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Exploring the interactions between spatiality and the governance process in the Arctic, this article advances the hypothesis that political governance has built Arctic space as an international region. The aim here is to analyze the Arctic region as a new political configuration born from post-Cold War governance processes. At first, we put in context the construction of regional governance in the Arctic in a socio-historical perspective by observing how multiple cooperation initiatives, institutionalized or not, have led to the construction of a regional governance. In a second part, we see that governance has built the region as a new political space. Governance organizes and politically builds the Arctic as a relevant space for political action, although it remains an incomplete and controversial region. ; Explorant les interactions entre la spatialité et le processus de gouvernance à l'oeuvre en Arctique, cet article avance l'hypothèse selon laquelle la gouvernance politique a construit l'espace arctique comme une région internationale. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons la manière dont de multiples initiatives de coopération à toutes les échelles participent à la construction de la région en convergeant pour renforcer la dimension régionale. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous appuyons sur la littérature constructiviste pour souligner les interactions entre le système de gouvernance et la consolidation d'une échelle régionale arctique. La gouvernance organise et construit politiquement l'échelle Arctique comme espace pertinent pour l'action politique, bien qu'elle demeure un espace politique incomplet et controversé en raison même de sa nature construite.

A key focus of much scholarly attention is on the (theoretical) relationship between legal orders. The practical question I intend to answer in this article is the following: how can we know who has the final say – international, European Union (EU) or national law? I proceed in three steps. First, I critically sketch major current theories – monism and dualism, as well as global legal pluralism and global constitutionalism. However, because none of them offers a satisfactory answer to the question posed, I move to the reconceptualization stage of the theoretical relationship between legal orders. In the second step, I offer my account of how to think about the relationship between legal orders by introducing the theory of the law creators' circle (TLCC). The TLCC provides a theoretical foundation for deciding on the source of the decisive norm. It does not, however, provide a general solution which fits any norm conflict stemming from overlapping legal orders. Thus, the purpose of this article is to develop a legal theory which facilitates the understanding of the interaction between international law, EU and national law. Third, I use a doctrinal analysis to show the results of the TLCC application. For instance, in the famous Kadi saga, according to the TLCC, the EU should have either claimed that the UN Security Council was acting ultra vires or considered the UN Security Council Resolution faulty because UN human rights (instead of EU human rights) had been violated.

First suggested in the Netherlands, in the late-1980s, the notion of "Social Movement Unionism" was ?rst applied in South Africa, where it had both political and academic impact. The South-African formulation combined the class and the popular: a response to this combined class and new social movement theory/practice. The "Class/Popular" understanding was, however, more widely adopted, and applied (to and/or in Brazil, the Philippines, the USA, internationally), receiving its most in?uential formulation in the work of Kim Moody (USA). A "Class/New Social Movement" response to this was restated in terms of the "New Social Unionism." The continuing impact of globalization and neo-liberalism has had a disorienting e?ect on even the unions supposed by the South African/USschool to best exemplify SMU, whilst simultaneously increasing trade union need for some kind of such an alternative model. Use and discussion of the notion continues. The development of the "global justice and solidarity movement" (symbolized by Seattle, 1999), and in particular the World Social Forum process, since 2001, may be putting the matter on the international trade-union agenda. But is this matter a Class/Popular alliance, a Class/New Social Movement alliance? Or both? Or something else? And are there other ways of recreating an international/ist labour movement with emancipatory intentions and e?ect? What is the future of emancipatory or utopian labour strategy in the epoch of a globalized networked capitalism, and the challenge of the Global Justice and Solidarity Movement?

