Search results

International audience ; Mediterranean islands heavily depend on tourism as their main economic resources. This development path has taken over from a poorly industrialized, agricultural society, and has insured economic integration to these islands. However, Mediterranean insular regions still suffer from a number of developmental issues leading to economic retardation vis-à-vis continental regions. Tourism has strengthened their peripheral status. Hainan, an insular province of China has experienced a similar situation. However, although tourism still remains a major economic resource for Hainan, new policies have been implemented to diversify the local economy and develop innovation-led activities on the island. Traditionally, peripheral regions are not considered as innovative regions because of several obstacles (e.g.: remoteness, social particularisms) (Soete, 1997). To be efficient, innovative policies should not only support technology and research, but also other economic aspects of the innovation process (Landabaso, 2003). Does it mean that decentralization is required to transform peripheral islands into innovative society? Or is the central government more likely to implement innovative policies? This paper will attempt to explore the several paths followed by Hainan to develop innovation, draw the limits of this policy, and question whether or not similar measures may be adopted by Mediterranean islands. The author argues that development of a private sector is the key factor for innovation in insular territories.

Maģistra darba mērķis ir, izpētot ilgtspējīgas attīstības un investīciju šādā attīstībā tendences Latvijā un pasaulē, izstrādāt priekšlikumus situācijas pilnveidei Latvijā, kā arī izveidot minētajiem kritērijiem atbilstošu investīciju portfeli no Baltijas fondu biržā kotētajām akcijām. Investīcijas ilgtspējīgā attīstībā ir investīcijas uzņēmumos, kas darbojas nekaitējot videi, ievērojot sociālo taisnīgumu un labu uzņēmējdarbības praksi. Autores veiktā pētījuma rezultātā izveidots ieguldījumu portfelis, kas atbilst ilgtspējīgas attīstības kritērijiem un ienesīguma ziņā ir konkurētspējīgs ar citiem ieguldījumu veidiem. Lai mudinātu sabiedrību un uzņēmumus rīkoties, jāizmanto valsts politikas instrumenti, kā arī sabiedrības izglītošana un izvēles stimulēšana caur informatīvām kampaņām, iesaistoties arī nevalstiskajām organizācijām. ; The purpose of this thesis is by studying trends of sustainable development and investments in this field in Latvia and other countries, to elaborate suggestions for further sustainable development in Latvia and also to make a sustainable investment portfolio of stocks listed on Baltic stock exchange. Basically investments in sustainable development mean investing in companies that acts according to social, environmental and good business standards. During research done by author, investment portfolio that agrees with sustainable development criteria and is competitive by its profitability to other similar investment options was made. To stimulate society and companies to act according to principles of sustainability, government politics need to be used as well as educating and motivating of society through informative campaigns of NVOs.

The media are one of the basic components of communication among the elements of democratic society. By informing the audience, the media ensure that citizens in cases like voting will make right decisions, and the authorities and politicians will be careful about their own actions in order to avoid criticism or negative attitudes of society or to become more popular and to get into government structures. On the other hand, by doing so as everybody else and just being part of the whole, governments and politicians are not interesting for the media. As a result, these two groups must always think how to attract attention to themselves in the endless stream of information. The purpose of this article is to show the existence of politicians' desire to construct the media agenda (to be the source of news) while adopting the Law on Minors' Protection against Detrimental Effects of Public Information. The article also discusses the relationship between politicians and the media, the interdependence between politicians and the media. The author also shows how politicians try to atract the media by adopting laws and how the length and frequency of politicians' speeches during the reading of a particular law can attract the attention of the media and thus of the public.

The concept of integrated and seamless transport has wide political support but framing effective policies that deliver the desired outcome has proved difficult. This paper builds on and updates earlier work by the author that attempted to analyse the reasons for the relative failure of integrated transport polices with particular reference to experience in the UK. Four main factors are highlighted. The first relates to the difficulties that have been faced in defining the integration concept. It is argued that a ladder of integration can be a useful tool in framing policy. The second relates to difficulties in 'operationalizing' the concept and here it is suggested that a ladder of interventions may also be a useful tool. The third is that there has been a lack of practical evidence on the success of integrated policies but it is argued that this evidence base is now emerging. The fourth has been the barriers to behavioural change that integration requires, both for individuals and institutions. Here advances in economic, social and psychological models of behaviour are giving new insights into how these barriers may be overcome. The prospects for the delivery of more integrated and seamless transport, in both the UK and the European Union, are reviewed with reference to recent policy White Papers.

