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Abstract
This is the first of a two-part historical review on the relationship between science and its publics in the second half of the twentieth century. The two-part literature review covers major trends in the evolution of this relationship from 'public understanding of science' (PUS) in which science was separated from laypeople, through the transition to 'public participation' when PUS became a matter for science policy. This first part of the literature describes the arguments that called for an increase in the public's understanding of science, its measurement, and the academic debate in favour of and against PUS measures. In particular, we refer to the evolution of survey design, and how criticisms of measures of PUS gave rise to the 'contextual' perspective in the PUS being favoured over a 'deficit' one.

This book offers a penetrating analysis of issues raised by the perennial question, "Are we special?". It brings together scholars from a variety of disciplines, from astronomy and palaeontology to philosophy and theology, to explore this question. Contributors cover a wide variety of issues, including what makes humans distinct from other animals, the possibilities of artificial life and artificial intelligence, the likelihood of life on other planets, and the role of religious behavior. A variety of religious and scientific perspectives are brought to bear on these matters. As a whole, the book addresses whether the issue of human uniqueness is one to which sciences and religions necessarily offer differing responses

This lively collection of essays, originally published in 1989, illustrated recent developments in the area, with chapters by contributors from many different countries and disciplines.Asking new questions and using sources in a challenging way, the contributors reflect 1980s debates about politics and academic research in women's studies. They cover a wide range of topics, dealing for example with opportunities and obstacles for women within male-defined power-structures and institutions such as science, religious communities, and ancient Roman industry. They discuss feminists and feminist mo

"Social science practitioners have recently witnessed numerous episodes of influential research that fell apart upon close scrutiny. These instances have spurred suspicions that other published results may contain errors or may at least be less robust than they appear. In response, an influential movement has emerged across the social sciences for greater research transparency, openness, and reproducibility. Transparent and Reproducible Social Science Research crystallizes the new insights, practices, and methods of this rising interdisciplinary field"--Provided by publisher