Suchergebnisse

Thirty years ago, Jerome Nriagu argued in a milestone paper that Roman civilization collapsed as a result of lead poisoning. Clair Patterson, the scientist who convinced governments to ban lead from gasoline, enthusiastically endorsed this idea, which nevertheless triggered a volley of publications aimed at refuting it. Although today lead is no longer seen as the prime culprit of Rome's demise, its status in the system of water distribution by lead pipes (fistulæ) still stands as a major public health issue. By measuring Pb isotope compositions of sediments from the Tiber River and the Trajanic Harbor, the present work shows that "tap water" from ancient Rome had 100 times more lead than local spring waters.

The article considers the main reasons which have led to the emergence and growth of russophobian mood in social and political thought of Ukraine. Its formation and development are both largely related to the fact that the territory of Western Russia in the last half of the 13 th century became actively settled by representatives of Roman and Germanic civilization. Change of civilizational orientation of urban population has led to the settlement of another secular authority, focused on the West, and its system of values and tasks. It has led to reorientation of the spiritual authority of Ukraine to separation from Moscow. As the result consciousness of a considerable part of Ukrainian population has changed.

Преподавание исторических дисциплин в Казанском ветеринарном институте началась в 1920-х годах. До распада Советского Союза изучали историю коммунистической партии. Переход на преподавание Отечественной истории и истории Татарстана позволил перейти от узкополитизированного курса к изучению многоцветья культур и народов. В современном курсе предполагается рассмотрение российского варианта пути развития человеческой цивилизации. ; Teaching historical disciplines in Kazan Veterinary Institute began in the 1920s. The history of the Communist Party was studied before the collapse of the Soviet Union. Transition to the teaching Fatherland History and History of Tatarstan allowed to move from narrow politicized course to study multicolored cultures and people. In modern course is supposed to study of the Russian version of the development of human civilization.

В статье проводится теоретическое исследование евразийства как системы социально-философских и политических воззрений, выросших целиком на почве отечественной культуры. Рассматриваются концептуальные основы политико-правового учения евразийских мыслителей. Определяются философско-правовые понятия, описывающие евразийское понимание сущности права, государственного строительства и политического существования народов, специфику политики и права евразийской цивилизации ; In the article theoretical research of Eurasianism as a system of social-philosophical and political opinions are grown entirely on the ground of national culture. Discusses the conceptual foundations of political and legal teachings of the Eurasian thinkers. Defined legal philosophical concepts that describe the Eurasian understanding of the essence of law, state-building and political existence of peoples, and specific features of politics and law of the Eurasian civilization

As the achievements of the modern civilization and the result of the dominant trend of modern science, the existing methodological concepts of scientific progress analysis are incomplete and inadequate. Institutionalization of science comes to redefining the hierarchy and heterarchy in the organization of scientific research, which raises the level of cognitive effects from the individual to the collective level, leading to the establishment of a new relationship between the individual, the scientific, and ideological institutions. Contradictions between cognitive status and interests of each of the agents (operative, scientific, and ideological institutions) must be reflected in a scientific paper and thus the overall trend of progress in science. Rationality of an agent is a function that influences cognitive and institutional interests.

AbstractEspecially during the turbulent years of the immediate postwar period, Croatian‐Americans found expediency in positioning their ethnic culture within the realm of acceptable white manhood and peaceful civilization. To be accepted was to be white, or to try to be white. Accordingly, Croatian‐Americans attempted to qualify themselves as authentic whites whose ethnicity meshed perfectly with the American way. This study examines the Croatian Fraternal Union's Zajedničar newspaper to demonstrate that during the postwar period, which was characterized by converging anxieties over disintegrating gender roles, acceptable whiteness, as structured by Protestant old immigrant Americans, and the perceived communist threat, Croatian‐Americans in Pittsburgh qualified themselves as authentically white and genuine American men and women to escape accusations of subversion.

Evidence exists that the first historically verifiable use of the term "West" as a self-ascriptive political construct occurred in the medieval Almohad Muslim empire that united al-Andalus (Iberia) and North Africa in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Known as the Maghrib in Arabic, this hegemonic label served successfully as a strategic synecdoche for the Almohads' ideological reformulation of their African-European society. While surrounding polities admired and imitated the Almohad West, its philosophical underpinnings created an intellectual revolution that threatened both Islamic and Christian elites and ultimately undermined Islamic toleration of Christian and Jewish subjects. Comprehending the Maghrib's complex role in the creation of Western civilization clarifies the dialectical relationship of its two political heirs, modern Islamic North Africa and Christian Europe.