Wartime sexual violence is often assumed to be inevitable during conflict yet empirical evidence indicates that sexual violence varies in type and frequency within and across conflicts as well as among armed groups. A solid understanding of what variable(s) and causal pathway(s) permit the variation of systematic sexual violence in intrastate conflict situations by specific groups has yet to be developed. What factors explain the variation of sexual violence by certain armed opposition groups during conflict situations? This comparative study employs process-tracing and the congruence method to consider the utility of hypotheses drawn from the work of Elisabeth J. Wood and Kathryn Farr using data from the Sri Lankan (1983-2009), Sierra Leonean (1991-2002), and Nepalese (1996-2005) civil wars. It finds that insurgent leadership prohibition of sexual violence against civilians and equitable intragroup gender dynamics are correlated with a lower frequency of sexual violence against civilian populations by insurgencies during civil wars. The author theorizes that when leadership prohibits sexual violence, enforces strong internal group discipline, and frames women's (equitable) participation as integral for achieving the broader ideological and strategic goals of the insurgency (i.e., nationalist, leftist, etc.), sexual violence against women and girls is less frequent during civil wars by armed opposition groups vis-à-vis government armed forces.

The media are one of the basic components of communication among the elements of democratic society. By informing the audience, the media ensure that citizens in cases like voting will make right decisions, and the authorities and politicians will be careful about their own actions in order to avoid criticism or negative attitudes of society or to become more popular and to get into government structures. On the other hand, by doing so as everybody else and just being part of the whole, governments and politicians are not interesting for the media. As a result, these two groups must always think how to attract attention to themselves in the endless stream of information. The purpose of this article is to show the existence of politicians' desire to construct the media agenda (to be the source of news) while adopting the Law on Minors' Protection against Detrimental Effects of Public Information. The article also discusses the relationship between politicians and the media, the interdependence between politicians and the media. The author also shows how politicians try to atract the media by adopting laws and how the length and frequency of politicians' speeches during the reading of a particular law can attract the attention of the media and thus of the public.

На современном этапе развития общества повышается интерес к изучению миграционных процессов как в академической, так и в политической среде. Постсоветский период изучения миграции связан с применением новых методик и повышением уровня сложности анализа миграционных процессов, использованием междисциплинарного подхода. Статья посвящена комплексному исследованию историографии изучения миграционных процессов России на рубеже XX-XXI вв., когда произошла активизация научного исследования данной проблематики. Целью статьи является анализ изучения миграции в России в постсоветский период, определение основных качеств и тенденций развития этого научного направления в конце XX - начале XXI в. ; At the present stage of society development there is growing interest to migration processes study both in academic and political environment. The post-soviet period of migration study is associated with the application of new techniques, the increase of migration processes analysis complexity level and interdisciplinary approach implementation. The author presents the comprehensive research of the historiography study of the migration processes within Russia at the turn of the XXth-XXIst centuries, when there was the revitalization of the research in this field, conducts the analysis of migration study within Russia in the post-soviet period and determines the basic qualities and trends in this study direction development at the end of the XXth the beginning of the XXIst century.

Through the articles written by Antonio Gramsci during the first year and a half of release of "L'Ordine Nuovo", you can see the development lines of what the author has established during the World War I on the historical and political analysis of Italian and European society. These ideas deal directly with Factory Council's doctrine: Gramsci, inspired by the voluntary initia-tives in Turin factories, builds, since the summer of 1919, a revolutionary theory gathered on the role of working-class institutions. The extensive task of the Factory, in a devastated post-war industrial society, forces the political thinker to reshape the traditional functions of the two representative proletarian institutions: Labor Union and Political Party. Only rethinking about how they work, it's possible to lead to success the revolutionary movement of the most aware Italian workers: from Turin industries can arise the future construction of Italian Soviet repub-lic that, after the victory of the Revolution in all countries, will be melted in international communist society. This theory stands in a particular position between socialist thinkers of that period, not only towards Reformists or Unitarians Maximalists, but also towards elements of the Communist faction that breaks up with the PSI during national congress of Livorno (Janu-ary 1921) to create a new revolutionary Party.

