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In political science an eternal question concerns how decisions and policies arise. Modern society, characterized by more uncertainty and complexity than before, increases the challenge of providing valid answers. However, the general lack of methodological concern in several previous studies in this area stresses the need for elaborations of more suitable approaches. In this article we add a methodological perspective that deals with this very question. By reviewing and analyzing earlier research on how decision-making is reached, the overall ambition of this article is to create a framework that can lay the methodological foundation for further studies. Such a framework, which takes into account both the complexity of modern multi-governance societies and adds methodological perspectives of macro and micro standpoints as well as of causal mechanisms, can be used in future research to achieve richer pictures of how decision-making is carried out. In addition, we show how a certain technique of analysis is highly compatible to this framework and that jointly these features provide solutions for a better understanding of the complexity of modern decision-making. All in all, applying this strategy can be used to better systematize complex causal chains that reflect different analytical levels and thereby increase leverage on how to understand and explain the process of political decisions.

This book is comprised of international author perspectives from the 2016 Australian Association for Professional and Applied Ethics (AAPAE) conference, hosted by the University of South Australia in Adelaide. The volume brings to life a number of the conference themes including corporate social responsibility, culture, academic integrity, vulnerability, health, military ethics, education, leadership, sustainability and philosophy and addresses concerns of many leading applied ethicists.

It is hypothesized that institutional decisionmakers with low self-esteem are more likely to conform to the role expectations of significant role alters. Consequently, their role attributes -- role orientations & role behaviors -- are predictable from knowledge of expectations. High self-esteem decisionmakers adopt role characteristics through a process that is fairly independent of the expectations of others. These hypotheses are tested through interview data collected in 1977 from 48 Calif judges who have held both legislative & judicial positions. Different path models are derived for high & low self-esteem judges, supporting the basic hypothesis. 4 Tables, 1 Figure. Modified HA.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is reshaping the world we know dramatically and is characterised by a close interaction between the biological, digital and physical spheres. Digital technologies are impacting all facets of our lives and create a series of new opportunities but also various challenges. The Fourth Industrial Revolution does not follow a linear development trajectory, but due to the diverse nature and rapid pace of technological developments, could rather be compared to a series of networks with multiple connecting points. This has caused the development of the law which deals with these concerns to generally be slow and unable to match the pace and scope of technological developments. In the context of public law there are many questions and challenges relating to individual rights, for example the right to privacy, and the role and responsibilities of government relating to policy development and regulation dealing with the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The concept of a Rechtsstaat could arguably provide an appropriate legal framework for shaping the ethical framework, normative standards and a value-based governance model for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, including for algorithmic decision-making. The public law concept of accountability should be contextualised in order to apply it to algorithmic decision-making. In the data-driven economy of the 21st century the pace and scope of technological developments that impact humanity requires the development of appropriate legal frameworks to reflect and accommodate the needs of society, in particular relating to the recognition of fundamental human rights. It is concluded that a broad set of ethical and legal principles, which can guide the development of international and national legal frameworks to regulate algorithmic decision-making, is needed.

The author analyzes participation in decision-making in three training institutions: the Institute of Public Administration, the Sudan Academy for Administrative Sciences and the Management Development Center. The three chosen institutions are among the departmental bodies where participative management is claimed to be practised among the staff. Although the effectiveness of most decisions in those institutes were reached but still the efficiency was lagging behind. (DÜI-Ott)

"Covers" -- "Guest editorial" -- "The rationale for shared decision making in mental health care: a systematic review of academic discourse" -- ""Work with me": service users'perspectives on shared decision making in mental health" -- "Shared decision making within the context of recovery-oriented care" -- "Expanding the concept of shared decision making for mental health: systematic search and scoping review of interventions" -- "Measurement issues of shared decision making in mental health: challenges and opportunities" -- "Attitudes towards shared decision making in mental health: a qualitative synthesis

Modern democracies, based on pluralism, recognize and affirm diversity, permit peacefulcoexistence of different interests, values and convictions, and advocate a form of politicalmoderation. For democracy to function and to be successful two of the most challengingquestions must be raised and answered: Who have the right for collective decision-making?What principle should be used for these people to be elected? With the development of moderndemocracies it has become more and more accepted the idea that democracy should rest uponthe principle of majority rule, coupled with individual and minority rights. Majority rule thusrefers to the quantitative aspect of democracy, while individual and minority rights expressthe qualitative or constitutional aspect of it. A detailed analysis of democratic decision-makingprocesses shows that not all decisions made by legislature – whose members are elected by themajority of the people – are effective and good decisions, and points at the fact that most of thedemocratic decisions are not made by the majority but by minority groups, who quite often takethe initiative and can seriously influence the majority. This paper focuses on these issues.

Symbolic activity in managerial decision making may be a tool for
manipulation or a means for inspiration and empowerment. In each case
there are assumptions, values, goals, creation of meaning, and a purpose
for symbolic activity that differ. Explores the symbolic dimensions of
three perspectives on decision making; the political, foolishness and
autocommunication. Suggests that the perspectives differ in the
"rational" or "arational" use made of symbolic activity. The absence of
unity of symbol and substance is seen to characterize the more
manipulative uses of symbolic activity while a holistic integration of
the two is consistent with a concern for the welfare and empowerment of
others. The process of this integration is linked to the spiritual
qualities personified in the symbol of the child. Discusses some
specific ways in which organizations engage in symbolic activity which
benefits both the organizations and the participants.

Research in the past decade has highlighted the nuances of adolescent decision making. In this review article, we summarize several themes evident in the field of developmental science including the redefinition of adolescence and the ways in which adolescent decision‐making capabilities converge with or diverge from those of adults. While the decision‐making process is similar for adolescents and adults in contexts that encourage deliberation and reflection, adolescents and adults differ in contexts which preclude deliberation vis‐à‐vis high emotional arousal. We also discuss the reconceptualization of adolescent behavior, including risk taking, as adaptive. That is, characteristics of adolescence, including impulsivity, the importance of peers, and novelty seeking, are normative, evolutionarily advantageous, and essential for positive development. While these features manifest in negative, health‐compromising ways (e.g., risky driving and criminal behavior), they also foster growth and exploration. We conclude with a discussion of potential avenues for future research.

In the preceding article, a physicist discussed some of the factors which inhibit creativity in physics. In this article, Professor Marcson, a sociologist at the Bureau of Economic Research, Rutgers University, delves into the authority and decision- making activities of an actual physics department. Since neither author was aware of the other's article, the congruence of points, particularly in regard to the climate for discovery, is of special interest.