Suchergebnisse

This study aims to identify and analyse all the doctoral theses defended in Spain that refer to the concept of "internal communication" (hereinafter IC) over a period of 34 years from 1986 to 2019 (including both). It should be noted that not all of them are specialized in IC, but that some of them refer to the concept in some way. For this purpose, a descriptive and retrospective bibliometric analysis has been used, divided into three phases: 1) Search and identification in Dialnet Plus and TESEO; 2) Analysis of a total of (n= 81) theses; 3) Graphic representation with RStudio of the relationships between advisers and chairmen of the tribunal. For this, 30 variables distributed in three dimensions (work, research team and evaluation team) have been used. 32 universities are present (85,2% of them are state owned), of which the UCM (22,2%) is the most productive, followed by the UNAV, the ULL and the UAB (all with 6,2% each). If we analyse the origin of the theses by autonomous xommunities, Madrid (28,4%), Catalonia (14,8%) and Andalusia (12,3%) are in the lead. The most prolific decade is 2010-2019 (56,8%), especially 2016 with 12,3% and in terms of languages, the theses have been presented mainly in Spanish (92,6%), with English being almost anecdotal (3,7%). Its authorship is divided close to parity with 50,6% of women and 49,4% of men. It should be noted that there is individualism in management with 71,6% of sole advisers and an average of 1.3 advisers per thesis. In addition, there is a strong dispersion of advisers and a minimal relationship with chairpeople, as only 5,1% have repeated in the management and among them, only on one occasion, they have coincided with the same chairman. It is relevant to mention that 70,4% of the first advisers are men and 80% of the professionals who have occupied this function more than once are also men. In terms of the composition of the boards, the chairmen (76,5%), the secretaries (60,5%) and the male members (71%) are the most important, and once again the UCM is the university with the greatest presence. As might be expected, the terms most used in the theses´ titles revolve around "communication" and "internal" with 82,7% and 50,6% respectively. Among the descriptors, "communication" decreases to 49,4% (although it is still the most repeated) but "internal" disappears completely. There is evidence of a great diversity of items in both questions, although it is important to emphasize the use of concepts such as "strategy", "information", "influence" or "behaviour" that demonstrate the direct link between IC and public relations. By way of conclusion, it can be stated that the production of theses on internal communication in Spain has experienced a boom in the last decade thanks to state owned universities and with the UCM as the main creative and evaluative entity. Among the academics of the discipline, the figure of Alfonso-Javier Fernández-del-Moral, professor at the UCM, stands out, with two theses supervised and seven evaluation panels (five presidencies, a secretariat and a membership). Although there are no gender differences in terms of their origin, it is evident both in the management and in the tribunals, where men take especial presence. There is also the almost inexistent connection between advisers and members of the boards, and among the boards themselves. For future research work in this field, it would be interesting to delve into the main sources cited in these theses or to analyse the methodologies and tools most commonly used in them.

This research primarily aims to examine teacher's involvement level in co-curricular activities as co-curricular activities are considered one of the core components of the Bhutanese education system, where co-curricular activities promote enthusiasm, vitality, positive thinking, and team spirit which in turn, contribute to personality development [1]. Understanding teacher's perspective and their work situation would strengthen the co-curricular activities in schools through proper directions and supports. Therefore, this research work was intended to see teacher's involvement, interest, and training aspects in co-curricular activities. The report on "teacher's involvement in co-curricular activities in the schools of Thimphu" consists of six chapters. Chapter1 states the importance of co-curricular activities in the education system and the rationale for conducting this study. It also highlights the importance of teachers in the education system.
Chapter 2 talks about the background information on the research work through intensive literature review focusing on three objectives of the research. A similar kind of study, which was conducted in different countries is also reviewed and it was found that it has a strong correlation to our setting of the education system. Adequate evidence was brought into the discussion from various sources although such kinds of study weren't conducted in Bhutan before. Through rigorous literature review, it was able to structure the research question and theoretical framework for this study.
Chapter 3 discusses the research design, methodology, and analysis. For this study, a descriptive method was undertaken with a quantitative approach using survey questionnaires. The questionnaire was pre-tested and a reliability test for internal consistency was also carried out. The survey questionnaire was administered to about 120 teachers from eight different schools of Thimphu. Data analysis was carried out mostly through SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and a Microsoft Excel sheet was also used for preparing tables and graphs for interpretation.
Chapter 4 provides the main findings of the study. The summaries of the findings from this study are: Firstly, the demographic detail shows that 70.8% female and 29.2% male participated in this research and from which 56.7% of the teachers were from the age group of 31-40. The majority of respondents were B.Ed teachers and representation of school level was maintained somewhat equal. Secondly, the involvement in co-curricular activities was found very impressive as the mean score was recorded at 4.1. It also showed that 90.9% of teachers are very familiar with co-curricular activities in school.
Thirdly it was also found that the teachers do adequate planning and devote their time to co-curricular programs. However, it was found that they desire motivation and reward systems to be in place as they were not motivated by the current situation. Fourthly the findings showed that the teachers are in dire need of more training and workshops to upgrade their knowledge and skills in co-curricular activities. Around 86.6% stated that they need specialized tutors to to carry out co-curricular activities in schools.
Chapter 5 provides some practical recommendations based on the findings. The recommendations are particularly made on the areas like; empowerment in carrying out the co-curricular activities, motivation & reward system, provide enough training & workshops , create suitable timing for co-curricular activities and ministry to carry out study on the relevancy of co-curricular activities in schools.
Chapter 6 discusses the limitations, significance & scope of the study, and ethical considerations. Finally, chapter 7 provides the conclusion.

