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The article investigates the common aspects of home policy determinants of foreign policy. The author argues that before the modern political science international relations raises questions about the possibility of aggravation of geopolitical confrontation in the process of alternative models of world order and the impact of the internal heterogeneity of the leading countries in the world in the development of a new system of international relations. On the example of the Peloponnesian War, the internal factors of international relations are reviewed and analyzed, the inadequacy and inaccuracy of many of the stereotypes of the theory of international relations, inspired liberal propaganda are clearly demonstrated. Falseness of the statements about the innate aggressiveness of authoritarian regimes is proved, the position about an inherent pacifism of democracies is refuted. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню загальних аспектів проблеми внутрішньополітичних детермінант зовнішньої політики. Визначено, що перед сучасною політологією міжнародних відносин постає питання щодо можливості загострення геополітичного протистояння в процесі формування альтернативних моделей світоустрою загалом, і впливу внутрішньополітичної гетерогенності провідних держав світу на становлення нової системи міжнародних відносин зокрема. На прикладі Пелопоннеської війни розглянуто і проаналізовано внутрішні чинники міжнародних відносин, продемонстровано неадекватність та помилковість багатьох стереотипів теорії міжнародних відносин, навіяних ліберальною пропагандою. Доведено хибність положень про вроджену агресивність авторитарних режимів, спростовано твердження про іманентний пацифізм демократій.

This paper explores the evolution of the party system in Cali between 1990 until 2015. !e focus will be aimed toward the electoral behavior of the parties and the council's composing in the studied lapse. Based on the use of indicators, such as the number of effective parties and the number of parties, one description of the system and a brief analysis of two institutional changes are made: the constitution of 1991 and the political reform of 2003. !e author concludes that the two traditional political parties moved from being the dominant strength to participating in more competitive context losing its hegemony. ; Este artículo explora la evolución del sistema de partidos en la ciudad de Cali entre los años 1990 y 2015. El foco está orientado al comportamiento electoral de los partidos y la composición de los concejos en el lapso estudiado. Con base en el empleo de indicadores como el número efectivo de partidos y el número de partidos se hace una descripción del sistema y un breve análisis de dos cambios institucionales: la Constitución de 1991 y la reforma política de 2003. El autor concluye que los dos partidos tradicionales pasaron de ser la fuerza dominante a participar en escenarios más competitivos perdiendo así la hegemonía de la representación política. ; Universidad de San Buenaventura - Cali

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17227/01203916.70rce305.317Attending the current education crisis at universities indicates a possibility for the author to question and rethink the ethical and political possibilities of their own university project. The article describes some of the mutations and changes in and experience that the paths of the learning society have produced, but it doesn't consent to accepting them it also tries to reflect on them from a single perspective: the question of value, and the need to provide an assessment. This critical point of view opens the space for the conservation of traditions and practices that could legitimize the social role of university itself. ; Asistir a la crisis de la formación en la universidad actual denota para el autor una posibilidad de interrogación y de repensamiento sobre las posibilidades éticas y políticas del propio proyecto universitario. El artículo describe algunas de las mutaciones y cambios que sobre la formación y la experiencia han producido los derroteros de la sociedad del aprendizaje, pero no se complace con aceptarlos sino que intenta reflexionar sobre ellos desde un lugar singular: la cuestión del valor y la exigencia de dotarlas de valoración. Este punto de vista crítico sugiere un espacio para la conservación de tradiciones y prácticas susceptibles de legitimar el lugar social de la propia universidad.

Percy Bysshe Shelley is one of the greatest British poets of romanticism. his literary work is great in quantity and quality, where we clearly see the most important features of romanticism, like the overflow of emotions, imagination, importance given to individualism, praise and importance of nature etc. his poetry is various in form and themes. they can be classified in lyrical poems, long narrative poems, plays, etc. in this paper there will be a short presentation on the author and his work in general, but the most important part is the insight of the ethical elements in his greatest narrative poem 'Prometheus unbound'. the variety of themes, ethical messages, Shelley's ideology on revolution and his political views are issues analyzed. For example, the major theme of Prometheus unbound is that if humanity chooses to shake off corruption and embrace love (represented by Prometheus's revocation of his curse against Jupiter), then reform – political, social, and religious – will necessarily follow. the poem thus teaches that humans possess the capacity within themselves to effect reform, beginning with the individual rejection of evil. We also tried to make a comparison between Shelley's poem, and the ancient myth about Prometheus, etc. the aesthetical elements included in the poem are also discusses. However, not only 'Prometheus unbound', but majority of Shelley's poems are unique as his life was.

