verbesserung der Informationsplattform durchzuführen. Den Ausgangspunkt hierzu lieferten die vom Umweltbundesamt betriebenen, verknüpften Informationsangebote "Cleaner Production Germany" (CPG) und die GIS-basierte Plattform "Online-Kartierung weltweiter Best Practice-Projekte (Abfall/Abwasser)" (UTTGISV). Diese sollten unter Einbindung von einschlägigen deutschen Akteuren1. und Institutionen mit Bezug zu internationalen Aktivitäten im Bereich der Abfall- und Abwasserwirtschaft aktualisiert und um weitere Best-Practice-Beispiele erweitert werden. Die bisherige Beschränkung, dabei nur Projektaktivitäten mit deutscher Beteiligung zu berücksichtigen, wurde nunmehr jedoch zugunsten einer Ausweitung auf Projekte, die auch durch Akteure aus anderen EU-27-Ländern initiiert wurden, aufgehoben. Das Vorhaben wurde bis November 2023 umgesetzt. Während einer am 10.November 2023 durchgeführten Abschlusspräsentation wurden die Plattform sowie Erkenntnisse aus dem Projekt vorgestellt und diskutiert. Mit Übergabe des Projektberichtes umfasste der zur Visualisierung von internationalen Kooperationen zum Umwelttechnologietransfer herangezogene und gleichzeitig auch auf dem Portal Cleaner Production Germany eingepflegte Datenpool insgesamt 1.368 Datensätze in jeweils deutscher und englischer Sprachausfertigung. Damit sind nunmehr auf der Kartenplattform entsprechend durchgeführte Aktivitäten an weltweit 684 Orten darstellbar.

PurposeIn the era of Industry 4.0, international firms are required to respond to more complex and frequent changes in the global market. This study aims to explore the role of organizational agility as a key driver to generate superior performance in international markets in the era of technological transformation and how the degree of such impact is affected by the absorptive capacity of companies.Design/methodology/approachThis research uses the results of a survey targeting 228 Korean exporters to identify the link between organizational agility and business performance in the global market under different degrees of potential and achieved absorptive capacity in the Industry 4.0 era.FindingsThe empirical results indicate that companies with a high level of organizational agility outperform their counterparts in the global market. The data further revealed that realized absorptive capacity positively moderates the relationship between organizational agility and firm performance when it is achieved, whereas the moderating role of potential absorptive capacity is not significant.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the advancement of international business studies on organizational agility and Industry 4.0 by highlighting the implication of organizational agility on firm performance and the contingent role of absorptive capacity.

Intro -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- Abkürzungsverzeichnis -- Einleitung -- Teil 1: Rahmenbedingungen des Medizintourismus -- Kapitel 1: Untersuchungsgegenstand -- A. Begriff des Medizintourismus -- I. Ausländischer Behandlungsort -- II. Aufenthaltsdauer -- III. Medizinische Behandlung -- 1. Keine Akutbehandlungen -- 2. Spontanbehandlungen -- 3. Staatlich initiierte Auslandsbehandlungen -- 4. Begrenzung auf die Heilkundeausübung -- 5. Nicht-gesundheitsbedingte Wunschbehandlungen -- IV. Zusammenfassung -- B. Binnendifferenzierung zwischen Behandlungsreise und Spontanbehandlung -- I. Behandlungsreise -- II. Spontanbehandlung -- Kapitel 2: Rechtstatsächliche Bedeutung und Hintergründe des Medizintourismus -- A. Aktuelle Bedeutung des Medizintourismus -- B. Hintergründe -- I. Reduzierung des Leistungsumfangs der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung -- II. Wartezeiten in Deutschland -- III. Qualitativer Mehrwert der Auslandsbehandlung -- IV. Komforterwägungen -- V. Streben nach möglichst perfekter körperlicher Konstitution -- VI. Internationale Mobilität -- VII. Wirtschaftliches Potential des Medizintourismus -- C. Entwicklungstendenzen und Zukunftsprognosen -- I. Allgemeine Tendenzen -- II. Die Verlagerung medizinischer Maßnahmen ins Ausland als Antwort auf die zunehmende Ressourcenknappheit im deutschen Gesundheitswesen? -- D. Fazit -- Kapitel 3: Schutzbedürftigkeit des Patienten -- A. Betroffene Grundrechte -- I. Leben und körperliche Unversehrtheit (Art. 2 Abs. 2 S. 1 GG) -- II. Selbstbestimmungsrecht -- 1. Verfassungsrechtliche Anknüpfung -- 2. Bedeutung -- III. Fazit -- B. Spezifische Gefahren der Auslandsbehandlung -- I. Auslandsbehandlungen im Allgemeinen -- 1. Punktueller medizinischer Eingriff und kurze Aufenthaltsdauer am Behandlungsort -- 2. Behandlungsstandard -- 3. Fehlende Kompetenz beim Auftreten von Komplikationen.