Dalam UU No. 6 Tahun 2014 dijelaskan bahwa Badan Permusyawaratan Desa (BPD) merupakan lembaga yang melaksanakan fungsi pemerintahan yang keanggotaannya merupakan wakil dari penduduk desa berdasarkan keterwakilan wilayah dan ditetapkan secara demokratis. Salah satu terkait fungsi BPD yaitu menjalankan fungsi pengawasan terhadap pengelolaan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Desa (APBDes). Didalam APBDes memuat berbagai sumber penerimaan dan pengeluaran desa dalam kurun waktu satu tahun. Sehingga pengawasan dalam pengelolaan APBDes oleh BPD sangat diperlukan, hal ini bertujuan agar perputaran dana yang terjadi dalam pemerintahan desa dapat dipertanggung jawabkan keabsahan data laporannya. Pengawasan pengelolaan APBDes oleh BPD tersebut menjadi lebih urgent akibat adanya pandemi Corona Virus Disease-19 (Covid-19), pasalnya pada saat pandemi Covid-19 telah dilakukan perubahan terhadap APBDes yang sebelumnya telah ditetapkan. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif serta metode pendekatan kualitatif. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yaitu wawancara terbuka yang bersifat terstruktur, observasi, serta dokumentasi. Selain itu terdapat teknis analisis data dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan Model Spradley, sedangkan untuk sumber datanya yaitu data primer dan sekunder. Hasil dari penelitian ini ialah BPD Tamanasri telah menjalankan peran pengawasannya dengan baik dalam roda pemerintahan Desa Tamanasri. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan selama periode tahun anggaran 2020 yang mengalami situasi pandemi Covid-19, pembuatan perubahan Perdes APBDes dilakukan dengan pertimbangan yang matang untuk kepentingan masyarakat desa dan Bantuan Langsung Tunai Dana Desa (BLT-DD) tahap I, II, dan III telah tersalurkan dengan semestinya melalui survei terlebih dahulu oleh tim suvei BLT-DD. Kata kunci: Peran BPD, Pengawasan, Pengelolaan APBDes, Covid-19 In Law no. 6/2014 explained that the Village Consultative Body (BPD) is an institution that carries out government functions whose membership is a representative of the village population based on regional representation and is determined democratically. One of the functions related to the BPD is to carry out the supervisory function of the management of the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBDes). The APBDes contains various sources of village revenue and expenditure within a period of one year. So that supervision in the management of APBDes by BPD is very necessary, this is intended so that the circulation of funds that occurs in the village administration can be accounted for the validity of the report data. Supervision of the management of the APBDes by BPD has become more urgent due to the Corona Virus Disease-19 (Covid-19) pandemic, because at the time of the Covid-19 pandemic, changes had been made to the APBDes that had previously been determined. In this study using descriptive research and qualitative approach methods. The data collection techniques are structured open interviews, observation, and documentation. In addition, there is technical data analysis in this study, namely using the Spradley Model, while the data sources are primary and secondary data. The result of this research is that Tamanasri BPD has carried out its supervisory role well in the government of Tamanasri Village. This can be proven during the period of the 2020 fiscal year which experienced a Covid-19 pandemic situation, the making of changes to the APBDes Perdes was carried out with careful consideration for the interests of the village community and the Village Fund Direct Cash Assistance (BLT-DD) stages I, II, and III had been distributed. properly through a survey by the BLT-DD survey team. Keyword: Role of BPD, Supervision, Management of APBDes, Covid-19

The following article analyzes the situation of the province of Esmeraldas, located in the northeast of Ecuador and populated by afro-descendants and indigenous Chachi people. This province is one of the most affected by the high frequency and intensity of floods that cause innumerable material, economic and human loses. The objective of this research is to acknowledge the situation of the mentioned populations, identify their practices and representations, analyze how conditions of vulnerability related to the risks caused by floods are generated, and pinpoint the guides governmental institutions have used to develop their prevention and adaptation policies about this type of disasters. This study uses a qualitative methodology that is exploratory and descriptive in order to provide an account of the issue, showing that these populations recognize the level of vulnerability and risk in the area, but maintain their way of life because their actions respond to their own socio-cultural and economic constructions. In this sense, the conclusion of this study indicates that the preventative state measures, with relocation projects of the populations, are skewed, segmented, and authoritarian. The lack of communication, respect, and understanding for the forms of interaction of the community can be pinpointed as the reason for the failure of these initiatives. ; El presente artículo analiza la situación de la provincia de Esmeraldas, ubicada al noroeste del Ecuador, y poblada por afrodescendientes e indígenas chachi. Esta provincia es una de las más afectadas por la alta frecuencia e intensidad de inundaciones, las cuales ocasionan innumerables pérdidas materiales, económicas y humanas. El objetivo de este estudio es reconocer la situación de las mencionadas poblaciones, identificar sus prácticas y representaciones, analizar cómo se generan condiciones de vulnerabilidad frente a los riesgos ocasionados por las inundaciones, así como identificar los direccionamientos bajo los cuales las instituciones gubernamentales han desarrollado políticas de prevención y adaptación ante este tipo de desastres. El estudio utiliza una metodología cualitativa de tipo exploratoria y descriptiva para dar cuenta de la problemática experimentada, identificando que estas poblaciones reconocen el nivel de vulnerabilidad y riesgo del área, pero siguen manteniendo su forma de vida porque su accionar responde a construcciones socioculturales y económicas propias. En este sentido, se concluye que las medidas preventivas entregadas por el Estado, con proyectos de reubicación de las poblaciones, son sesgadas, segmentadas y autoritarias. La falta de comunicación, respeto y entendimiento de las formas de interacción de la comunidad son, en gran parte, la razón del fracaso de estas iniciativas. ; Este artigo analisa a situação da província de Esmeraldas, localizada ao noroeste do Equador e habitada por afrodescendentes e indígenas Chachi. Esta província é uma das mais afetadas pela alta frequência e intensidade das inundações, as quais causam inúmeras perdas materiais, econômicas e humanas. O objetivo deste estudo é reconhecer a situação das populações mencionadas, identificar suas práticas e representações, analisar como são geradas as condições de vulnerabilidade diante dos riscos ocasionados pelas inundações, assim como identificar as direções sob as quais as instituições governamentais desenvolveram políticas de prevenção e adaptação a esse tipo de desastre. O estudo utiliza uma metodologia qualitativa de tipo exploratória e descritiva para explicar os problemas vivenciados, identificando que essas populações reconhecem o nível de vulnerabilidade e risco da área, mas continuam mantendo seu modo de vida porque suas ações respondem a construções socioculturais e econômicas próprias. Nesse sentido, conclui-se que as medidas preventivas adotadas pelo Estado, com projetos de realocação das populações, são tendenciosas, segmentadas e autoritárias. A falta de comunicação, respeito e compreensão das formas de interação com a comunidade são, em grande parte, o motivo do fracasso dessas iniciativas.

