The rationales for comparative studies of guidance systems are outlined. The key differences between guidance systems in different countries can be related to stage of economic development, to the political system, to social and cultural factors, to the education and training system, and to professional and organisational structures. The competing pressures towards convergence and divergence between guidance systems are explored. ; This paper has been adapted from a chapter on "International Perspectives" in Watts, A. G., Law, B., Killeen, J., Kidd, J.M., and Hawthorn, R. (1996). Rethinking Careers Education and Guidance: Theory, Policy and Practice . London: Routledge. ; Departamento de Psicología
This article introduces the Continent of International Law (COIL) research project on international agreement design. COIL stems from the conviction that the International Organization subfield's focus on the couple hundred international organizations with physical headquarters had to be broadened to include the tens of thousands extant international agreements, that is, international law. Each piece of international law can and should be studied as an institution. Together, this set of institutions, which truly is a "continent," is theoretically very interesting and empirically very diversified. COIL's basic theoretical premise is that international agreement design and comparison across agreements begins by understanding the underlying cooperation problem(s) the agreements are trying to solve. COIL identifies 12 distinct and recurrent cooperation problems, which may occur alone or in combinations. The data collection features a random sample of international agreements conditional on the issue areas of economics, environment, human rights, and security. The first large-n, systematic operationalization of the cooperation problems underlying real international agreements is highlighted, and descriptive statistics are presented -- some of which challenge conventional wisdom. For instance, enforcement problems (Prisoner's Dilemma-like situations) are important, but far from universal, with 30% of the agreements characterized by that underlying problem. The numerous and diverse COIL variables allow for a multi-dimensional operationalization of the difficult-to-measure concept of the "incomplete contract." Hypotheses from contract theory are tested, confirming the appropriateness of the new measure, the weakness of measures based on number of pages, and most significant, the rationality and efficiency of the continent of international law. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright holder.]
This paper presents a new measure of capital flow pressures in the form of a recast exchange market pressure index. The measure captures pressures that materialize in actual international capital flows as well as pressures that result in exchange rate adjustments. The formulation is theory-based, relying on balance of payments equilibrium conditions and international asset portfolio considerations. Based on the modified exchange market pressure index, the paper also proposes a global risk response index, which reflects the country-specific sensitivity of capital flow pressures to measures of global risk aversion. For a large sample of countries over time, we demonstrate time variation in the effects of global risk on exchange market pressures, the evolving importance of the global factor across types of countries, and the changing risk-on or risk-off status of currencies.
Die Internationalisierung der Wirtschaft steigert den Bedarf an Information und Kommunikation. Internationale Produktion hängt ab von der Technik moderner Telekommunikation. Die Satellitentechnologie bzw. computergestützte Satellitensysteme schafften die Voraussetzungen für weltweite Telekommunikation. Die zunehmende Bedeutung der Telekommunikation und damit verbundene Profiterwartungen lösen Privatisierungsbestrebungen aus. Im internationalen Bereich wurde 1964 die INTELSAT (International Telecommunications Satellite Organization) als halbstaatliche Organisation gegründet. Sie wird aufgrund der amerikanischen Technologieüberlegenheit von den USA dominiert. (AuD-Hng)
1. Development and application of international policy lessons -- 2. Macroeconomic and fiscal policies -- 3. Urban transport and public infrastructure -- 4. Health care policies -- 5. Financial sector policy -- 6. Educational policy -- 7. Energy and environmental policies -- 8. Summary and conclusions.
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AbstractThis article begins with a definition of free international trade and a brief history of the evolution of free trade as an ideology and economic policy. It next considers the case for free trade as first articulated by classical economists Adam Smith and David Ricardo and then examines free trade critiques proffered by Friedrich List and Marxist scholars who claim that free trade can never be just nor fair so long as relational and structural power inequalities exist between corporations and workers. This article concludes with a summary of the current free trade debate, highlighting, in particular, how radical critics of free trade have begun to embrace a more distinctly Marxian view of the dynamics of globalized capital accumulation. This new perspective acknowledges the progressive transformations that globalized trade has brought to developing countries while also highlighting the ways global free trade relies upon and sustains an exploitative class dynamic.
Die Zahl der regionalen Handelsabkommen ist in den letzten Jahren stark gestiegen. Gleichzeitig steht die Handelsliberalisierung verstärkt in der Kritik der Öffentlichkeit, die sich gegen Umweltschäden und soziale Ungerechtigkeit als Ergebnis der Abkommen wendet. Das Instrument der Folgenabschätzungen soll dazu beitragen, die Auswirkungen von Handelsabkommen zu ermitteln. Das Paper gibt auf der Basis der EU-Nachhaltigkeitsprüfung und der NAFTA-Umweltprüfung einen Einblick in den Analyserahmen, in die Partizipationsmöglichkeiten sowie in den politischen Rückhalt des Instruments. An den Beispielen werden die Einflussmöglichkeiten von Folgenabschätzungen auf die Gestaltung des Welthandels diskutiert. ; In the past 15 years, the use of impact assessment as an analytical tool has gradually influenced national and international discussions on trade agreements. Two main approaches predominate: sustainability impact assessments (SIA), which analyze economic, social and environmental consequences of the trade agreement, and environmental assessments, which identify the environmental effects of the trade accord. The paper analyses the EU SIA approach and the environmental approach practiced by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The study shows that neither the SIA nor the EA currently have the power to bring a trade accord with failing assessment grades into political peril.
This volume elucidates some key ideas and practices underlying women?s peacebuilding, highlighting positive examples of their contribution to peacebuilding in conflict zones and in societies pursuing transitional justice.