International development aid is accompanied by injunctions to implement specific public policies. The conditionality required by investors is not reflected in a symmetrical manner in the public policies of aid receiving countries. In Morocco and Tunisia, policy transfer entails the formation of a "community of language, knowledge and know how" which brings together international development actors (in virtue of their mastery of transnational knowledge) and their local "partners". Here, the mechanisms of transfer thus very much occur by means of circumscribed processes of "learning", encounters and socialization. This does not for all that imply that public action or "real" political hierarchies -- much less the foundations of political regimes -- have dramatically changed. In both countries, an examination of the use of the "participating commissions" that are promoted and the translation of norms of "democratic decentralization" into action show that the transfer is above all the fruit of power relations and adjustments tied to the trajectory of national public policies. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractIn 2015, the Israeli newspaperYedioth Ahronothbegan a campaign against Sweden's Foreign Minister, Margot Wallström, who is considered a prominent critic of Israeli policy in Palestine. The campaign included various aspects of media bias on both the gender and the ethnopolitical levels and thus raised the question of a possible relationship between these two types of biases. Studies in relation to political communication and gender have traditionally focused on the media coverage of domestic male and female politicians. The present study attempts to examine the gender media coverage of prominent international political actors. It performs a mixed content analysis of 529 news items from three Israeli online newspapers, reports, and articles, which cover world-renowned public figures (among them, Wallström). Each news item is coded into three gender-coverage frames. Additionally, a critical reading of the journalistic texts is conducted. The findings reveal that the combination of the two types of biases, the gender and the political, escalates the media sensation and stereotyping.

AbstractNegotiating a successful pandemic treaty should address a four‐fold purpose: to prevent, prepare for, respond to and recover from pandemics effectively (Phelan and Carlson, 2022, Science, 377, 475). Since the proposal for an international treaty on pandemic prevention and preparedness was endorsed by 26 heads of state and the WHO Director‐General in March 2021, WHO member states assigned an Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB) with the responsibility of coordinating negotiations in anticipation of adopting an agreement by May 2024. To date, four INB meetings have been held. In this analysis, the interventions of 43 member states at the INB sessions in July 2022 were evaluated against components considered integral to an effective pandemic treaty. These were mapped against elements previously identified for a transformative treaty (Phelan and Carlson, 2022). This analysis outlines gaps in the current pandemic treaty working draft and the INB negotiations, which may identify opportunities to enhance the value of the remaining negotiations and guide refinement in developing further iterations of the working draft.

This paper researches how and why the decision to withdraw Spanish troops from Iraq between March and April 2004 was taken. The new Spanish president, José Luís Rodríguez Zapatero, took this decision in the period between the day after his electoral victory, on 14 March, and the day that his government took office, on 18 April. The decision was made possible by the previous work of informal diplomacy carried out by Zapatero's future minister of defence, José Bono, and his future minister of foreign affairs, Miguel Ángel Moratinos, who were holding discreet contacts with several international leaders of the military coalition present at the time in Iraq. This fact had a strong impact on the prestige of the new government in the eyes of Spanish public opinion and on the strengthening of alliances with European countries opposed to the invasion. On the contrary, it brought Spain to have one of the worst relations periods of all times with the US administration.

Corruption is a common enemy that must be eradicated by Indonesia in order to achieve a just and prosperous life. The Indonesian government has made various efforts to eradicate corruption and save state finances. Various products of legislation, institutions, special teams and commissions have been formed by the government to combat corruption to its roots in order to save the economy and state finances. However, corruption is still a problem as an inhibiting factor for the country's economic development. The research was conducted using a normative juridical method with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. Eradication of criminal acts of corruption as an extraordinary crime, because it is serious, systematic and structured, should also be carried out in an extraordinary manner. Extraordinary eradication of criminal acts of corruption is carried out through extraordinary duties and authorities of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), through investigations, investigations and prosecutions carried out in an extraordinary manner by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), development of international cooperation in the context of mutual legal assistance, investigations joint and extradition treaty.