La vitalidad de que goza la doctrina del derecho subjetivo ha llevado a construir los derechos humanos como derechos subjetivos, lo que, a la postre, significa entregar la concreción de su contenido no ya al Legislador sino al Tribunal Constitucional. El autor, tras poner de manifiesto las limitaciones generales de la doctrina de los derechos subjetivos, así como las que se derivan de su aplicación a los derechos humanos, propone nuevas fórmulas jurídicas para proteger mejor los bienes que aquéllos amparan ; The verve which subjective rights enjoy has led to Human Rights being misconstrued as subjective rights, in such a way that their establishment and elaboration of their content/ meaning is no longer a matter for the legislator but instead the Constitutional Court. The author, after highlighting the limitations of subjective rights, as well as how they derive their application from Human Rights, puts forward new legal means designed to protect the positive aims that they enshrine ; INTRODUCCIÓN. 1. EL DERECHO SUBJETIVO: 1.1 Breve noticia histórica. 1.2 Concepto y naturaleza. 1.3 Insufi ciencia del instrumento derecho subjetivo. 2. LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS: 2.1 Insuficiencias derivadas de la técnica del derecho subjetivo. 2.2 Insuficiencias propias o derivadas de la dogmática de los derechos humanos. 3. CONCLUSIONES Y SUGERENCIAS. BIBLIOGRAFÍA

For over two decades China has faced a veritable e-waste challenge due to the continuous increase in quantities of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) coming from foreign and domestic sources. Over more than a decade, the government's response has been focussed on developing large-scale recycling facilities so as to recover the valuable materials within WEEE. Simultaneously, China is home to a vast, informal segment, which engages in the collection, refurbishment, and processing (dismantling, extraction of components and materials) of obsolete electronics, thus directly competing with the formal system for devices and for the profits that they generate. The official discourse and most of the existing research concentrates primarily on WEEE recycling. However, project-based field research and interviews by the author in Beijing and Guangdong province have indicated that the repair, refurbishment, and reuse of discarded electronics are widespread and profitable practices of the informal domain. This paper aims to analyse the institutional, i.e., rule-based, mechanisms behind these activities and, via an institutional economics approach, to highlight how formal and informal rule-based practices structure WEEE refurbishment and reuse in China. The results show that informal activities are dominant due to the well-developed collection and transfer networks, the division of labour amongst informal actors, and the high responsiveness to market prices and consumer demand.

The article familiarizes the reader with the biography of an Italian journalist Oriana Fallachi, who is famous in the West due to her controversial artistic, journalist and publi-cist progects, and, at the same time, almost unknown in Ukraine. The author observes Fal-lachi's person in the light of her interviews with world leaders, since it is thanks to these conversations that she became called the best political interviewer and the most outstan-ding journalist in the world. A particular emphasis is placed on the Oriana Fallachi's personal qualities which favoured her success and became the basis of her style. Key words: Oriana Fallachi, politykal interview, power, myth creation around per-sonality, thought manipulation. ; Стаття знайомить з біографією італійської журналістки Оріани Фаллачі, знаменитої на Заході своїми контроверзійними художніми, журналістськими та пуб-ліцистичними виступами, і, водночас, практично невідомої в Україні. Автор розгля-дає особистість Фаллачі у світлі її інтерв'ю зі світовими лідерами, адже саме завдя-ки цим розмовам італійку почали називати найкращим політичним інтерв'юером новітніх часів та найвідомішою журналісткою. Особливий акцент у статті зроблено на персональних якостях Оріани Фаллачі, які, з одного боку, є успіхотворчим фак-тором її кар'єри, а з іншого — елементом журналістського стилю та методу іта-лійки. Ключові слова: Оріана Фаллачі, політичне інтерв'ю, влада, міфологізація особистості, нав'язування думок.

This paper is published with kind permission of the publisher. ; This article discusses themes of national identity as inhabited by Scottish and Irish critical art-texts, exemplar artworks and art institutional conditions. The article works against an idea of 'measured difference' as centric, Ireland and Scotland are European peripheries with shared legacies that present complex narratives of origin and settlement, migration and diaspora. The first of four sections, The Shared Archive, discusses the resources which support research into Scottish and Irish art, particularly extolling national archives, and considers new interpretative methods and their application in Scotland and Irish contemporary art discourses. This continues in the second section, History Makers, which highlights national identity as expressed in Irish and Scottish contemporary art. The third section, Interludes weaves together observations by the Scottish-born author during a number of visits to Ireland. As this article's polemic is partly informed by the painfully acquired political and economic insights derived from the prelude and aftermath of the 2014 Independence Referendum in Scotland and the catastrophic failure of the 'Celtic Tiger' model in Republic of Ireland, the fourth section, Future State?, argues for a renewed cultural policy supporting better living and working conditions of contemporary artists in Scotland by utilising similar research and arguments recently made in Ireland.