Esta tesis constituye una contribución original al análisis del periodismo de ciencias en la Argentina, basado en un modelo conceptual que articula aportes provenientes de diversos enfoques teóricos. En el núcleo de esta perspectiva convergen categorías fundamentales de la teoría de la práctica de P. Bourdieu -de reconocido valor heurístico para el abordaje de los contextos mediáticos y las prácticas periodísticas- con elementos provenientes de la sociología del periodismo y los estudios de comunicación pública de la ciencia. La validez del modelo fue puesta a prueba en una investigación empírica de diseño exploratorio-descriptivo, cualitativo y transversal, centrada en una muestra intencional de periodistas y comunicadores locales. Los testimonios se contrastaron con producciones periodísticas elaboradas por una sub-muestra de los entrevistados. La reconstrucción de la identidad profesional de los agentes y de algunas de sus prácticas configuran un habitus comunicativo de carácter híbrido: reivindican valores y principios del campo periodístico (información, pluralidad, investigación, verificación, etc.), a la vez que se asumen como facilitadores, habilitadores, intérpretes, traductores y promotores del conocimiento científico, en adhesión a valores divulgativos. Sobre la situación del periodismo, se advierte una reconversión del mercado laboral, con la pérdida de espacios mediáticos tradicionales y el crecimiento de la comunicación institucional. Los agentes expresan visiones canónicas sobre las ciencias (normas mertonianas, progreso, avance, desarrollo, beneficios, etc.), mientras que, de manera consistente, consideran que los fraudes, los intereses extra-epistémicos y los conflictos de interés atentan contra su buena imagen. Las percepciones tienen un correlato en las producciones, como la preferencia por las fuentes científicas y la ciencia local, el reconocimiento internacional de los científicos argentinos, y un tono predominantemente celebratorio. Algunas piezas abordan cuestiones de mayor complejidad donde se discute, reflexiona y debate acerca del papel de la ciencia en la sociedad, el rol político de la ciencia y la relación entre conocimientos y desarrollo. This thesis constitutes an original contribution to understanding the field of science journalism in Argentina, based in a conceptual model that articulates inputs from different theoretical approaches. At the core of the perspective developed converge fundamental categories of Bourdieu's theory of practice -of recognized heuristic value to study media contexts and journalistic practices- with elements from journalism sociology and studies of public communication of science. The validity of this model was tested in an empirical research of explorative-descriptive, qualitative and transversal design, centered in an intentional sample of key informants, science journalists and communicators. The testimonies were contrasted with the journalistic production of a sub-sample of communicators. The professional identity of the agents and some of their practices configure a hybrid habitus: they vindicate journalistic values and principles (information, plurality, research, among others), at the same time they see themselves as facilitators, interpreters, translators and even promoters of scientific knowledge. Regarding the current situation of journalism, testimonies indicate a reconversion of the working market, with more opportunities in institutional communication and popularization activities, and a retraction of traditional journalism. Their representations of science express canonical visions (Mertonian norms, progress, advancement, benefits, etc.), while issues such as reproducibility crisis, growing of frauds and conflicts of interest are "negative" elements that go against the good image of science and scientists. These perceptions correlate their productions: they prefer scientific sources, celebrate local science's achievements, the international recognition of Argentinean's work, and use a predominantly positive tone. Some pieces, however, do cover issues of greater complexity, discussing, reflecting and debating on, e.g., the role of science in society, the political aspects of science and the relationship between knowledge and development.

