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Antonio López Muñoz es uno de los escasos poetas onubenses del siglo XIX conocidos hasta la fecha. Su obra, en la que destaca la leyenda Aliatar, sigue las principales corrientes de la poesía española del siglo XIX, desde la poesía narrativa inspirada en Zorrilla hasta la poesía burguesa y realista de la Restauración representada por Ramón de Campoamor. Su carrera política, que lo llevó a ser Ministro y Presidente del Congreso, añadiría a su obra un rasgo, el de la preocupación por los aspectos retóricos, que sería objeto de duras críticas por parte de los jóvenes autores del fin de siglo.____________________________________Antonio López Muñoz is one of the few authors from Huelva who are known to have written poetry in the 19th century. His work, whose most known poem is the legend Altatar, follows the most common trends in Spanish 19th poetry, starting with the narrative poetry written after the model set by José Zorrilla and ending in the realistic, bourgeois poetry of the Restauration, represented by Ramón de Campoamor. His political career, that led him (already a higllschool teacher of Rhethoric) to be a minister and the Speaker of the Spanish Parliament, added another typical feature to his work, the rhetorical concern, that linked him to the same late 19th century poetry that was bitterly criticized by the turn-ofthe- century modernists.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; The production of quinoa in the Bolivian Altiplano: between crisis and innovations. The Bolivian Altiplano has become the biggest exporter of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in the world. In the last forty years, communities have evolved from subsistence agriculture to a commercial production for exportation. The producers have carried out technical innovations, by entering mechanization into their production system, as well as social innovations, both at the activities and migration to ensure their production system. But the success of this region in getting into the globalization should not hide changes and possible blockades that question the durability of the new production system and at the same time land conflicts become common. In a context of a growing market, the producers of quinoa start wondering about the way to restructure and reinvent, by innovative actions, their production system, but also their social organization which is driven by exogenous and uncertain factors such as market or climatic change. This innovative phase is necessary to perpetuate production and ensure incomes for the population. It demands cooperation between different actors which have sometimes divergent interests. This communication offers an overview of the main problems which appeared when the production system changed from a home consumption into an exportation production system. It analyses the interactions between the producers of quinoa and their environment from the point of view of social and technical innovation.

Brasil tiene una posición privilegiada en el mundo de la cooperación. Como país emergente, su rol ha sido y sigue siendo importante en América latina y a nivel internacional. El crecimiento económico, la estabilización de su sistema democrático y el compromiso con las nuevas normas de cooperación han contribuido a su desarrollo como actor global. Pero Brasil no quiere solamente ser parte de los centros de poder mundiales. Su ambición va mucho más allá. Como actor y precursor de la cooperación horizontal y triangular, Brasil quiere cambiar las reglas del juego de la ayuda oficial al desarrollo. Sin embargo, Brasil sigue siendo un país que necesita la cooperación al desarrollo. ; Brazil enjoys a privileged position in the world of cooperation. As an emerging country, its role has been significant both in Latin America and on the world stage. Economic growth, the stabilization of its democratic system, and its commitment to new forms of cooperation have contributed to its development as a global actor. But Brazil's ambitions go far beyond being one of the world's centers of power. As both an actor and a precursor of horizontal and triangular cooperation, this country íntends to change the rules of the game of official development assistance. At the same time, however, Brazil continues to be a country that needs development cooperation. ; Dossier: Cooperación Internacional ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)

International audience ; Asian countries have experienced tremendous changes in their mobility patterns in recent years. As economic development has allowed a rise in the standards of living of a god part of the population, the rate of motorzation has increased very quickly. At the sametime, cities populations continue to grow at a fast pace, and the spread of the urbanized area requires more and more to be able to travel on distances too long for walking or even bicycling. Given the high density of many central cities, and the concentration of economic activity, this had led to major problems of urban congestion and pollution. National and local governments have tried to solve some of the problems by investing heavily in major public transportation projects such as subways, elevated light-rail or monorail. A less costly approach has been the development of Bus Rapid Transit inspired by South American successful experiences. A the sam time, the automobile, and in some places the motorbike, have relegated the oncedominant bicycle into secondary streets, and the fabric of the city is now largely shaped bythe needs of the automobile. However, little attention has been given to the informal sector, often considered as a nuisance hindering more modern forms of transit throught he city, even if its provides many jobs for lesser-skilled workers and cheap transport for the poorer populations.

