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The article presents eleven theories advanced to explain school crime, the subject of the inconclusive Safe Schools Study coordinated by James Samuel Coleman, then collects 90 statistical measures across the 215 public schools in one of the most violent school districts in the United States—the statewide district of Hawaii—so that each theory can be tested with at least one indicator. Data are intercorrelated, factor analyzed, and a stepwise multiple regression is run on variables corresponding to each empirically distinct form of school disorder. The data suggest that efforts to mainstream students are needed to bring a sense of community to the students of public schools, whether through racial desegregation or through proper classification of the abilities of immigrant and local students.

A recent diagnosis of the health of Latin American studies in the United States reveals that Bolivia is among the forgotten or ignored countries. U.S. scholarship on Mexico, Brazil, and Peru vastly outranks research on Bolivia. Following the Bolivian Revolution of 1952, U.S. universities turned out a host of dissertations and books on Bolivia, but since that time, the U.S. community of Bolivianists has declined. Yet anthropological and historical research on this southern Andean country seems to be flourishing. Although some political scientists attracted to problems and prospects for reform created by the Revolution have turned their attention elsewhere, Bolivia still fascinates scholars interested in the deeper currents of historical change and the remarkable resilience of rural Andean peoples in their struggle to preserve their cultural integrity.

The use of the condominium form of ownership has grown at a rapid pace. Since 1961, when Congress authorized the Federal Housing Administration to insure mortgages on condominium dwellings, the lawmaking bodies of every state and the District of Columbia have passed enabling legislation that provides for the creation of a condominium regime with a statutory base. The condominium is a unique form of property ownership, which now constitutes a significant percentage of all new housing starts. Although the development of the condominium has many positive aspects, the unique structure of a typical condominium regime has presented the legal community with some perplexing problems, one of which concerns the tort liability of the condominium association for injuries occurring in the common areas.

France has adopted an explicit policy of countering the decline of its old industrial areas by encouraging revitalization in those regions. The challenges this approach encounters include: difficulties arising from European Economic Community policies, the efforts of the government to achieve national growth targets, the locational preferences of potential "replacement" industries, & political & financial constraints on regional governments when they assume an entrepreneurial role. Although the principal effort is directed at cushioning market forces, the net result of public policy is often to transmit such forces more directly. Despite these problems, several advantages of this state-centered economic strategy are identified. It is concluded that, in France, resolution of the problems of the declining regions requires a continued interaction between regional objectives & national priorities. 2 Maps, 17 References. Modified HA

While Arab higher education in the Jordan appears to be expanding, Palestinians studying in the West Bank are facing problems grave enough to put their entire educational future in jeopardy. The West Bank, conquered by Israel in the 1967 war and today inhabited by 850,000 Palestinians and about 20,000 Israeli settlers, has four academic institutions: Najah University in Nablus, Bir Zeit University near Ramallah, the Polytechnic of Hebron and the College des Frères in Bethlehem. The first two derive their university status from their membership of the Association of Arab Universities and are financed by donations from the Arab world; Hebron provides an intermediate curriculum tailored to local requirements and paid for by student fees; and Bethlehem, which has applied to join the AAU, is financed by the Catholic community in the United States.

Both the United States and Canada have great difficulty achieving consensus on opiate drug policy. This, in some measure, is the fault of the scientific community, which has failed to provide the clear theoretical understanding of opiate addiction from which policy could be readily derived. We believe that the confusing mass of competing theories can be greatly simplified, and a measure of clarity achieved, through consideration of two opposing orientations which pervade the theoretical literature. We label these the "exposure" orientation and the "adaptive" orientation. Recent data shows clearly that the exposure orientation is obsolete. The adaptive orientation, though it fits the new evidence, is scientifically underdeveloped. A major reorientation of research is desirable and would, we believe, eventually provide a firmer basis for policy decisions.

Abstract. Marginality and development of North Atlantic maritime communities are viewed in theoretical perspective. The ecological, technological and community circumstances are similar, while the political and economic frameworks within which the communities are incorporated vary. The components of modernization are discussed and the process of structural differentiation is stressed as it produces a heterogeneous set of economic sectors thereby establishing the conditions for the evolution of marginality. The properties of traditional as opposed to modern systems are examined in a critique of the standard orthodoxies of development planning. A position is developed which states that a restructuring of the ties of economic interdependance is a necessary prerequisite for effective development. Tradition and its persistence in the North Atlantic are viewed as an adaptive response to a situation of persisting disadvantage.

