Suchergebnisse

AbstractThe East Asian experiences of welfare‐state building have universal implications for the sociology of the welfare state because they clearly indicate the relevance of international circumstances to welfare‐state building. The convergence theory of the welfare state lays emphasis on the economic development, demographic structure, and age of the social security system. The path dependency theory regards a country's social structure and history as important. However, both these theories clearly state the importance of the domestic factors as well. On the contrary, the East Asian experiences show that the dates of the takeoff of the welfare state and the international context at that time were decisive for the subsequent development of the welfare state. The European welfare states are considered to be a by‐product of "embedded liberalism." The Japanese welfare state, on the other hand, was established in the context of the worldwide stagflation of the 1970s; therefore, Japan experienced the formation and crisis of the welfare state at the same time and this is what characterized its present welfare system. The Korean welfare state emerged in the age of global capitalism and was consequently shaped by the co‐occurrence of welfare and workfare. Given the above, it can be said that the international circumstances faced by each welfare state characterized the three worlds of welfare capitalism: Europe, Japan, and Korea.

While there are many books that deal with Brandt's foreign policy as West German Chancellor, Willy Brandt and International Relations is the only book to deal with Brandt's politics as elder statesman between 1974 and 1992. The editors have assembled a group of authors from Germany, the USA, Latin America and Europe to assess Brandt's important role in global affairs during the waning decades of the Cold War. The chapters follow Brandt beyond his resignation as Chancellor in 1974, after which he continued his position as chairman of Social Democratic party and became chairman of the Socialist International. His international politics were above all focused on Europe, Latin America and the United States. He was keen on finding new partners in the 'Third World' such as Latin America and the Caribbean, leading to conflicts with the U.S. administration which caused problems for West German foreign policy. The authors also examine global challenges that occurred after 1989, such as Brandt's handling of German unification, the Kuwait crisis of 1991 and the first Gulf War.

AbstractThe US trade deficit has been growing for over 25 years and has been accompanied by enlarging freight rate differentials. While traditional models of trade have ignored these gaps assuming symmetry across all bilateral trade costs, the specific linkages between trade imbalances and international transportation costs have remained unexplored. Given the current trade policies, the implications arising from the endogenous adjustment of bilateral transport costs to policy‐induced changes in the US trade deficit are of particular importance. To break new ground on this issue, we develop and estimate a model of international trade and transportation that accounts for the effects of persistent trade imbalances. The theoretical results are supported by our empirical analysis and indicate that bilateral transport costs adjust to a country's trade imbalance. The implication is that a unilateral import policy, for example, will cause spillover effects into the bilaterally integrated export market. To illustrate, we use our empirical results to simulate the anticipated spillover effect from the Chinese ban on waste imports. We find that China's ban and the projected 1.5% rise in the US trade deficit will lead to not only a 0.77% reduction of transport costs charged on US exports to China but also a 0.34% increase in transport costs on US imports from China.

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Over the next two decades, global chemical production is set to double, primarily outside of developed countries. Governments and stakeholders from industry, academia and civil society are striving to address safety concerns and manage the risks associated with the production and use of chemicals and associated wastes. Currently, an intersessional process is taking place to define international efforts for the sound management of chemicals and waste beyond 2020. One key topic is whether the science-policy interface (SPI) should be strengthened and, if so, how this could best be achieved. This report by the International Panel on Chemical Pollution (IPCP) aims to inform governments and stakeholders about this topic. It outlines desirable objectives and functions of a strong, two-way SPI identified by a group of international experts, maps the existing science-policy interface bodies in the chemicals and waste cluster, identifies gaps based on desirable objectives and functions, discusses lessons learned from other clusters, and explores different scenarios for strengthening the interface.

Symbole de paix et d'harmonie universelle, la musique intégra très tôt les programmes de l'Unesco. En 1949, la fondation du Conseil international de la musique constitua le point de départ d'une politique ambitieuse associant soutien à la création contemporaine, développement de l'éducation artistique et défense de la diversité musicale du monde. Cette nouvelle tribune musicale internationale n'échappa pas aux troubles de son temps et fut parcourue de fortes tensions liées à la Guerre froide et à la décolonisation. Première étude sur le sujet, cet article analyse les objectifs stratégiques, les principales réalisations et les conceptions de la musique défendues par le CIM, de sa création à la présidence emblématique de Yehudi Menuhin au début des années 1970.

Das vorliegende systematische Review nimmt - ausgehend vom BMBF-geförderten Verbundforschungsprojekt "You(r) Study" - Forschungsarbeiten zur Mediennutzung Studierender in den Blick. Dabei sollen zunächst (1) allgemeine Studien zur Mediennutzung Studierender sowie einschlägige internationale Studien vorgestellt werden. Des Weiteren sollen (2) Medien(Nutzer)typologien vergleichend auf ihre Aussagekraft hinsichtlich des studentischen Medienhandelns analysiert werden. Schließlich sollen zwei als zentral identifizierte Diskurse der Mediennutzung - Mobile Technologien (3) und Soziale Medien (4) - näher betrachtet werden. Aus diesem Vorgehen ergibt sich ein umfassendes Bild über die Mediennutzung Studierender.

AbstractHeritage is increasingly promoted as a tool for economic and social development to help rebuild societies that have suffered conflict and deep social trauma. Heritage diplomacy is an emergent form of cultural relations that forms a 'contact zone' between different stakeholders and divergent expectations. This paper explores some aspects of this field of heritage diplomacy and develops a basic typology by contrasting the tension between the uses of 'charismatic heritage diplomacy' and more 'careful heritage diplomacy'. It examines differences between local realities and international expectations of heritage by bringing together two case studies: one from a Creative Europe–funded project where civil society actors develop strategies for working with the difficult heritage that lies behind nationalist myths, and the other from a British Council–funded programme dealing with endangered heritage in the MENA region. Critical studies of heritage-making often pitch the local against the international, with grassroot activities contrasted with international rhetoric surrounding heritage places, objects and practices. However, this dichotomy can mask other actors and social dynamics, not least the subtleties of how the collective traumas of conflict play out in the cultural field. The idea of heritage diplomacy as a 'contact zone' (Clifford 1997) highlights that heritage-making in (post-)conflict cultural relations is an ontological encounter between international agents and the traumatised communities for whom the stakes are, inevitably, higher. Mediated through the transnational best practices of heritage professionals, and through the visible pragmatism of civil society heritage activists, the impacts of heritage-making nevertheless remain complicated and entangled.