While the regulation of healthcare in EU member states has remained largely unaffected by EU influence, the opposite is true for the regulation of pharmaceutical safety. Since the thalidomide crisis, supranational influence has constantly and continuously expanded in this regulatory field. The emergence of European pharmaceutical policy raises two main questions adressed in the present study. The first question relates to the delegation of regulatory competencies in the pharmaceutical sector. Pharmaceuticals are important for the maintenance of public health but at the same time represent a consumption risk. Therefore, the need for public intervention arises. Governments play an important role in the financing of pharmaceuticals and the protection of their citizens from potentially harmful products. The protection of its citizens is one of the key tasks of the state. The evident delegation of regulatory powers to the European level in the field of risk regulation thus seems to be at odds with the member states' need to legitimize their activities. The present study thus tries to develop an explanation for the delegation of regulatory competencies in the area of pharmaceutical regulation and in the field of risk regulation in more general terms. The second part of the study analyses in how far the Europeanization of pharmaceutical regulation has impacted on the quality of regulation and its effectiveness, depicting the degree of regulatory goal attainment. The study covers the development of pharmaceutical regulation from the late 1950s until the end of 2008.

International audience ; Im Jahre 2005 haben die französischen und luxemburgischen Regierungen beschlossen, im Abstand einiger Wochen jeweils eine Volksabstimmung zu organisieren, um die Ratifizierung des europäischen Verfassungsvertrages durchzuführen. Diese doppelte Konsultation stellt ein einmaliges Wahlereignis dar, am Beispiel dessen das Befinden der Bevölkerungen beiderseits der Staatsgrenze untersucht werden kann. Dieser Artikel versucht zu zeigen, inwiefern die Ablehnung des Verfassungsvertrags in beiden Regionen - trotz offensichtlich widersprüchlicher Ergebnisse - auf ähnlichen soziologischen Merkmalen basiert. Im Weiteren wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit der europäische Integrationsprozess nicht zu einem Verschwinden der Grenzen sondern zu neuen Formen der Territorialisierung führt, einschließlich der Wahlgeographie. ; In 2005, the French and Luxemburgish governments decided to organize, at a few weeks of intervals, a referendum to ratify the European constitutional treaty. This double consultation constitutes a single electoral event to measure the feeling of the populations on both sides of the same inter-official border. This article will try to show at which point in spite of apparently contradictory results, the vote of refusal to the constitutional treaty is based on similar sociological characteristics on both sides of the border. It will question in return the reality of the border in integrated Europe. Far from being erased, effects-border are reorganized in new territorial forms including on the electoral level. ; En 2005, les gouvernements français et luxembourgeois ont décidé d'organiser, à quelques semaines d'écart, un référendum pour procéder à la ratification du traité constitutionnel européen. Cette double consultation constitue un événement électoral unique pour mesurer le sentiment des populations de part et d'autre d'une même frontière interétatique. Cet article tentera de montrer à quel point malgré des résultats apparemment contradictoires, le vote de refus au traité ...

In 2001, government guarantees for savings banks in Germany were removed following a law suit. We use this natural experiment to examine the effect of government guarantees on bank risk taking, using a large data set of matched bank/borrower information. The results suggest that banks whose government guarantee was removed reduced credit risk by cutting off the riskiest borrowers from credit. At the same time, the banks also increased interest rates on their remaining borrowers. The effects are economically large: the Z-Score of average borrowers increased by 7.5% and the average loan size declined by 17.2%. Remaining borrowers paid 46 basis points higher interest rates, despite their higher quality. Using a difference-in-differences approach we show that the effect is larger for banks that ex ante benefited more from the guarantee and that none of these effects are present in a control group of German banks to whom the guarantee was not applicable. Furthermore, savings banks adjusted their liabilities away from risk-sensitive debt instruments after the removal of the guarantee, while we do not observe this for the control group. We also document in an event study that yield spreads of savings banks' bonds increased significantly right after the announcement of the decision to remove guarantees, while the yield spread of a sample of bonds issued by the control group remained unchanged. The results suggest that public guarantees may be associated with substantial moral hazard effects.

