Suchergebnisse

The Constitutional Court, through its ruling 361/2006 on an appeal for the protection of constitutional rights (recurso de amparo), tried a case made against a resolution of the Speaker of the Basque Parliament denying the repetition a vote, resulting in the enactment of the 2005 Regional Budget. The ruling raised two questions: the Speaker's duties in relation to the member's behaviour when casting their vote in Parliament and the competency to appeal invested on the spokesperson of the parliamentary group to which the plaintiff member belonged. This comment examines the problems involved in parliamentary votes and disagrees, much in the same line as the Constitutional Court's minority view, with the reasoning of the ruling, insofar as it establishes the Speaker's duty to prove the member's negligence when the validity of a vote is in doubt. The author also disagrees with the parliamentary group's right to collectively reject an initiative, on the grounds that the Constitution enshrines the vote of the parliamentarians as personal and unbounded. This comment also points out other issues left unmentioned by the ruling, like the inability to appeal to the Bureau of the House against the Speaker's decisions relating to the conduct of the debates and the problem-prone execution of rulings once the legislature has expired, which makes these judgements merely declaratory.

The paper is dedicated to a thorough analysis of the formation of the securities market in Ukraine, which follows the hash transitional road to market economy full of political vibes and the fight of interest groups reflected in the so‐called "grey" or "black" economy. Therefore the path to developing the market of securities in Ukraine was not easy. An overview of the related laws and directives passed in Ukraine is presented with the author's comments, suggestions and scientific reasoning of how the market of securities developed then and what are the prospects for the future. With this purpose in mind, the author presents data on the legal efforts of the Ukrainian Government to prepare a fruitful soil for the development of securities market and discussed the obstacles, which posed and still pose threats for an adequate functioning of the Ukrainian market of securities. Some European comparisons are taken into account, especially from the Frontier's group countries. Kapitalo rinkos įtaka Ukrainos ekonomikos transformacijai Santrauka.Straipsnyje pateikiama Ukrainos vertybinių popierių rinkos, kaip vienos iš kapitalo rinkos, formavimo istorinė lyginamoji analizė, apimanti 1991–2004 metus. Daug dėmesio skiriamas Ukrainos Vyriausybės pastangoms kurti teisinį vertybinių popierių rinkos pagrindą, apžvelgiami įstatymai ir direktyvos, teikiamos tolesnės šios rinkos plėtros tendencijos. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kapitalo rinka, vertybinių popierių rinka, pereinamoji ekonomika, Frontier šalių grupė, Ukraina. First Published Online: 21 Oct 2010

The paper is dedicated to a thorough analysis of the formation of the securities market in Ukraine, which follows the hash transitional road to market economy full of political vibes and the fight of interest groups reflected in the so‐called "grey" or "black" economy. Therefore the path to developing the market of securities in Ukraine was not easy. An overview of the related laws and directives passed in Ukraine is presented with the author's comments, suggestions and scientific reasoning of how the market of securities developed then and what are the prospects for the future. With this purpose in mind, the author presents data on the legal efforts of the Ukrainian Government to prepare a fruitful soil for the development of securities market and discussed the obstacles, which posed and still pose threats for an adequate functioning of the Ukrainian market of securities. Some European comparisons are taken into account, especially from the Frontier's group countries. Kapitalo rinkos įtaka Ukrainos ekonomikos transformacijai Santrauka Straipsnyje pateikiama Ukrainos vertybinių popierių rinkos, kaip vienos iš kapitalo rinkos, formavimo istorinė lyginamoji analizė, apimanti 1991–2004 metus. Daug dėmesio skiriamas Ukrainos Vyriausybės pastangoms kurti teisinį vertybinių popierių rinkos pagrindą, apžvelgiami įstatymai ir direktyvos, teikiamos tolesnės šios rinkos plėtros tendencijos. First Published Online: 21 Oct 2010 Reikšminiai žodžiai: kapitalo rinka, vertybinių popierių rinka, pereinamoji ekonomika, Frontier šalių grupė, Ukraina.