This article presents a brief reflection on the Charter of Jamaica, historical instrument written by Simon Bolivar, which contains a revealing political erudition and a great social sensitivity of its author, the General Bolivar. It expresses the philosophy course that he feels to defend the independence and consolidate the power of the Republic in the Spanish America, and is standard political partner of the Bolivarian thought, for Latin America. ; El presente artículo presenta una breve reflexión sobre la Carta de Jamaica, instrumento histórico escrito por Simón Bolívar, que contiene una reveladora erudición política y una gran sensibilidad social de su Autor, el General Bolívar. En ella expresa el derrotero filosófico que él sienta para defender la Independencia y consolidar el poder de la República en la América española, y constituye estandarte socio-político del pensamiento Bolivariano, para Latinoamérica. ; Cet article présente une brève réflexion sur la Charte de la Jamaïque, instrument historique écrit par Simon Bolivar, qui contient une érudition politique révélatrice et une grande sensibilité sociale de son auteur, le Bolivar général. Il exprime le cours de philosophie qu'il se sent pour défendre l'indépendance et consolider le pouvoir de la République dans l'Amérique espagnole, et est partenaire politique standard de la pensée bolivarienne pour l'Amérique latine.

The article investigates the effect made by the subject ministry on the perfection of organizational forms and evolution of the pedagogicl training curriculum of Lviv University students during the inter-war period on the basis of analysing the laws and subordinate legislation of the The Second Polish Republic applied in higher education. In particular, cause and effect relationship has been established between the adoption of corresponding legislation and structural and didactical development of pedagogical education at Jan Kazimir University. The author formulates the evolution of examine demands to the candidates on teacher position in Poland of inter-war periodKey words: pedagogical practice, Lviv University, educational system of The Second Polish Republic, Lviv univrsity. ; На підставі аналізу текстів законів і підзаконних актів Другої Речі Посполитої у галузі вищої освіти простежено вплив профільного міністерства на кристалізацію організаційних форм і еволюцію змісту педагогічної підготовки студентів Львівського університету у міжвоєнний період. Розглянуто причинно-наслідкові зв'язки між ухваленням відповідних законодавчих актів та структурним і дидактичним розвитком педагогічної освіти в Університеті Яна Казимира. Сформульовано еволюцію екзаменаційних вимог до кандидатів на учительські посади у Польській державі міжвоєнного періоду. Зясовано основні тенденції у змінах освітнього законодавства Другої Речі Посполитої і конкретизовано вплив правових норм на організаційні та змістовий аспекти підготовки майбутніх педагогів у Львівському університеті.Ключові слова: педагогічна підготовка студентів, освітнє законодавство Другої Речі Посполитої, Львівський університет.

Цель. Охарактеризовать особенности отношений государственно-частного и муниципально-частного партнерства, рассмотреть юридические формы реализации указанных отношений, дать оценку действующего законодательства. Методы. Основными методами исследования являются метод логического анализа, формально юридический и сравнительно-правовой методы. Результаты. На основе анализа законодательства и практики его применения выявлены предпосылки, обусловившие необходимость регулирования отношений публично-частного партнерства на уровне Российской Федерации, охарактеризованы отдельные его формы, а также указаны направления совершенствования отдельных норм. Научная новизна заключается в определении и исследовании теоретических проблем и особенностей правового регулирования отношений публично-частного партнерства в контексте развития соответствующего законодательства. ; Purpose. To characterize the features of the relationship of public-private and municipal-private partnerships, to consider the legal form of implementation of these relations, to assess the current legislation. Methods. The main research methods are the logical method of analysis, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods. Results. Based on the analysis of legislation and practice the author has identified the preconditions that led to the need to regulate the relationship of public-private partnerships at the federal level, he described some of its forms, and identified directions of improvement of certain norms. Scientific novelty lies in the definition and study of theoretical problems and peculiarities of legal regulation of relations in public-private partnerships in the context of relevant legislation.