Résumé La coordination en matière de recherches internationales est toujours une tâche difficile. Dans certains domaines très vastes, comme l'économie, elle est assez illusoire et doit se limiter à des sujets déterminés. Plus limitée, plus précise aussi, la démographie se prête mieux à une coordination. Mais jusqu'ici cette coordination a laissé à désirer. Cette tâche ne peut pas, en effet, être entreprise par la Division de la Population des Nations Unies. Celle-ci a un rôle différent et se trouve en relation directe avec les gouvernements. L'Union Internationale pour l'Etude Scientifique de la Population, dont le siège est à Liège, exerce une action directe, soit en réunissant des congrès, soit en entreprenant des tâches précises, par l'intermédiaire de comités spécialisés. Mais elle constitue un organisme privé et elle rassemble et anime spécialement des individus, non des centres ou instituts de recherches. Comme le nombre de ces centres ou instituts augmente constamment et que la liaison entre eux est très insuffisante, la nécessité d'un organisme ad hoc se faisait sentir de plus en plus. En pratique, la création du C.I.C.R.E.D. a été la conséquence logique d'une réunion des directeurs ?lnstituts nationaux de recherche démographique, convoquée à Lyon en juin 1971 à l'invitation des Nations Unies, avec l'appui du gouvernement français. Mlle Elisabeth Garlot rappelle ici le déroulement des événements, depuis la proposition de la Commission de la Population des Nations Unies, lors de sa 15e session, d'organiser en 1971, la réunion du groupe d'experts mentionnée ci-dessus et décrit le fonctionnement du nouvel organisme.

Data on primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) epidemiology is scarce and published studies are characterised by low numbers. In the framework of the European Union project BESTCILIA we aimed to combine all available datasets in a retrospective international PCD cohort (iPCD Cohort).

Internationale Schiedsverfahren und CISG bilden eine neutrale Plattform für internationale Handelsstreitigkeiten. Allerdings ist unklar, ob Schiedsrichter das CISG überhaupt anwenden müssen. Diese Arbeit untersucht zunächst die Rechtsnatur der Anwendungsnormen des CISG, mit dem Ergebnis, dass es sich um Internationales Privatrecht handelt. Dies führt zu der grundsätzlichen Frage nach der Bindung von Schiedsrichtern an IPR, in deren Prüfung völker- und europarechtliche sowie rechtspraktische Aspekte einbezogen werden. Eine Bindung wird abgelehnt. Schließlich wird ergänzend ein Blick auf die Bindungswirkung von materiellem Recht in Schiedsverfahren geworfen.

The disappearance of the USSR as a superpower, to be replaced by the Russian Federation and a host of new states, has had wide-ranging consequences in the field of law. The establishment of market economies and the need to set up institutional frameworks to foster the rule of law have precipitated comprehensive domestic law reforms in the countries concerned. The major focus of the present work, however, is on the metamorphosis of the network of international law relations, brought about by the fundamental change in the political and constitutional climate and the emergence of numerous new actors. Apart from the relations between states as the classical province of international law, the impact of international law on national legal orders has acquired overwhelming importance and the successor states of the Soviet Union have not escaped the effect of this development. Some of the most urgent questions thrown up by these developments are analyzed by a team of leading legal specialists from the Russian Federation, North America, and Western Europe

International law, traditional scholars of international politics tell us, is a useless fiction. Statesmen either do not follow legal stipulations or they do so only when it is in their interest to do it. International law plays no independent role in world politics since it can always be reduced to the more fundamental considerations of power politics. National interests simply do not bow to legal requirements.

Why do international policing missions often fail to achieve their mandate? Why do United Nations Police officers struggle when serving in foreign peacekeeping missions? United Nations International Police Officers in Peacekeeping Missions: A Phenomenological Exploration of Complex Acculturation unravels these problems to find a causal thread: When working in hyper-diverse organizations such as the United Nations Police, United Nations police officers must grapple with adjusting to a kaleidoscope of different and competing cultures simultaneously—an issue the author identifies as complex acculturation. In this introduction to the novel concept of complex acculturation, Michael Sanchez explores the reasons behind the chronic performance troubles of the United Nations Police, and explains how the very fabric of the organization contributes to its ineffectiveness. While previous research has focused on private sector expatriate workers' challenges when adapting to a single new culture, this timely book describes a previously unstudied phenomenon and applies this knowledge to help businesses, governments, organizations, and citizens navigate the increasingly diverse workplace of the future. This book lays the foundation for a new area of study and provides a forward-thinking perspective that will interest multinational companies, police agencies, international relations organizations, prospective expatriate workers, and academics alike.