In the last two decades, the concept of 'Sustainable Development' has made a steep career as a political and ethical guideline for dealing with the planet's ecological and social crisis. The concept, globally inaugurated in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (socalled Brundtland Commission) is, however, not a brain-child of the modern environmental movement. Its blueprint can be found in the professional terminology of forestry. 'Sustained yield' had been the major doctrine of international forestry for almost two centuries. This formula is a translation of the German term 'nachhaltiger Ertrag'. The roots of this concept can be traced back to the era of early 'European Enlightenment', when German Kameralists, inspired by the English author John Evelyn and the French statesman Jean Baptist Colbert, began to plan their dynasties' woodlands 'nachhaltig' – in order to hand them along undiminished to future generations. The word itself was then coined in 1713 by Hanns Carl von Carlowitz, head of the Royal Mining Office in the Kingdom of Saxony, in order to meet the challenge of a predicted shortage of timber, the key resource of the time. This paper on the historical evolution of the concept of sustainability is thought to be a contribution to the 20th anniversary of the report of the Brundtland Commision.

Money laundering – is a complicate process, the primary aim of which is provision of visually legitimate origin to the property acquired in criminal manner or suppression of property origin. Primary aim of any money laundering operation is dual: first, it is strived to conceal the crimes, from which the income comes, i.e. predicate crimes, and when it is succeeded to do that, criminals strive to ensure that it would be possible to use this income at their own discretion. Criminal responsibility for legalization of money or property acquired in criminal manner, or otherwise called money laundering, in Lithuania is stipulated by an article BK 216. This research paper analyzes the features of money laundering contents; the problems that arise upon establishment or evaluation of one or the other money laundering features are analyzed. In order to unfold and explain thoroughly the features of money laundering the research paper also examines international and European legal acts, by which the states undertake to criminalize money laundering, stipulate strict prevention measures of money laundering, also other international instruments intended to fight money laundering. Eventually, the author seeks to establish and evaluate whether the features of money laundering contents consolidated in legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania correspond to the compulsory provisions of international legal acts, especially of the European Union.

This case study explores the role of the Afghan authorities between 2001 and 2006 - the Interim Administration, the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan - in shaping the "aid relationship" between those authorities, and various components of the international community. It describes the strategies, frameworks, policies and systems that the Afghan authorities and the donors adapted or invented to manage aid. The case study analyzes the impact of those initiatives on the effectiveness of domestic and donor policy, and the drivers and constraints on the effectiveness of domestic policy. Given how recently the events described unfolded it is no surprise that there are as yet, at least to the author's knowledge, no accounts that convey the decision-making processes accurately. The account presented here is written from the perspective of a participant in many of the events in question who attended th e core meetings and policy discussions of the period in the UN, the Government of Afghanistan, and most recently in NATO/ISAF. Recognising that the author is therefore a participant as well as analyst, the case study nonetheless attempts to provide a factual description of the process, together with an objective analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of approaches taken against the goals they were intended to serve.

This study is the result of an interview with Edith Bruck which took place on May 3, 2006, in her apartment in Rome. The purpose of my paper is, in part, to expose and discuss in detail a series of conditions that created a new ghetto for the novelist who survived Auschwitz; this time a thematic ghetto. Focusing on the author's recent statements, this essay will begin by discussing some of the difficulties encountered by Primo Levi in his dealings with the Einaudi publishing house; moving on to Edith Bruck's experiences as a Holocaust witness who, eventually, found herself blocked in this role, in part because of pressures she felt from the Italian publishing industry. Analyzing her experiences in the world of cinema, I will then transition to a discussion of some stormy events which took place in the former Yugoslavian republic, and later in Italy, during the shooting of two films on the holocaust: KAPÒ by Gillo Pontecorvo for which the author worked as a consultant (without ever appearing in the credits), and ANDREMO IN CITTÀ by her husband Nelo Risi, based on Bruck's story contained in the homonymous book. In particular, the author's difficult relationship with director Pontecorvo will be brought to bear, and the surprising behavior of Italian newspapers (from the political right and left) following an unfortunate incident when the writer was assaulted by a Bosnian man who hated Hungarians.