The author draws on the insights of the theoretical framework of historical
institutionalism, to assert that the German government is to a greater extent
limited by its membership in the Eurozone, than it is usually pointed out in
the analysis of its dominance. Above mentioned, is particularly evident when
taking into consideration the relations of the economically most powerful
member of the European Union and increasingly powerful European Central Bank.
During the formative phase of the Economic and Monetary Union, Germany has
facilitated the inclusion of assumptions relating to the widest range of
independence of the European Central Bank into the Founding Treaty. By doing
so, it has overlooked the possibility, that at the crucial moment of economic
crisis, the European Central Bank will use its autonomy to pursue what is in
the best interest of the Eurozone, contrary to the interests of the strongest
economy of the block. The purpose of the analysis of the selected anti-crisis
measures is to draw attention towards the ability of the institutional system
that supports the common currency to adapt to external shocks, including the
ways in which supranational technocratic institutions are broadening their
competences. The end result, of the crisis driven multilayer process of
institutional adjustment, is a gradual, but insufficiently transparent,
centralization of economic governance in the Eurozone.

In the paper Inclusiveness of preschool education within education policies documents of the Republic of Serbia, Lidija Miškeljin deals with an analysis of relevant legislative documents with the aim of showing that theoretical starting points interwoven with public policies discourse perceive a child differently, as well as inclusion itself thus bearing different implications for the practice of preschool education. A key question from which the author starts her analysis of the legislative framework is: What are the dominant discourses in legislative solutions for preschool education in Serbia and what kind of construction of inclusion do they offer? This paper uses one method of theoretical analysis implementing the technique of content analysis through the following dimensions: accessibility, employees, monitoring and evaluation, and management and financing. Based on the given criteria and categories we can observe that: children's rights remain at the level of political proclamation because they are not operationalized through the participation of children in education guaranteed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child; that reducing inclusion to a separate single consideration (such as the scope of children) becomes its own goal and displays particularity in understanding and recognition of inclusion; and that the concept of inclusion itself in documents of public policy is not based on a clear ideology because of existing terminological inconsistencies.

Darba tēma ir "Ekonomiskās sankcijas: Krievijas gadījuma analīze". Ekonomiskās sankcijas ir bieži izmantots ārpolitikas instruments, kura ieviešanas skaits ir audzis tieši pēdējo 25 gadu laikā. Teorētiskajā daļā autors apskata ekonomisko sankciju veidus, mērķus, kā arī tos aspektus, kuri ir ietekmējuši ekonomisko sankciju pielietojuma pieaugumu. Tāpat, teorētiskajā daļā tiek apskatīts gudro sankciju koncepts. Balstoties teorētiskajā daļā gūtajās atziņās, darba empīriskajā daļā tiek analizēts ES un ASV ekonomisko sankciju gadījums pret Krievijas Federāciju. Analizējot pret Krieviju vērsto ekonomisko sankciju veidus un to radītos efektus, tiek noskaidrota to ietekme uz Krievijas ekonomiku un politisko lēmumu procesiem. ; The topic of this thesis is "Economic sanctions: Russia case study". Economic sanctions is a commonly used foreign policy tool that has gained increased popularity in the past 25 years. In the theoretical part the author looks at the aspects which have affected the rise of sanction use, as well as the types and goals of economic sanctions. The concept of smart sanctions is also looked upon in the theoretical part of this paper. Based on the acquired knowlage in the theoretical part, the empirical part will is dedicated for the analysis of EU and US imposed sanctions against Russia. Analysing the types and effects of the imposed sanctions against Russia, their influence on Russia's economy and political decision making process is established.

The aim of this article is to critical investigate a trend that has been escalating during the last 15 years to evaluate scientific by quantitative measurements called bibliometrics. These large-scale-measurements either substitute or supplement evaluation performed by colleagues qualified as specialists in a certain field of research. The so-called citation indexes count as one among other measurements. The whole idea is that our scientific work is evaluated in accordance with the amount of citations you get from other writers or from the citation impact ascribed to the journals of your written text. After a short presentation of the growing field of bibliometric devices with special focus on citation indexes, the author will examine some ideas of the political and economic reasons for these changes in academia. To strengthen the critical stance towards bibliometrics the question will be raised of what counts as good scientific practice including citations contrasting this with the use of citation in bibliometrics. As part of this concluding discussion the question of authority will be raised and it will be argued that we may look at these new tendencies in scientific practice as a new kind of authority. Taking the word liquid from Zygman Baumann´s term liquid modernity the term liquid authority will be introduced.