When the Prophet Muhammad died on 7 June 632, the larger part of Arabia had already accepted Islam. In fact, Islam had created a solid Arab community that dominated Arabia and was ready to begin its amazing expansive movement in world history. The Arab conquests put an end to the Sassanid Empire and deprived the Byzantine Empire of its Asiatic dominions up to the Taurus and all its African possessions. Muslim troops crossed Gibraltar and subdued almost all the Iberian peninsula. In brief: with their conquests in the seventh and eighth centuries (634–751) the Arabs became the neighbors of the Franks and Byzantines on the other side of the Mediterranean. In Asia the subjection of Persia brought them into northern India and the Turkish vassal states of China in Central Asia.

When a Scotsman wears a kilt, or a Frenchman sings the Marseillaise, it seems reasonable to put it all down to strong nationalist feeling. Scotland and France are among the oldest nations in Europe, and most people can recognize instantly the symbols and characteristics that are associated with them because they are so often manifested.But what does nationalist feeling amount to in Europe today, in political and social terms? Is Europe not at the end of the "era of nationalism" and at the start of an era of supranational unity? The European Economic Community has been enlarged this year with the addition of Britain, Ireland and Denmark, and it is possible to look forward to a sort of federal "United States of Europe" within the next couple of decades.

The role of the soc sci's within UNESCO is defined by reference to the Org's constitution: it consists principally in widely diffused supporting & servicing activities, though the direct promotion of res & teaching are not excluded. Continuities & discontinuities in the program are discussed in a 20-yr historical perspective. The rationale of the emerging pattern is governed by changes in the membership of States & by an increasing awareness of the importance of infrastructures to econ growth. The orientation of UNESCO's entire effort towards infrastructural factors, notably sci, technology & educ, gives the soc sci's an increasingly responsible & diversified supporting function. The org & structuring of the soc sci program is analyzed, a margin for improvements is suggested, & the more active participation of the community of soc sci'ts at large is discussed. AA.

Insurance for hospital care in the United States covers more than three-quarters of the population and pays more than half of hospital bills paid from private income. Benefits to many insured persons are minimal and some bene fits important to health are not regularly provided. Coinsur ance, deductibles, experience rating, and costs of nongroup commercial insurance limit the effectiveness of coverage. Hospital costs are rising. Hospital costs can be kept within bounds by insurance benefits and payments designed to encour age quality of care, community review and control through planning and licensure, review and control of unnecessary hos pital utilization and construction, and by recognition of the importance of organization of medical care as a method of promoting quality and curtailing costs.

Book reviewed in this article:The Civil Service: Some Human Aspects. By Frank DunnillBeatrice Webb's Diaries, 1924–1932. Edited with an introduction by Margaret Cole.In Two Chinas. By K. M. Panikkar.China Under Communism. By Richard L. Walker.The Prospects for Communist China. Edited by W. W. Rostow.Administration of War Production. By J. D. Scott and RichardHughesLabour Policy in the USSR, 1917–28. By Margaret Dewar.Some Problems of Incentives and Labour Productivity in Soviet Industry. By G. R. Barker.How People Vote. By Mark Benney, A. P. Gray and R. H. Pear.Germany and the North Atlantic Community. A Legal Survey. By M. E. Bathurst and J. L. Simpson.New States and International Organizations. By Benjamin Akzin.Higher Learning in Britain. By G. F. Kneller.British Government Inspection as a Dynamic Process. By John S. Harris.

Economic pressures constituted an ever greater threat to domestic and world press freedom in mid-1951. This was dramatized by the suspension of the St. Louis Star-Times and the transition of that community into the growing column of non-competitive newspaper territories. Rising labor and newsprint costs were cited as a basic cause of the suspension. Newsprint, already at all-time high prices, was the subject of several congressional and administrative discussions—not only in the interest of American newspapers but of publications throughout the free world which were faced with the imminent prospect of starving for paper. … Political attacks on press freedom continued abroad with passage of a highly restrictive statute in India, while in the United States a partisan effort to "investigate" certain Florida dailies was eventually snuffed out. —W. F. S.

Intends to look at Sudan's long history in all of its modern regions to determine the various strategic security issues that have been or are present, and serves as an essential guide to assess the national, regional, and international concerns regarding the present state of affairs and future prospects of Sudan.

In an attempt to strengthen the legitimacy of EU policy-making, the 2009 Lisbon Treaty strengthened the principle of parliamentary control in EU affairs. This pertains to parliaments at all levels ranging from the regional to the supranational level. This book analyses the potential of regional parliaments – the parliaments closest to the citizens – to engage in EU affairs and to fill the perceived legitimacy gap. Eight member states have a total of 73 regional parliaments with legislative powers, and there are further trends towards decentralization in Europe. On its quest to understand the role that regional parliaments can plan in the EU multilevel parliamentary system, the book addresses key questions: What are the formal powers and functions of regional parliaments in EU policy-making? How do they use their powers in practice? How active are they in EU politics and what do they try to achieve? What factors can explain their degree of (in-)activity?