Learning has been acknowledged lately in Europe as the very core of economic development (e.g. Conçeicao/Heitor/Lundwall 2003; Cochinaux/de Woot 1995, p. 52; Schleicher 2006). A strong optimistic trust has been placed in the power of knowledge and learning. Learning and the acquisition of competence and skills are seen as the most important tools for achieving individual or organisational goals of welfare. Learning and empowerment through learning are also considered as key tools in promoting democracy in society. What do equity and equal opportunities mean in education? How can equity be combined with high-quality performance? We may ask what characteristics an education system has when it combines equity with good learning outcomes. Relations between good learning outcomes and equity are very complex and multifaceted. We have evidence that there is a very clear correlation between high educational outcomes and the welfare of society. However, serious problems in reaching all people with learning opportunities still exist. We see that exclusion is growing (OECD 2003; 2004; 2005; 2006) in connection with the global economy. In her article [the author] elaborates how good learning outcomes and equity are related and how these are connected with larger societal trends. At the end of [the] article [she] refers to Finnish experiences related to equity and learning outcomes. (DIPF/Orig.)

Money laundering – is a complicate process, the primary aim of which is provision of visually legitimate origin to the property acquired in criminal manner or suppression of property origin. Primary aim of any money laundering operation is dual: first, it is strived to conceal the crimes, from which the income comes, i.e. predicate crimes, and when it is succeeded to do that, criminals strive to ensure that it would be possible to use this income at their own discretion. Criminal responsibility for legalization of money or property acquired in criminal manner, or otherwise called money laundering, in Lithuania is stipulated by an article BK 216. This research paper analyzes the features of money laundering contents; the problems that arise upon establishment or evaluation of one or the other money laundering features are analyzed. In order to unfold and explain thoroughly the features of money laundering the research paper also examines international and European legal acts, by which the states undertake to criminalize money laundering, stipulate strict prevention measures of money laundering, also other international instruments intended to fight money laundering. Eventually, the author seeks to establish and evaluate whether the features of money laundering contents consolidated in legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania correspond to the compulsory provisions of international legal acts, especially of the European Union.

Money laundering – is a complicate process, the primary aim of which is provision of visually legitimate origin to the property acquired in criminal manner or suppression of property origin. Primary aim of any money laundering operation is dual: first, it is strived to conceal the crimes, from which the income comes, i.e. predicate crimes, and when it is succeeded to do that, criminals strive to ensure that it would be possible to use this income at their own discretion. Criminal responsibility for legalization of money or property acquired in criminal manner, or otherwise called money laundering, in Lithuania is stipulated by an article BK 216. This research paper analyzes the features of money laundering contents; the problems that arise upon establishment or evaluation of one or the other money laundering features are analyzed. In order to unfold and explain thoroughly the features of money laundering the research paper also examines international and European legal acts, by which the states undertake to criminalize money laundering, stipulate strict prevention measures of money laundering, also other international instruments intended to fight money laundering. Eventually, the author seeks to establish and evaluate whether the features of money laundering contents consolidated in legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania correspond to the compulsory provisions of international legal acts, especially of the European Union.

The structure problems of structural problems of reorganization of general education schools in Vilnius city are researched, the possible reasons and ways of solution are presented in the work. The aim is to open and divide the problems of schools' network reorganization and the factors interfering its implementation. The work is divided into introduction, theoretical and empirical units, conclusions and recommendations. The development of educational reform after regaining the independence, its stages and political, social and economical grounds are presented and thoroughly described in the first unit. The run and impediments of general education reform in Lithuania analyzed by scientists, educators, and independent authors presented in the second unit as well as influence of educational communities and the reform evaluation made by their representatives. In the third unit the results of quantitative and qualitative research in the context of reorganization of school network described. The author successfully presents the structural analyses of social, economical and political fields taking into account the importance of the problem for each member of the community. Qualitative research lays in the background of analyses, linking with reasons and possible ways of making decisions. Some mostly important problems of reorganization of schools network in Vilnius and other cities as well as recommendations for decision makers, educators, representatives of schools administration are outlined in the conclusions.