Esta tesis constituye una contribución original al análisis del periodismo de ciencias en la Argentina, basado en un modelo conceptual que articula aportes provenientes de diversos enfoques teóricos. En el núcleo de esta perspectiva convergen categorías fundamentales de la teoría de la práctica de P. Bourdieu -de reconocido valor heurístico para el abordaje de los contextos mediáticos y las prácticas periodísticas- con elementos provenientes de la sociología del periodismo y los estudios de comunicación pública de la ciencia. La validez del modelo fue puesta a prueba en una investigación empírica de diseño exploratorio-descriptivo, cualitativo y transversal, centrada en una muestra intencional de periodistas y comunicadores locales. Los testimonios se contrastaron con producciones periodísticas elaboradas por una sub-muestra de los entrevistados. La reconstrucción de la identidad profesional de los agentes y de algunas de sus prácticas configuran un habitus comunicativo de carácter híbrido: reivindican valores y principios del campo periodístico (información, pluralidad, investigación, verificación, etc.), a la vez que se asumen como facilitadores, habilitadores, intérpretes, traductores y promotores del conocimiento científico, en adhesión a valores divulgativos. Sobre la situación del periodismo, se advierte una reconversión del mercado laboral, con la pérdida de espacios mediáticos tradicionales y el crecimiento de la comunicación institucional. Los agentes expresan visiones canónicas sobre las ciencias (normas mertonianas, progreso, avance, desarrollo, beneficios, etc.), mientras que, de manera consistente, consideran que los fraudes, los intereses extra-epistémicos y los conflictos de interés atentan contra su buena imagen. Las percepciones tienen un correlato en las producciones, como la preferencia por las fuentes científicas y la ciencia local, el reconocimiento internacional de los científicos argentinos, y un tono predominantemente celebratorio. Algunas piezas abordan cuestiones de mayor complejidad donde se discute, reflexiona y debate acerca del papel de la ciencia en la sociedad, el rol político de la ciencia y la relación entre conocimientos y desarrollo. This thesis constitutes an original contribution to understanding the field of science journalism in Argentina, based in a conceptual model that articulates inputs from different theoretical approaches. At the core of the perspective developed converge fundamental categories of Bourdieu's theory of practice -of recognized heuristic value to study media contexts and journalistic practices- with elements from journalism sociology and studies of public communication of science. The validity of this model was tested in an empirical research of explorative-descriptive, qualitative and transversal design, centered in an intentional sample of key informants, science journalists and communicators. The testimonies were contrasted with the journalistic production of a sub-sample of communicators. The professional identity of the agents and some of their practices configure a hybrid habitus: they vindicate journalistic values and principles (information, plurality, research, among others), at the same time they see themselves as facilitators, interpreters, translators and even promoters of scientific knowledge. Regarding the current situation of journalism, testimonies indicate a reconversion of the working market, with more opportunities in institutional communication and popularization activities, and a retraction of traditional journalism. Their representations of science express canonical visions (Mertonian norms, progress, advancement, benefits, etc.), while issues such as reproducibility crisis, growing of frauds and conflicts of interest are "negative" elements that go against the good image of science and scientists. These perceptions correlate their productions: they prefer scientific sources, celebrate local science's achievements, the international recognition of Argentinean's work, and use a predominantly positive tone. Some pieces, however, do cover issues of greater complexity, discussing, reflecting and debating on, e.g., the role of science in society, the political aspects of science and the relationship between knowledge and development.

Objetivo: descrever a produção discursiva dos profissionais acerca da humanização em saúde.Método: estudo qualitativo, de caráter descritivo, inspirado na Teoria das Representações Sociais, com 24 profissionais do campo da saúde, em atuação em hospital universitário com a política de humanização implantada. A seleção dos participantes foi feita seguindo-se os critérios de adequação e diversidade de uma amostragem intencional. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas semiestruturadas.Resultados: através da análise do conteúdo, foram obtidas três categorias, em torno das quais foram desenvolvidas as análises: "humanização em saúde como ato de acolher o outro como único", "humanização em saúde como questão de direito" e "humanização em saúde como uma questão ética". Depreendeu-se que a produção discursiva dos profissionais baseia-se numa perspectiva que tem como solo a perspectiva humanista com viés sócio-histórico.Conclusão: considera-se indispensável que os profissionais do campo da saúde conheçam a Política Nacional de Humanização, a fim de que proporcionem assistência de qualidade, promovendo, assim, o encontro, acolhimento e reconhecimento de si mesmo, do outro e de sua profissão no cenário político e sócio-histórico de seu país, enquanto cidadão não só de direitos, mas também de deveres. ; Objective: to describe the discursive production of professionals about the humanization of health.Method: qualitative study of descriptive approach, inspired by the social representation theory, with 24 professionals in the healthcare field, working in a university hospital with the established humanization policy. The selection of participants was conducted according to criteria of adequacy and diversity for an intentional sample. Data collection was conducted by semi-structured interviews.Results: through content analysis, three categories emerged, around which the analyses were conducted: "humanizing health as an act of accepting the other as unique", "humanizing health as a matter of right" and "humanizing health as an ethical issue". The discursive production of professionals is based on a perspective which is based on the humanist prospect with socio-historical bias.Conclusion: healthcare professionals must know the National Humanization Policy in order to provide quality care, promoting the meeting, welcoming and recognition of oneself, others and their profession in the political and socio-historical scenario of their country as a citizen, not only of rights, but also of obligations. ; Objetivo: describir la producción discursiva de los profesionales acerca de la humanización de la salud.Método: estudio cualitativo, de carácter descriptivo, inspirado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, con participación de 24 profesionales del campo de la salud, en actuación en hospital universitario con la política de humanización implantada. La selección de los participantes fue hecha siguiendo los criterios de adecuación y diversidad de un muestreo intencional. La recolección de datos fue realizada a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas.Resultados: a través del análisis de contenido, fueron obtenidas tres categorías, en torno de las cuales fueron desarrollados los análisis: "humanización de la salud como acto de acoger al otro como único", "humanización de la salud como cuestión de derecho" y "humanización de la salud como una cuestión ética". Se comprendió que la producción discursiva de los profesionales se basa solamente en una perspectiva humanista con sesgo social histórico.Conclusión: se considera indispensable que los profesionales del campo de la salud conozcan la Política Nacional de Humanización, con la finalidad de que proporcionen asistencia de calidad, promoviendo, así, el encuentro, el acogimiento y el reconocimiento de sí mismo, del otro y de su profesión, en el escenario político y social histórico de su país, en su calidad ciudadano no solamente con derechos, pero también con deberes.