Today, the American space agency has mostly lost its way. The era of the Shuttle has ended and the Shuttle replacement program, Constellation, was utterly scrapped with only a single unmanned, suborbital test flight to show for it. NASA, supposedly the guardian of the world's most technologically advanced civilization, can no longer put men into space without the help of the Russians. NASA has plenty of plans to fix this.but they cannot afford any of them. These recent disappointments, combined with other factors, have led to a dramatic lack of political will around the issue of space exploration. This thesis will examine the causes of this failure and look at what can be done about it.

The eighteenth century is one of the paradigms for studying identity crisis. It is from this period that the foundations of modernity and the definition of the values of contemporary societies are based. In this process of change, the debate on the intellectual capacity of females and their new role in the civilization of manners became a central issue that would define the whole time It not only helped to review the patterns of life and women's experiences, but also to rethink the role of man in the modern project of Enlightenment. This book explores the construction of these identities in the visual culture of the eighteenth century, trying to uncover the nature of power between the sexes through the artist's eye

Cooperative effort is ultimately the group instinct in human beings, which enables to live together and help each other in times of stress and strain. Unconsciously, the principle has always penetrated the life of human race. The history of modern civilization is in fact, the history of cooperation, for without it social and economic progress would have been impossible. As women are generally the poorest of the poor and, at the same time, key actors in the development process, eliminating social, cultural, political, and economic discrimination against women is a prerequisite of eradicating povertyensuring quality family planning and reproductive health services, and achieving balance between population and available resources and sustainable patterns of consumption and production. Cooperatives play a great role in empowering women

Today, the American space agency has mostly lost its way. The era of the Shuttle has ended and the Shuttle replacement program, Constellation, was utterly scrapped with only a single unmanned, suborbital test flight to show for it. NASA, supposedly the guardian of the world's most technologically advanced civilization, can no longer put men into space without the help of the Russians. NASA has plenty of plans to fix this…but they cannot afford any of them. These recent disappointments, combined with other factors, have led to a dramatic lack of political will around the issue of space exploration. This thesis will examine the causes of this failure and look at what can be done about it.

Раскрываются основное содержание и роль военно-философской мысли в истории древнекитайской цивилизации. Главное внимание уделяется анализу военно-теоретической проблематики, содержащейся в важнейших военных трактатах древности «Сунь-цзы» и «У-цзы». Показана генетическая связь военно-теоретических взглядов, отраженных в этих трактатах, с идеями раннего даосизма и конфуцианства, легизма и моизма. ; In this article are revealed the basic content and the role of military philosophical thought in the history of Ancient Chinese civilization. The main attention is paid on the analysis of the militarytheoretical problems, which is contained in the most important military treatises "Sun-tszu" and "Utszy". It is shown the genetic connection of military-theoretical views, expressed in these treatises with the ideas of early Taoism and confucianism, legizmus and moizmus.

Осуществлен исторический анализ источников информации об Олимпийских играх античности. Представленное описание географических данных, характеризующих место происхождения спортсменов, а также социальное происхождение вышеназванных, позволяет провести параллели в рассмотрении изученных данных с политическими и культурными изменениями в греческой цивилизации в архаическом и классическом периодах, которые имели непосредственное влияние на Олимпийские игры. ; The historical analysis of one of sources of information on Olympic Games of antiquity, an of lists of winners is carried out. The presented description of the geographical made room athletes characterizing origin, and also a social origin above-named, allows to draw parallels in consideration of the studied data with political and cultural changes in the Greek civilization in the archaic and classical periods which had direct influence on Olympic Games.

Изучается политическая культура социалистов-революционеров и социал-демократов. Особое внимание обращается на их способность пойти на компромисс как между собой, так и с пытающимися утвердиться у власти коммунистами. Выявляются цели, задачи, формы компромисса на конкретных отрезках времени. В статье применяются традиционные общенаучные и исторические методы исследования при сочетании цивилизационного и формационного подходов. ; The article studies political culture of socialist revolutionaries and social democrats. Special attention is drawn to their ability to compromise, both among themselves and trying to be established by the communist government. It identifies the goals, objectives, forms of compromise at specific intervals of time. The article uses traditional general scientific and historical research methods in combination of civilization and of formation under-moves.