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https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1609406919876469 ; This article provides a reflective analysis of a local scholar on methodological challenges of conducting research in Kazakhstan — a post-Soviet, authoritarian, Central Asian country. It specifically addresses the problems of getting access to government officials and the quality of data, describes the strategies applied by the researcher to mitigate these obstacles, and discusses the impact of the political environment on decisions relating to the research design, ethical integrity, safety of participants and researchers, and publication dilemma. This article will be of interest both for researchers who are doing or planning to conduct research in Kazakhstan and Central Asia and those who are researching in nondemocratic contexts as methodological challenges of an authoritarian regime stretch beyond the geographical boundaries.

In the early 1960s pan-Africanism was thought by many scholars and leaders of government to be the force which would bring political harmony coupled with rapid economic development. During the last decade a number of regional and sub-regional organisations were developed as first steps towards greater African unity. In English- speaking Africa the East African Community formed by Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda exemplified, with all its frustrations and aspirations, this type of grouping. In French-speaking Africa the limited success of the Union douanière et économique de l'Afrique central, its successor the Union des états d'Afrique centrale, and the Union douanière de l'Afrique occidentale has raised serious questions of whether these organisations, at this point in history, can attain their goals of regional economic integration and development.

On cover: Calculation and distribution of school aid, 1990-1991. ; "March 1991." ; Mode of access: Internet.

Published also in the collected set of State Legislative documents (pt. 1 of v. 72 published only in collected set). ; Reports issued by the museum under earlier names: 1847-70, State Cabinet of Natural History; 1871-89, New York State Museum of Natural History. ; At head of title, 1890-1918: University of the State of New York. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Vols. 1-20, in v. 21. ; Continued in the museum's Bulletin.

This book provides a critical analysis of the liberal ideas of the decline of the state through a historical comparison. It takes special note of the implications of state failure to control economic growth and market exigencies for international relations. The book is divided into three sections. The first analyzes Cobden, Mitrany, and Ohmae's empirical claims, the second looks at their normative judgements and the third looks at their predictive assertions. It concludes that the three primarily propose normative arguments for less state involvement in economic and international relations but conceal them in empirical and predictive assertions. The liberal idea of the decline of the state is more of an ideological statement in response to political, social, and economic trends than an objective observation of an empirically verifiable fact.

Economic theory has not been delving extensively and systematically into the strictly related phenomena of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Multinational Enterprise (MNE) until the 1980s.1 Two distinct circumstances have been favouring this recent renewed interest: a big surge in the former and a new space for the latter in the mainstream economic theory. FDI – the main way through which MNEs act – has been growing recently at an impressive rate (more than world trade), and that this growth has had the puzzling feature of concerning particularly the industrialised countries, which have been reciprocally engaged in such capital movements. The emergence of a new body of trade and location theory made it possible to enhance the understanding of this phenomenon. The overall theme is on the frontier of the research in international trade and applied industrial economics, and it is complex and unsettled. The subject of this paper is just to fix up ideas about some selected topics. Section I briefly reviews the general theoretical setting from the appearance of the OLI paradigm in the late '70s to what has been evolving through the subsequent two decades. Section II surveys the main effects of FDI on the home and the host countries respectively. Section III focuses on European economic geography with the interest in the effects of European economic integration on MNEs' activity in the form of FDI. Some concluding remarks close the paper.

As we have seen, Aboriginal people were omitted from the concept of the new Australian nation. Denied citizenship until 1948 and excluded from the census and voting for federal elections until 1968, the commonwealth could not legislate on their behalf. Not all Aborigines had come within the power of the colonisers, though; in remote regions, their land and communities were still their own and frontier warfare was not yet over. Class, sex, race and ethnicity were branded as divisive in the new nation, but colonialism located Australia's Indigenous people not only in a special position of oppression but also one of danger to the national interest. To acknowledge the separate interests or d1fferent history of the Aboriginal people would reveal the extent to which Australia's white settlement was premised on colonial takeover and domination.

'Rethinking Refugees' examines the ways in which refugees have been made objects of the complex discourse, practices, and strategies of humanitarianism making visible the link between our knowledge of refugees and questions about the changing status of political power, space, and identity.