В статье представлен анализ ориентационных метафор, представляющих две базовые оппозиции: «верх низ» и «вперед назад». Материалом служит карикатура, появившаяся в печатных издания США незадолго до начала Великой депрессии и в период, пока она продолжалась. Методы исследования включали сопоставление и описание графического материала с учетом лингвистических и дискурсивных данных. В результате работы с архивными данными нами были описаны основные переносные значения и культурно обусловленные смыслы, участвующие в создании образов американской карикатуры этого периода. В данном обзоре представлены карикатуры, вводящие образы самоубийцы, готового выпрыгнуть из окна, кривой показателей на диаграмме, биржевого аппарата, летательных устройств, дороги и транспортных средств. Начало Великой депрессии и период президентства Г. Губера связаны с образами парашютистов и воздушных шаров, терпящих крушение или снижающихся над руинами городской и сельской местности. Политика Ф. Д. Рузвельта была устойчиво связана с уверенно летящим аэропланом. В качестве области переноса значения выступали образы рядовых граждан США; биржевых игроков, ставящих на повышение или понижение акций; двух президентов и их администраций; государственных проектов; американской экономики. В заключение проводится краткое сопоставление с изображением экономического кризиса 2008 г. Так, образы авиакатастрофы или аварии на дороге оформляли и карикатуру недавнего кризиса, но уступали по частотности образам неумелого строительства или демонтажа зданий. Результаты работы вносят вклад в разработку проблем политической метафорологии. Отдельные итоги будут полезны ученым, занимающимся проблемами лингвокультурологического характера. ; The paper investigates graphic (multimodal) metaphors connected with the representation of UP vs. DOWN and FORWARD vs. BACKWARDS oppositions. The data under analysis comprise political cartoons that appeared in American editions just before and during the Great Depression time. The methods of investigation include traditional comparative and descriptive ones alongside with discursive and cognitive approach. As a result the author described transferred meanings, pun, decomposition of set-expressions and analyzed images that are deeply rooted in culture. All these form the basis for satire and irony in political cartoons of the given period. The UP vs. DOWN and FORWARD vs. BACKWARDS oppositions of that period are mainly represented in the images of suicidal attempts of desperate bankrupt stockholders ready to throw themselves from the windows of skyscrapers. Other popular images are the wall chart and the ticker, showing the catastrophic results of unwise policies. The highway, the railway and means of transportation constitute one more important trend. The very beginning of the Great Depression and H. Hoover presidency are shown as an air balloon ready to crash or being at a ruinously low altitude with distressed and highly endangered parachute jumpers and skydivers. The landscape also shows evident signs of ruin and distress. F. D. Roosevelt's presidency, on the contrary, is continuously presented as a steadily flying aircraft. Americans of different social strata, brokers, H. Hoover, F. D. Roosevelt, the Congress, the Administration, state programs, and US economy form the target metaphoric sphere. The causes of the Depression as seen by the American cartoonists of that period are compared with what is happening today in US cartoon as far as economic reduction is concerned. Thus, the image of an air crash or a car crash is part of the modern economic and political US cartoon too. However, the results of poorly organized building process or demolishing of high-rise buildings seem to be more frequent. The results of the presented research contribute to the investigations of political metaphorology. Some results may also be of interest for scholars whose professional sphere is linked to cross-cultural and linguo-cultural studies.

French 20th century literary modernism, certainly the Nouveau Roman, emphasized "the death of the subject" as a defining trait of novels written from 1948 to 1968. Critics often faulted the French New Novelists of the period for lacking socio-cultural and political commitment. What is most sure is that the French New Novel of the 1950s represents a body of literature that founded a new narrative voice which melded the subject with its environment as never before. This "fragmented subject" was born from two world wars, the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the genocide of 6 million under the Nazis' regime, and the emergence of armed struggles against colonialism. The introspective, descriptive form of narration, found present in the works of New Novelists Robbe-Grillet, Nathalie Sarraute, Michel Butor, Claude Ollier, among others, was also influenced by absurdist theatre, prose and French existentialist philosophy of the mid-20th century. The characteristics of the new novel are many, yet what stands out most about the literary goals of the genre is the author's 1) questioning or probing of a troubled identity that is fragmented and "fused" with its environment; 2) a manipulation of narrative time through the use of flashbacks, flash forwards, palimpsests; 3) the importance of objects over humans and the bitterness of Man in capitalist societies where objects have become the defining weight on the conscious of the individual; and 4) the questioning of the viability of the literary word as a means to communicate the reality of Man while industrialization is increasingly encroaching on his environment and sense of human being-in-the-world.I argue in this paper that the advent of the French Nouveau Roman as a radical mode of narrative representation also influenced the development of a certain, unique literary "North African modernism" in the 1950s. Maghrebi authors, particularly Algerian writing in French in the 1950s, such as Mohamed Dib, Kateb Yacine, Mouloud Mammeri, and Assia Djebar present marginalized characters, cast out from their environments, as they also try to navigate in an era that was violently transforming as France's colonial empire came to an end. I will make the case in this paper that Assia Djebar's first work, La Soif, published in 1957 when she was only 20, is exemplary of the themes mentioned above which make up the overall 20th century modernist literary project of the 1950s. Often criticized because she did not address the raging, anti-colonial struggle taking place in Algeria at the time, Djebar's work should be studied as one that focuses on the "tentative processes by which a young woman achieves a sense of self through her relationship with others".[i] Reflection on the Franco-Algerian war of independence is absent from this novel due to the literary mode in which Djebar was working and which was characteristic of the 1950s. Her modernist novel reflects the psychological introspection that characterized most novels of the era. The introspection and internal monologues throughout the novel provide a means for the young, female protagonist to establish her subjectivity in an environment of rapid transformation. Djebar captures the essence of an Algerian woman emerging into a new way of being. Her protagonist, Nadia, explores the principal, existential Sartrian question asked in novels by writers of French expression writing in the 1950s: To what extent can an individual remain disconnected from the responsibility of taking action in societies that call on authors to construct the social conscious of their era?[i]-Jane Hiddleston. Assia Djebar: Out of Algeria. (Liverpool: Liverpool Press, 2006), 23.

