Suchergebnisse

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Employment — Action challenging termination of employment — Applicant employed as bilingual secretary in diplomatic mission in London — Whether solicitor's letter directed to employer regarding status of staff in English law and circulated to staff prior to conclusion of contract of employment constitutes a "prior written agreement" to submit to jurisdiction — Section 2(2) of the State Immunity Act 1978 — European Convention on State Immunity, 1972 — Whether immunity from proceedings concerning employment of members of a mission applies in case of secretary whose appointment has not been notified to foreign ministry — Section 16(1) (a) of the State Immunity Act 1978 — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — The law of England

Der im Rahmen von Strukturanpassungsmaßnahmen eingeleitete Privatisierungsprozeß maroder Staatsbetriebe kommt nur schleppend voran. Der Autor fragt neben ökonomischen auch nach den politischen Gründen, die dafür verantwortlich sind. Beginnend mit der Beschreibung des Staatssektors und seinen Schwerpunkten wird deutlich gemacht, daß trotz verschiedener Hindernisse (Kapitalmangel, Gewerkschaften, Management), die vorgesehene Zeitpläne regelmäßig sprengen, dem PNDC-Regime von Rawlings zumindest der politische Wille zu einer mittelfristigen Privatisierung geglaubt werden kann. (DÜI-Sth)

The paper provides some explanations and best practices for two questions: What factors influence the adoption of environmental policies and regulations as a strategic asset? How do local governments better manage their environmental policies on a global basis? The United Nations has raised interna­tional awareness and has made their best effort to implement such plans to re­solve climate change and global warming concerns. There are various talks about the connection between business and geopolitics in regard to climate change and environmental responsibility. Through these talks, we find that na­tional culture and political forces can substantially affect all policy functions and there are many ways the national culture and geopolitics can affect the adoption of environmental policies. Interestingly, the environmental policies seem to fa­vor rather big companies and developed countries that have the financial re­sources to adopt the policies, while small companies and developing countries are seemingly left in the dust. Having a strong understanding and flexible solu­tion to the problem is immensely required. Bringing all stakeholders into the en­vironmental conversation can greatly benefit business, local governments, and international community as well. The findings of the study may help local gov­ernments formulate better effective environmental policies complying with the international standards.

Abstract: This article focuses on competition for votes between parties, as it existed in Western Europe in the period of the direct election to the European Parliament in 1989. Following earlier research by Van der Eijk and Niemöller, an instrument is introduced to measure the probability of party choice of EC citizens which establishes the likelihood of respondents to vote for any of the nationally relevant options/parties. A number of substantive conclusions about political parties'competitive performance result from this research. First, a single mechanism seems to structure electoral competition in all EC member‐countries. Second, the competitive performance of political parties is not affected by their governmental status, their ideological position, and the degree of politicisation of the electoral environment. And third, parties'competitive performance is strongly affected by the degree of uniqueness of their electoral potential, their mobilising capacities, their ideological extremity and their sheer size.

Systemic management of a local government unit lacks viewing the LGU as an economic entity which should actively use modern financial knowledge in its activity in order to stimulate active construction of an economic and social potential. It needs to stimulate processes of building in local government structures a financial knowledge based on a modernunderstanding of LGU finance while considering the new challenges in finance which have been revealed after the subprime crisis, complemented with practical concepts based on New Public Management. Considering the progressing reforms of the national public finance system and the resulting consequences for shaping the financial management of the LGUs, and also globalisation processes and the dynamic development of the financial services' market, it is natural to require managers of the local government subsector of public finance to have thorough financial knowledge current and interdisciplinary knowledge that would most importantly be reliable and practice-based.

Intro -- The Iran-UAE Gulf Islands Dispute: A Journey through International Law, History and Politics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements and a Note on Archival Research -- A Brief Note about Nomenclature - "The Gulf" -- List of Figures -- Introduction -- The Islands - "A Pile of Rock"? -- Lesser Tunb -- Greater Tunb -- Abu Musa -- Fundamental Legal Questions -- 1 Origins and Nature of the Dispute -- Status and Extent of Independence of the Qawásim Rulers in Lengeh -- Relevance of the Qawásim Reign in Lengeh to the Disputed Islands -- 2 The Gulf Islands Dispute in Historical Perspective -- The Islands in Antiquity -- The Islands during the Sixteenth through the Eighteenth Centuries -- Evidence of Possession or Ownership of the Islands -- Claims of Ownership of the Islands -- Use of the Islands -- Control of the Persian Littoral and the Gulf Waters -- Reliance on Historical Assumptions and Conjecture - from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century -- The Emergence of "Critical Dates" in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- The Events of the Nineteenth Century Prior to 1887 -- The Tunbs -- Abu Musa -- The Events of 1887 -- The Persian Position -- The Qawásim/British Position -- The Events of 1904 -- The Events of (and Preceding) 1971 -- UAE Protests since 1971 -- Iran's Reply -- 3 Modes of Acquisition and Effective Control of Territory -- General Rules under International Law -- Accretion -- Cession -- Occupation -- Subjugation or Conquest -- Acquisitive Prescription -- Historical Consolidation of Title -- Geographical Considerations and the Doctrine of Contiguity -- Establishing Effective Control over Territory -- The Concept of Effectivités -- The Relationship between Effectivités and Title to Territory -- Subsequent Conduct -- Other Relevant Concepts -- Recognition, Acquiescence and Estoppel