Since 1986 the United States has made considerable efforts to curb illegal immigration. This has resulted in an increase in migration costs for undocumented immigrants. More stringent border enforcement either deters potential illegal immigrants from coming to the U.S., or moves the point of crossing for illegal immigrants from traditional crossing routes to more inhospitable routes. These changes are likely to place a heavier burden on illegal immigrant women as they are more likely to be kidnapped, smuggled, or raped when crossing illegally. If migration costs are not the same for all migrants, higher migrating costs may result in a change in the number and in the composition of immigrants to the United States. In the face of higher migration costs, only immigrants with relatively high expected benefits of migration will choose to migrate. Based on our theoretical model, we test for three empirical results that are associated with a stronger selection of immigrant women from Mexico relative to men as a result of higher migration costs: 1) A decrease in the relative flow of older and highly educated undocumented immigrant women relative to men; 2) A change in the skill composition of immigrant women to men; and 3) An increase in the average earnings of those groups most affected by increased migration costs. Using data from the 1990, 2000 Decennial Census, and from the 2006-2008 American Community Survey we empirically confirm these predictions.

Using enterprise data for the economies of Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, this study examines the effects of corruption on productivity. Corruption is defined as a 'bribe tax' and is compared with another form of institutional inefficiency, which is often believed to be closely linked with corruption: the 'time tax' imposed on firms by red tape. When testing their effects in the full sample, only the bribe tax appears to have a negative effect on firm-level productivity, while the effect of the time tax is insignificant. At the same time, there is no evidence of a trade-off between the time and the bribe taxes, implying that bribing does not emerge as a second-best option to achieve higher productivity by helping circumvent cumbersome bureaucratic requirements. When the sample is split between European Union and non-European Union countries, the time tax turns out to have a negative effect only in European Union countries and the bribe tax only in non-European Union countries. This suggests that the institutional environment influences the way in which firm behavior affects firm performance. In particular, the impact of bribing for individual firms appears to vary depending on overall institutional quality: in countries where corruption is more prevalent and the legal framework is weaker, bribery is more harmful for firm-level productivity.

The contemporary politics of China reflect an ongoing effort by the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to claim the right to rule in light of the consequences of economic development, international pressures, and historical change. China stands out within the Asian region for the success the regime has achieved in this effort. By focusing on the changes in China's elite discourse during the reform period and particularly during the last decade, this paper aims to elaborate on the relative importance of various sources of legitimacy as they shift over time, as well as on their inherent dilemmas and limitations. There is evidence of an agile, responsive, and creative party effort to relegitimate the postrevolutionary regime through economic performance, nationalism, ideology, culture, governance, and democracy. At the same time, the paper identifies a clear shift in emphasis from an earlier economic-nationalistic approach to a more ideological-institutional approach. ; Die Versuche der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas (KPCh), vor dem Hintergrund wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung, internationalen Drucks und historischer Veränderungen die Legitimität ihrer Herrschaft zu wahren, prägen die gegenwärtige Politik Chinas. Innerhalb der asiatischen Region kann China dabei als vergleichsweise erfolgreich gelten. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, mit Blick auf Änderungen im innerchinesischen Elitediskurs während der Reformperiode und vor allem während des zurückliegenden Jahrzehnts, zu untersuchen, auf welche Legitimitätsquellen zurückgegriffen wird, wie ihre relative Bedeutung sich im Zeitverlauf verändert, und welche inhärenten Dilemmata und Beschränkungen damit verbunden sind. Identifiziert werden wirtschaftliche Performanz, Nationalismus, Ideologie, Kultur, Governance und Demokratie als die wichtigsten Quellen zur Relegitimierung eines durchaus agilen, responsiven und kreativen postrevolutionären Parteiregimes. Zugleich wird gezeigt, dass dabei eine klare Akzentverschiebung stattgefunden hat, und zwar von einem früheren Ansatz, der sich primär auf Wirtschaftswachstum und Nationalismus stützte, hin zu einem Ansatz, der Aspekte des ideologischen und institutionellen Wandels betont.

