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In the five decades that followed the Korea operation, where for the first time the United Nations commander agreed, at the request of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), to abide by the humanitarian provisions of the Geneva Conventions, few UN operations lent themselves to the applicability of international humanitarian law

As the problem of global warming and subsequent climate change becomes more and more pronounced, causing a lot of difficulties for the communities all over the world, and for the whole humankind as well, the need to focus on some of the aspects of such state off affairs arises among researchers and in the political discourse. Some of the problems that sprung out of the changes in our environment create the need for a new legal solutions, or the need to at least redefine the ones that are already set in place. One of such problems is the phenomenon of "climate refugees". Droughts, food insecurity, degradation of drinking water, rising sea levels, storm surges and infectious diseases, all of which could be linked (directly or indirectly) to the changes brought about by the global warming and all of those can be reasons that could force people out of their habitual homes in search of better living conditions, and even due to the need to save their health and life. Having that in mind, this article raises the issue of so called climate refugees, people displaced due to the negative changes taking place in the environment, which, based on scientific reports, may be related to the negative impact of a human activity, both of sudden and long-term occurrence. The text presents proposals for defining the discussed phenomenon and addresses the issue of the lack of an appropriate legal framework regulating the discussed topic in the UN and on the EU level. ; s.leszczuk@uwb.edu.pl ; PhD candidate, Doctoral School of Social Sciences, University of Bialystok, Poland ; Doctoral School of Social Sciences, University of Bialystok, Poland ; Apap, J. (2019). The concept of "climate refugee". Towards a possible definition. European Parliamentary Research Service, PE 621.893. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/621893/EPRS_BRI(2018)621893_EN.pdf. ; Brown, O. (2018). Migration and Climate Change. Geneva: International Organisation for Migration. ; Convention relating to the Status of Refugees adopted on 28 July 1951 by the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10. ; COP25 (2019). Key Messages and commitments on Climate change and disaster displacement. Madrid: United Nations Climate Change Conference COP25. ; Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof, Official Journal of the European Communities L 212/12 of 7.8.2001. ; Deshwal, V.S., & Shrivastava, S. (2019). The Curious Case of Environmental Refugees: Environmental Refugees May be Better Protected Without Being Declared as "refugees". OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 12(11), 31-42. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=3571737. ; Docherty, B., & Giannini, T. (2009). Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal for a Convention on Climate Change Refugees. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 33(2), 349-403. Retrieved from https://climate.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/5c3e836f23a774ba2e115c36a8f72fd3e218.pdf. ; Guterres, A. (2009). Climate Change, Natural Disasters and Human Displacement: a UNHCR perspective. UNHCR. Retrieved December 19, 2020 from https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4a8e4f8b2.pdf. ; Lear-Arcas, R. (2012). Climate migrants: Legal options. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 37, 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.277. ; Merone, L., & Tait, P. (2018). "Climate refugees": is it time to legally acknowledge those displaced by climate disruption? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 42(6), 508-509. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12849. ; NASA (n.d.). Overview: Weather, Global Warming and Climate Change. Retrieved December 27, 2020 from: https://climate.nasa.gov/resources/global-warming-vs-climate-change/. ; Osóbka, P. (2018). The problem of "climate refugees" in view of international humanitarian law - selected issues. Studia z zakresu nauk prawnoustrojowych. Miscellanea, 8(2), 157-172. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0368. ; Podesta, J. (2018, July). The climate crisis, migration, and refugees. Brookings. Retrieved December 10, 2020 from https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-climate-crisis-migration-and-refugees/. ; Tedenljung, A. (2020). Climate Change and Forced Migration. How Climate Refugees fit into EU Asylum Law. Master Thesis in Human Rights. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet. Retrieved from http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1436518/FULLTEXT01.pdf. ; UN (2018). Global Compact on Refugees. New York: United Nations. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/5c658aed4.pdf. ; UNHCR (2010). Introductory Note by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. In Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (pp. 1-5). Geneva: UNHCR. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10. ; UNHCR (2019). Climate change and disaster displacement in the Global Compact on Refugees. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. ; UNHCR (n.d.). Climate Change and disaster displacement. Retrieved December 23, 2020 from https://www.unhcr.org/climate-change-and-disasters.html. ; Ziemann, L. (2014). Low Tide for Climate Refugees - Legal Recognition of Environmental Migrants in the European Union. In B.G. Martin (Ed.), European Environments: How a New Climate is Changing the Old World (pp. 110-120). Uppsala: Euroculture IP Publication. Retrieved from https://pure.rug.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/37524545/IP_publication_2014_5F.pdf. ; 5 ; 1 ; 17 ; 27

As antimicrobial susceptibility of common bacterial pathogens decreases, ensuring optimal dosing may preserve the use of older antibiotics in order to limit the spread of resistance to newer agents. Beta-lactams represent the most widely prescribed antibiotic class, yet most were licensed prior to legislation changes mandating their study in children. As a result, significant heterogeneity persists in the pediatric doses used globally, along with quality of evidence used to inform dosing. This review summarizes dosing recommendations from the major pediatric reference sources and tries to answer the questions: Does beta-lactam dose heterogeneity matter? Does it impact pharmacodynamic target attainment? For three important severe clinical infections-pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis-pharmacokinetic models were identified for common for beta-lactam antibiotics. Real-world demographics were derived from three multicenter point prevalence surveys. Simulation results were compared with minimum inhibitory concentration distributions to inform appropriateness of recommended doses in targeted and empiric treatment. While cephalosporin dosing regimens are largely adequate for target attainment, they also pose the most risk of neurotoxicity. Our review highlights aminopenicillin, piperacillin, and meropenem doses as potentially requiring review/optimization in order to preserve the use of these agents in future.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Editor's Introduction -- Military Past -- Civilian Present -- About the Chapters -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 1: Australia: Psychs, Suits and Mess Committees on Steroids: The Changing Terrain of Service Transition in Australia -- Who Are Veterans in Australia: Who Is Transitioning? -- You Can Take Them Out of the Military, But… -- The Soldier and the State -- The Psycho-medico-legal Cage: 'This Disruption Isn't Unexpected' -- The Enemy Within: How Veterans Must Fight the State -- Veteran Washing: Exploiting Heroism for Commercial Ends -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Canada: The Reemergence of Veteran Issues in Canada: State Retrenchment and Gendered Veteran Advocacy -- Veteran Research: Historical and Theoretical Considerations -- Veterans in Twenty-First-Century Canada: New Policy for a New Generation of Veterans -- Resisting the New Veterans Charter: Reproducing the Figure of the Deserving Male Veteran -- Challenging Gender-Blind Policy and the Gendered Figure of the Veteran: Military Sexual Trauma Survivors Organize -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Croatia: Victims of Transition? The Role of Homeland War Veterans in Public Discourse in Croatia -- References -- Chapter 4: Estonia: Estonian Veterans in Transition -- Conceptual Framework of the Transition from Military to Civilian Life -- Estonian Veterans Policy: Identity Creation and Recognition -- The Policy Measures Supporting the MCT of Estonian Veterans -- MCT Among Estonian Veterans -- Veterans Policy Measures -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Netherlands: Veterans' Transition to Dutch Society -- Who Are They? -- Veterans and Their Missions -- Registration -- Policy -- Impediments and Facilitating Factors in Transition to Society -- Employment, Housing, and Relationships.