The neo-behavioural ideas of philosophy of education and upbringing are analyzedin the paper. Neo-behaviourism is considered as an outlook and theoreticaland practical pattern of social management. Neo-behaviourism forms the technocraticapproach to education and upbringing, methods of modification of behaviourfor realization of personality's adaptation to the social system. A technocraticthought identifies a personality's responsibility with conformity and submission.According to neo-behaviourism, education and upbringing carry the function oftransmission the main values by means of which a personality adjusts to the ideologyand standards of societal institutes. The author underlines that sometimes thetechnocratic conception of education and upbringing replaces the orientation onthe valued approach to the acts and phenomena by the requirements of personality'sadaptation to the existing political, ideological, and moral norms. ; У статті аналізуються ідеї філософії освіти тавиховання необіхевіоризму. Необіхевіоризм розглядається як світоглядна й теоретико-практична модельсуспільного управління. Необіхевіоризм формує техно-кратичний підхід до освіти та виховання, методимодифікації поведінки для здійснення адаптації особистості до соціальної системи. Відповідальність особистості ототожнюється технократичним мисленням із слухняністю, підкоренням. Освіта й виховання в необіхевіоризмі повиннінести функцію передачі пануючих цінностей, які мають пристосувати особистість до ідеології і стандартів інститутів суспільства. Звертається увага нате, що в технократичних концепціях освіти і виховання іноді орієнтація на ціннісний підхід до вчинків і явищ підмінюється вимогами адаптації особистості доіснуючих політичних, ідеологічних і моральних норм.

This study focuses on the prices for laboratory testing services and testing capacity in nine of the major European chemicals producing countries. The purpose is to bridge the existing gap of a representative study on test prices and the available testing capacity. At the core are seventy-six test categories, in particular toxicological and ecotoxicological tests as required by REACH, the EU Chemicals Policy Review. The price and capacity information was gathered by a survey of twenty-eight independent and corporate laboratories in the second half of 2004. The survey aimed at finding out minimum, average and maximum estimates of costs/prices and the available average and maximum testing capacities. The data exploration has shown a considerable variability in the prices for single tests. For reasons of completeness an overview of the testing cost for a registration according to the four work packages of REACH is provided. The most difficult issue was the estimation of average and maximum testing capacities. Surprisingly the large laboratories supply with 96.5% the vast amount of the total capacity available for testing chemicals in the nine European countries the survey has covered. A complete set of tables and figures representing detailed price and capacity information is available upon e-mail request to the author.

В представленном исследовании делается попытка определить отношение российских (319 лиц) и польских (325 лиц) студентов к религии, т. е. к религиозным ценностям и институтам. Автор ищет ответ на вопрос, является ли национальность фактором, дифференцирующим отношение студентов к вышеуказаным проблемам. Итоги исследований показали, что российские студенты по сравнению с польскими студентами характеризуются более сильным моральным релятивизмом. Польские студенты чаще признавали религиозную этику приоритетной. Однако, российские студенты более четко указывали на значение церкви в общественной жизни (институт интегрирующий верующих) и признавали религию важным элементом национальной идентичности. Польские студенты относительно чаще были сторонниками секуляризации и усматривали в деятельности костела причины ограничения демократического мышления.The article presents an attempt to determine Russian (319 persons) and Polish (325 persons) students' attitude to religion, i. e. religious valuables and institutes. The author explores whether nationality is a factor that differentiates students' attitude to these problems. The results of the research showed that Russian students possess stronger moral relativism in comparison with Polish ones. Polish students often recognized religious ethics as a priority. Nevertheless, Russian students indicated the church's importance in social life more exactly (as the faithful integrating institute) and recognized religion as a significant element of the national identity. Polish students were supporters of secularization more often and detected the reasons for democratic thinking restriction in the church activity.

В статье исследуется проблема влияния «рыночного социализма» на развитие Совета экономической взаимопомощи. Рассматриваются теоретический и исторический аспекты проблемы. Показано развитие научных дискуссий с 1960-х гг. до современности. В исторической части нашел отражение процесс усиления рыночных отношений в 1960 1980-е гг. в СССР и странах Восточной Европы. Автором сделан вывод о деструктивном воздействии элементов «смешанной экономики» на процесс социалистической интеграции. Решение Правительства СССР от 1987 г. о строительстве «социалистического рынка» в рамках СЭВ привело к окончательному разрушению планового механизма Совета. ; In clause, the problem of influence of «market socialism» on development of Advice of economic mutual aid is investigated. Theoretical and historical aspects of a problem are considered. Development of scientific discussions about 1960th up to the present is shown. In a historical part has found reflection process of strengthening of market attitudes in 1960 1980th in the USSR and the countries of the East Europe. By the author it is drawn a conclusion on destructive influence of elements of «mixed economy» on process of socialist integration. The decision of the Government of the USSR from 1987 about construction of «the socialist market» within the limits of Advice of economic mutual aid has led to final destruction of the scheduled mechanism of Advice.