Este artículo pretende presentar algunos hechos históricos recientes y relevantes sobre la formación del IASC/IASB y evidencia aspectos aún poco conocidos por la mayoría de los investigadores y estudiosos de la contabilidad en Brasil, especialmente, acerca de los presupuestos de las negociaciones y los tratados políticos en torno a su creación y la conducción del proceso de elaboración de las normas contables internacionales. Los elementos básicos aquí presentados se refieren también al proceso de formación de otras entidades y grupos de trabajo, como IFAC, G4+1, además de otros, que influenciaron decisivamente la creación del IASC. Los hechos históricos permiten inferir el agobiante proceso político en la dirección de la creación de IASC/IASB que redunda, en contrapartida, en el abandono de los principios científicos positivistas para orientarla consolidación de las normas contables internacionales. La conclusión de este trabajo es que la cientificidad de la contabilidad en este nuevo milenio está determinada por organismos de representación de clase, eliminando casi completamente la academia y los talentos individuales; esos organismos son creados no para ser foros de discusión, sino para ser los agentes determinantes de la orientación de la ciencia contable. Con respecto a la metodología, puede decirse que esta investigación es descriptiva con un abordaje cualitativo. ; Este artigo objetiva apresentar alguns fatos históricos recentes e relevantes sobre a formação do IASC/IASB e evidencia aspectos ainda pouco conhecidos pela maioria dos pesquisadores e estudiosos da Contabilidade brasileira, especialmente, acerca dos bastidores das negociações e das tratativas políticas em torno da sua criação e da condução do processo de elaboração das normas contábeis internacionais. Os elementos históricos, aqui apresentados, se referem também ao processo de formação de outras entidades e grupos de trabalho, como IFAC, G4+1, além de outros, que influenciaram decisivamente na criação do IASC. Os fatos históricos permitem inferir sobre o estressante processo político na condução da criação do IASC/IASB que deságuam, em contrapartida, no abandono dos princípios científicos positivistas para nortear a consolidação das normas contábeis internacionais. E a conclusão destetrabalho é de que a cientificidade contábil, nesse novo milênio, é determinada por organismos de representação de classe, eliminando quase que completamente a academia e os talentos individuais. Esses organismos são criados não para serem foros de discussão, mas para serem os determinantes, os agentes da condução da ciência da Contabilidade. A pesquisa é descritiva com abordagem qualitativa. ; This article aims to present some recent and relevant historical facts about the formation of the IASC / IASB and highlights aspects still little known by the majority of researchers and scholars of Brazilian Accounting, especially, about the backstage of the negotiations and political dealings around its creation and conducting the process of preparing international accounting standards. The historical elements, presented here, also refer to the process of forming other entities and working groups, such as IFAC, G4 + 1, in addition to others, which decisively influenced the creation of the IASC. The historical facts allow us to infer about the stressful political process in the conduction of the creation of the IASC / IASB which, in contrast, lead to the abandonment of positivist scientific principles to guide the consolidation of international accounting standards. And the conclusion of this work is that accounting scientificity, in this new millennium, is determined by class representation bodies, almost completely eliminating academia and individual talents. These bodies are created not to be forums for discussion, but to be the determinants, the agents of conducting accounting science. The research is descriptive with a qualitative approach.

The rise in demand for emergency patient services is a significant issue for the health system. The ever increasing burden on emergency transportation services, emergency departments (EDs) and acute hospitals has implications for resourcing and the quality of care delivered. Governments and service providers have responded with various strategies, however demand for emergency healthcare continues to rise. Ageing of the population is also an important issue for health service planning. Reviews of the international and national literature of trends in the utilisation of emergency ambulance and ED services suggested numerous factors including ageing were associated with the rise in emergency demand. However it was apparent that emergency demand had not been investigated systematically from an epidemiological perspective. Therefore the aim of this thesis was to analyse the main elements of the persistent rise in demand across metropolitan Melbourne, with a particular focus on clarifying how the ageing population impacts on emergency demand. Longitudinal analyses was undertaken, of emergency ambulance transportations,ED presentations and admissions to hospitals through EDs using unique population-based datasets. Numbers and rates of emergency ambulance transportations, ED presentations and emergency admissions from EDs; and ED and hospital length of stay were analysed. Regression models evaluated the effects of multiple factors on these outcomes. The volume and rates of utilisation of all emergency health care services over the study periods increased beyond that expected from changes in population growth and ageing. The study of emergency ambulance transportations provides new evidence about an acceleration in usage by the elderly. All emergency transportations rose by an average annual rate of 4.8%. Predictive modelling suggested further increase up to 69% by 2015. Investigation of the trends in all ED presentations were analysed and demonstrated a similar increasing disproportionate representation of the elderly over a 10 year period. It was also established that a subgroup of the elderly make multiple visits to EDs; and over 50% of elderly patients are admitted to hospital following ED presentation. The overall average annual rate of increase in ED presentations by all age groups was 3.6%. ED length of stay increased over the study period for those who were older, more acutely unwell, and required hospital admission. As it was not possible to understand all the factors associated with the rise in ED presentations, a descriptive study explored patient perspectives through qualitative interviews. Reduced accessibility to general practitioners and an expectation of timely accessible specialist care were the main reasons underpinning their attendance at a metropolitan ED. Further analysis of patients admitted to hospital from EDs discovered that the growth in emergency hospital admissions was driven by a 60% increase in the number of single day/overnight admissions. This represented an average growth rate of 6.1% per year. This rise in short-stay hospital admissions from EDs may signal that there has been a shift in patterns of care in the ED. It also raises the question of whether ED attendance by this group of patients was necessary. The significance of this thesis is the identification and measurement of the rise in emergency demand, but with an increasing and accelerating usage of emergency health services by older patients, together with a growing propensity of this subgroup re-present to EDs over time. With population ageing, demand by the elderly will continue to rise and will have a dramatic impact on all elements of emergency healthcare in the future. This information is valuable for policy makers and service providers. It indicates a pressing need to consider how to develop coordinated systems of care, particularly for the elderly seeking acute care.