A partir de la experiencia de "asesoría" a un conjunto de Consejos Comunales de la Parroquia Macarao de Caracas en su intento por solicitar apoyo del gobierno presentando proyectos de desarrollo local; el autor aprovecha esta experiencia para hacer algunas reflexiones sobre el funcionamiento del llamado "Poder Popular" desde dos perspectivas básicas: 1- Las implicaciones que desde el funcionamiento urbano tiene el modo real como se relacionan y funcionan los Consejos Comunales, y 2- La oportunidad que las Universidades podrían tener de crear un modo nuevo de articulación con la sociedad, el papel de la asesoría comunitaria y las posibilidades de nuevas formas de financiamiento de la investigación. ; From the experience of " advice " to a set of Community Councils of Macarao Caracas sector in an attempt to solicit support of local development projects presenting at government; the author takes this experience to make some reflections on the operation of the " People Power" from two main perspectives: 1- The implications for urban operation is the real way relate and function Community Councils , and 2- Opportunity that universities might have to create a new mode of articulation with society, the role of community counseling and possibilities for new forms of research funding. ; 249-254 ; odagui@ula.ve, odagui@icnet.com.ve, odagui@intercable.net.ve ; trimestral

В статье рассматривается механизм и закономерности влияния динамики внешнеэкономических параметров страны на уровень стабильности политического режима. Автор полагает, что наиболее валидным экономическим индикатором и предиктором нестабильности является объем экспорта. Экспорт имеет такое социально-политическое значение не только как мотор «экономики», но и как важный фактор внешнеэкономической устойчивости страны. Анализ выявленной закономерности производится на основе трех временных периодов новейшей истории России, два из которых завершились масштабными социальными и политическими потрясениями: 1) 1905-1917 гг.; 2) 1985-1991 гг. и 3) современного периода: 1991-2012 гг. ; In the given article there are analyzed the mechanisms and patterns of the influence of dynamics of external economic parameters of a country on the level of stability of its political regime. The author supposes that the most valid economic indicator and predictor of instability is volume of exports. Export possesses so much socio-political importance not only because of its role as an engine of economy but also as a vital factor of external economic durability of a country. The analysis of the discovered regularity is carried out on the example of the three periods of modern Russian history, two of which resulted in revolutions: 1) the period of 1905-1917; 2) 1985-1991; 3) the modern period (1991-2012).

Evaluation of research and innovation policy faces radical challenges arising from a new policy emphasis upon demand-side measures and linked to this an understanding of innovation policy as a means to achieve societal goals. This article considers the implications for the practice of evaluation at both micro and meso-levels. It uses the exemplar of an evaluation design for the European Union's Lead Market Initiative to expose the extent to which classical approaches to evaluation are valid and where new issues arise. Some problems highlighted include the difficulty of establishing a relevant baseline, the inability of public statistics constructed in supply-side mode to capture actions, the need to engage with actors who do not necessarily see themselves as part of the initiative being evaluated, long timescales and potential wide geographical scope, measures that span from micro to macro, and blurred boundaries between implementation and impact. It is concluded that there is a key role for evaluators to become involved in co-learning and co-evolution of these policy instruments in a manner analogous to the relationship between evaluation and policy development that characterized the emergence of collaborative R&D support programmes. © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

International audience ; In recent decades, "equality of opportunities" has been imposing itself over the other vision of equality in the social democratic matrix, which the author terms "equality of positions". In this sense, those who defend equality of opportunities - the model of liberalism of the us - are less preoccupied with reducing inequality than fighting against discrimination which impedes transiting the social structure in function of personal merits. The article maintains that the Left must combine equality of positions with equality of opportunities, but giving priority to the former, something that must not be confused with a conservative defense of the Welfare State as we know it today. ; En las últimas décadas, la "igualdad de oportunidades" se fue imponiendo por sobre otra visión de la igualdad de matriz socialdemócrata, que el autor denomina "igualdad de posiciones". En este sentido, quienes defienden la igualdad de oportunidades -el modelo del liberalismo estadounidense- se preocupan menos por reducir las desigualdades que por luchar contra las discriminaciones que impiden transitar por la estructura social en función de méritos personales. El artículo sostiene que la izquierda debe combinar igualdad de posiciones con igualdad de oportunidades, pero dando prioridad a la primera, lo que no debe confundirse con una defensa conservadora del Estado de Bienestar tal como hoy lo conocemos.