Dieser Beitrag untersucht Fragen der Darstellung und der Entwicklung von partizipativen Praktiken im Kontext der Erforschung von Erfahrungen von Frauen bei einem Training als Krisenberaterinnen bei Vergewaltigung. Beim Durchgang durch Kontext und Methoden, durch Forschung generierte Dichtung, von Teilnehmer/innenreaktionen und -vorlieben sowie die Diskussion textueller Präsentationen lädt das Format des geschichteten Texts Lesende dazu ein, ein Gefühl dafür zu entwickeln, wie reflektierte Praktiker/innen immer wieder die instabilen Antworten auf die Frage aushandeln müssen, was es innerhalb der partizipativen Forschung bedeutet, beides darzustellen: das Selbst bzw. die Selbste und die Anderen.

The citizenship education has become a key axis of the Chilean Ministry of Education throughLaw 20,911, which can be understood from three dimensions: citizenship, democracy and human rights.The object of study is to analyze the lexical availability of teachers in relation to the concepts of Democracy,Citizenship and Human Rights. The research methodology is qualitative with a descriptive and interpretivedesign. The participants are thirtysix teachers of History, Geography and Social Sciences from the province ofArauco. The information was collected through semistructured interviews, being processed in the Gephiprogram with the aim of studying semantic networks. The research results exhibit that the main vocabularyof teachers around citizenship is respect, right, duties and people, evidencing substantial differences in thevocabulary indicated in plans and programs about this particular center of interest. In relation to the comparison between human rights centers of interest of the citizenship plan and the teachers' conceptualizations, it is evident that the most representative words are respect, rights and equality, but to a lesser range the represented concepts are vindication, violation, constitution and grouping. Finally, Democracy presents such concepts as law, representation and respect and to a lesser range constitution, transition and responsibility ; La formación ciudadana se ha transformado en un eje clave del Ministerio de Educación de Chile a través de la ley 20.911, el cual puede ser comprendido desde tres dimensiones: ciudadanía, democracia y derechos humanos. El objeto de estudio es analizar la disponibilidad léxica de los profesores en relación con los conceptos de Democracia, Ciudadanía y Derechos Humanos. La metodología de la investigación es cualitativa con un diseño descriptivo e interpretativo. Los participantes son 36 profesores de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales de la provincia de Arauco. La información fue recolectada a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, siendo procesada en el programa Gephi con el objetivo de estudiar las redes semánticas. Los resultados de la investigación demuestran que los vocablos principales de los profesores en torno a ciudadanía son respeto, derecho, deberes y personas existiendo diferencias sustanciales en los vocablos señalados por los planes y programas en este centro de interés en particular. En relación con la comparación entre los centros de interés de derechos humanos del plan de formación ciudadana con las conceptualizaciones de los profesores, se evidencia que los vocablos más representativos son respeto, derechos e igualdad, pero en menor medida son representados los conceptos de reivindicación, violación, constitución y agrupación. Por último, la Democracia presenta como conceptos tales como, derecho, representación y respeto y en menor medida constitución, transición y responsabilidad. ; A educação para a cidadania tornou-se um eixo fundamental do Ministério da Educação chileno através da Lei 20.911, que pode ser entendida a partir de três dimensões: cidadania, democracia e direitos humanos. O objectivo do estudo é analisar a disponibilidade lexical dos professores em relação aos conceitos de Democracia, Cidadania e Direitos Humanos. A metodologia de investigação é qualitativa com um desenho descritivo e interpretativo. Os participantes são 36 professores de História, Geografia e Ciências Sociais da província de Arauco. A informação foi recolhida através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, sendo processada no programa Gephi com o objectivo de estudar as redes semânticas. Os resultados da investigação mostram que o vocabulário principal dos professores em torno da cidadania são o respeito, o direito, os deveres e as pessoas, existindo diferenças substanciais no vocabulário indicado pelos planos e programas neste centro de interesse em particular. Em relação à comparação entre os centros de direitos humanos de interesse do plano de formação para a cidadania com as conceptualizações dos professores, é evidente que as palavras mais representativas são respeito, direitos e igualdade, mas em menor medida os conceitos de reivindicação, violação, constituição, e agrupamento estão representados. Finalmente, a Democracia apresenta-se como conceitos tais como, direito, representação e respeito e, em menor medida, constituição, transição e responsabilidade.

The citizenship education has become a key axis of the Chilean Ministry of Education throughLaw 20,911, which can be understood from three dimensions: citizenship, democracy and human rights.The object of study is to analyze the lexical availability of teachers in relation to the concepts of Democracy,Citizenship and Human Rights. The research methodology is qualitative with a descriptive and interpretivedesign. The participants are thirtysix teachers of History, Geography and Social Sciences from the province ofArauco. The information was collected through semistructured interviews, being processed in the Gephiprogram with the aim of studying semantic networks. The research results exhibit that the main vocabularyof teachers around citizenship is respect, right, duties and people, evidencing substantial differences in thevocabulary indicated in plans and programs about this particular center of interest. In relation to the comparison between human rights centers of interest of the citizenship plan and the teachers' conceptualizations, it is evident that the most representative words are respect, rights and equality, but to a lesser range the represented concepts are vindication, violation, constitution and grouping. Finally, Democracy presents such concepts as law, representation and respect and to a lesser range constitution, transition and responsibility ; La formación ciudadana se ha transformado en un eje clave del Ministerio de Educación de Chile a través de la ley 20.911, el cual puede ser comprendido desde tres dimensiones: ciudadanía, democracia y derechos humanos. El objeto de estudio es analizar la disponibilidad léxica de los profesores en relación con los conceptos de Democracia, Ciudadanía y Derechos Humanos. La metodología de la investigación es cualitativa con un diseño descriptivo e interpretativo. Los participantes son 36 profesores de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales de la provincia de Arauco. La información fue recolectada a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, siendo procesada en el programa Gephi con el objetivo de estudiar las redes semánticas. Los resultados de la investigación demuestran que los vocablos principales de los profesores en torno a ciudadanía son respeto, derecho, deberes y personas existiendo diferencias sustanciales en los vocablos señalados por los planes y programas en este centro de interés en particular. En relación con la comparación entre los centros de interés de derechos humanos del plan de formación ciudadana con las conceptualizaciones de los profesores, se evidencia que los vocablos más representativos son respeto, derechos e igualdad, pero en menor medida son representados los conceptos de reivindicación, violación, constitución y agrupación. Por último, la Democracia presenta como conceptos tales como, derecho, representación y respeto y en menor medida constitución, transición y responsabilidad. ; A educação para a cidadania tornou-se um eixo fundamental do Ministério da Educação chileno através da Lei 20.911, que pode ser entendida a partir de três dimensões: cidadania, democracia e direitos humanos. O objectivo do estudo é analisar a disponibilidade lexical dos professores em relação aos conceitos de Democracia, Cidadania e Direitos Humanos. A metodologia de investigação é qualitativa com um desenho descritivo e interpretativo. Os participantes são 36 professores de História, Geografia e Ciências Sociais da província de Arauco. A informação foi recolhida através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, sendo processada no programa Gephi com o objectivo de estudar as redes semânticas. Os resultados da investigação mostram que o vocabulário principal dos professores em torno da cidadania são o respeito, o direito, os deveres e as pessoas, existindo diferenças substanciais no vocabulário indicado pelos planos e programas neste centro de interesse em particular. Em relação à comparação entre os centros de direitos humanos de interesse do plano de formação para a cidadania com as conceptualizações dos professores, é evidente que as palavras mais representativas são respeito, direitos e igualdade, mas em menor medida os conceitos de reivindicação, violação, constituição, e agrupamento estão representados. Finalmente, a Democracia apresenta-se como conceitos tais como, direito, representação e respeito e, em menor medida, constituição, transição e responsabilidade.

A Character is part of the intrinsic element in literary work. Character in literature is an inner trait that influences all thoughts, behavior, manners that belong to humans or other living creatures. The traits are basically formed through a setting that is fairly long learning process, which is the formation or forging of the environment and also the people around them.This research the writer chose a novel to analyze the character in structuralism of literature on intrinsic element analysis the title of the novel isThe Selectionby Kiera Cass. In the story of the novel the writer can see that there is a fair choice of princess in Illea kingdom, princess who will be married with a prince, a son of king through selection from various castes. The analysis is emphasized on Characterstraits and settings observation that has related to each other where the setting influenced the characters trait development in the novel. Moreover, the characters as the object analysis had closely related to the theme of the novel. One of the major character as the object of the study was America Singer. The characterization of the character was much influenced by the setting where she was around such as where she livedand out of her caste naighborhood. Then this study aimed to analyze the characters in relation to setting in the novel The Selection The theory of the research was purposed by Robert (1664).He recommences that in analyzing the characters trait and setting is one the objects of structuralism analysis.Which characters is a verbal representation of a human being presented to us by authors through the depiction, though action, speech, description and commentary. Author portrays characters that are worth caring about rooting for and loving, although there are also characters you may dislike, laugh at or even hate.And setting is nature, manufacture, political, culture, and temporal environment, including everything that characters know and own. Setting is ever aspect of characters and all of the character has, that can build one character whether it is tangible or intangible and take influence in the characters personality. While characters formed by settings. Setting has a close connection with all intrinsic elements that exist in literary works. Where setting can affect the character traits, such as environment in which the character live will greatly affect the figure of the character itself. This research is qualitative research in getting with descriptive method from the text about characterization and setting is causes of the trait or action can happen and also the effect of the traits by themself. The objects of this study are to know the characters traits and describe what the setting influence the characters traits of the selection. Data analysis techniques are close reading technique; underline the word by word or takes the form of writing, discussion or silent observation, related to structuralism of character traits and setting theory, and analyzed the data with the way; (a) Action by the characters in the novel (b) what the character say and though (c) how the author explain the characters (d) how the opinion the other character. After collect the data the writer can get the information clearly about traits or action of the characters and setting in the novel. Based on the data analysis, it was found that the trait of the characters in the selection has been influenced by the setting of the novel. The characters areAmerica Singer that has traits talented, attractive, polite, and humble the traits while related with settings of her caste, family and her maids. AshleyBrouillettethe character that has traits elegant, and unsociable while related with setting her caste, education and the members in selected, then Marlee Times has friendly and worried, formed by setting caste and member in selected. The last character is Celeste Newsome has trait arrogant and cunning person that formed by her caste and the member in selected. In conclusion of this study is that to be a princess must have criteria which are reflected in the character traits possessed by America Singer. The environment of the setting is very influential in shaping the characters trait of the people.Key words: characters, setting, structuralism, reflected in the novel