International audience ; Mediterranean islands heavily depend on tourism as their main economic resources. This development path has taken over from a poorly industrialized, agricultural society, and has insured economic integration to these islands. However, Mediterranean insular regions still suffer from a number of developmental issues leading to economic retardation vis-à-vis continental regions. Tourism has strengthened their peripheral status. Hainan, an insular province of China has experienced a similar situation. However, although tourism still remains a major economic resource for Hainan, new policies have been implemented to diversify the local economy and develop innovation-led activities on the island. Traditionally, peripheral regions are not considered as innovative regions because of several obstacles (e.g.: remoteness, social particularisms) (Soete, 1997). To be efficient, innovative policies should not only support technology and research, but also other economic aspects of the innovation process (Landabaso, 2003). Does it mean that decentralization is required to transform peripheral islands into innovative society? Or is the central government more likely to implement innovative policies? This paper will attempt to explore the several paths followed by Hainan to develop innovation, draw the limits of this policy, and question whether or not similar measures may be adopted by Mediterranean islands. The author argues that development of a private sector is the key factor for innovation in insular territories.

The author studied the laws regulating relations in the sphere of the land auction by local governments and public authorities and provided legal assessment, pointing to conflicts and contradictions existing legal norms, defined the problems of enforcement rules on the problems identified and proposed solutions, the necessity of amendments to the Land Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine "On the assessment of land" and the Law of Ukraine "On public Procurement". ; Автором проведено исследование законодательства, регулирующего отношения в сфере организации проведения земельных торгов в форме аукциона органами местного самоуправления и государственной власти и предоставлена нормативно-правовая оценка, указывая на коллизии и противоречивости, действующих правовых норм, определенные проблемы правоприменения норм, определенных проблем и предложены пути их решения; обоснована необходимость внесения изменений в Земельный Кодекс Украины, Закон Украины «Об оценке земель» и Закона Украины «Об осуществлении государственных закупок». ; Автором проведено дослідження законодавства, яке регулює відносини у сфері організації проведення земельних торгів у формі аукціону органами місцевого самоврядування та державної влади та надано нормативно-правову оцінку, вказуючи на колізії та суперечливості, чинних правових норм, визначені проблеми правозастосування норм, щодо визначених проблем та запропоновані шляхи їх вирішення; обґрунтована необхідність внесення змін до Земельного Кодексу України, Закону України «Про оцінку земель» та Закону України «Про здійснення державних закупівель».

In 1925-1940, he was docent, later professor in Kaunas University, in 1925, J. Aleksa was the creator of Farmers' party, in 1925-1927 - President of Agriculture Palace, in 1926-1935, he was Minister of Agriculture, in 1928-1936 - the leader of the Fanners Unity organization, doctor of agriculture science (since 1929). In 1925-1927, he was the editor of the journal "Žemės ūkis". 1948-1955, he was deported to Siberia. So J. Aleksa experienced terror and genocide in soviet prisons and places of deportations such as killing, physical and moral torments, personal indignity, worsening or changing of living conditions which caused deaths. J. Aleksa saw many dramatic events among other prisoners and deportees. J. Aleksa was the author of the ideology of fanners' unity in Independent Lithuania. During the first four decades of the 20th century, the ancient village system of country was transformed into separated farm system. Growing individualism of farmers was accompanied by increasing political polarization. At the same time the process of formation of co-cooperative relations among the fanners started and the efforts for fostering their unity increased. He played very important role in the organization of the agricultural system. Agriculturist, sociologist Jonas Aleksa participated in the process of the development of farmers' solidarity. J. Aleksa was the leader in the Lithuanian agricultural community, propagating the significance of farming in society, improving the culture of farming.