This paper examines empirically the impact of financial stress on the transmission of monetary policy shocks in Canada. The model used is a threshold vector autoregression in which a regime change occurs if financial stress conditions cross a critical threshold. Using the financial stress index developed by Illing and Liu (2006) as a measure of the Canadian financial stress conditions, the authors examine questions such as: Do contractionary and expansionary monetary policy shocks have symmetric effects? Do financial stress conditions play a role as a nonlinear propagator of monetary policy shocks? Does monetary policy have the same effect on the real economy in the low financial stress regime and in the high financial stress regime? Suppose that the economy is currently in a given financial stress regime, do monetary policy shocks have a substantial effect on the transition probability of moving from the given regime to the other? The empirical findings reveal that (i) contractionary monetary shocks typically have a larger effect on output than expansionary monetary shocks; (ii) the effects of large and small shocks are approximately proportional; (iii) expansionary monetary shocks have larger effects on output in the high financial stress regime than in the low financial stress regime; (iv) large expansionary monetary shocks increase the likelihood of moving to, or remaining in, the low financial stress regime; (v) typically, high financial stress regime has been characterized by weaker output growth, higher inflation, and higher interest rates.

63p.: (pdf); il; tablas; anexos ; El Departamento de Maquinaria y Equipo de ISMOCOL DE COLOMBIA S.A. tiene como función primordial, garantizar que los equipos se mantengan en buen estado de funcionamiento y en condiciones seguras de operación para el usuario en la realización de sus labores, de acuerdo con normas de calidad exigidas. Teniendo en cuenta la normativa, se implanto un plan de mantenimiento que consta de un programa de mantenimiento preventivo y otro correctivo, los cuales tiene como objetivo garantizar la mayor disponibilidad en obra, por medio de seguimientos diarios y mensuales, que permitan al ingeniero o supervisor, implementar directrices que no ocasionen parada en obra y al mismo tiempo garantice el cuidado del equipo, proporcionando de esta manera un manejo optimo y seguro de los equipos. ; The Department of Machinery and Equipment ISMOCOL DE COLOMBIA SA has the primary function to guarantee that equipment is maintained in good working order and safe conditions of operation for the user in carrying out their work, according to quality standards required. Taking into account the legislation was introduced a maintenance plan which includes a program of preventive and corrective maintenance, which aims to ensure greater availability on site, through daily and monthly, to enable the engineer or supervisor, implement guidelines which do not stop at work and at the same time ensure the care team, thus providing an optimal and safe operation of equipment.

Headlines about China have been looking the same for some time now. "The China story" always seems to be political: labor riots and their suppression; sabre-rattling over Taiwan and cultural erasure in Tibet; catastrophic earthquakes and official ineptitude; internet censorship and jailed dissidents (the latest being Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo). Even ostensibly good news, such as the Chinese government's investment in wind power, becomes yet another story about how China is going to eat our lunch. These stories must be told, and the Chinese government's feet must be held to the fire on many issues. Yet these stories collectively imply a "truth" about China that is equally misleading: namely that in China, politics is life. This truism has become ingrained in Western views of Chinese culture. I was struck by this not long ago during a Canadian radio interview of the author Yu Hua when the host's first question was whether or not Yu Hua was a "dissident." A recent New Yorker article about China's "most eminent writer" and former Minister of Culture, Wang Meng, set a similarly political agenda by asking whether Wang is a "reformer" or an "apologist" of the Communist Party. To be Chinese, as far as the West is concerned, seems to mean being for or against one's government. ; Arts, Faculty of ; Asian Studies, Department of ; Unreviewed ; Faculty

The problem of post-soviet political regimes' transformation is analysed in the present dissertation. Ukraine and Georgia are chosen as the case studies. Structural theoretical approach, developed in the dissertation allows the inclusion of material and ideational as well as internal and external factors into the analysis if regime transformation. It as argued that the main obstacle in the process is the intersecting influence of structural milieu promoted by different external actors. The argument is based on the presumption that Russian and European actors, which operate in different structural milieu, comprised of identity, institutions and material basis, create the phenomenon of intersecting structures. It is the main reason and obstacle for the establishment of consistent and stable "order" in post-soviet space. Ukraine and Georgia, being materially dependent both on Russia and Ukraine at the same time do not have stable collective identities and clearly institutionalized and compatible formal and informal "rules of the game". Meanwhile, Russian and European actors promote different structural patterns of interaction therefore promoting instability and hampering regime transformation. The dissertation provides with a comprehensive analysis of Russia's and Europe's structural features and their impact on agents' behaviour. Georgian and Ukrainian structural milieu of operation is also conducted. Finally, prospects for establishment of Russian and European structural milieu in post-soviet space are assessed and advantages/shortages of the existing measures are identified.

The problem of post-soviet political regimes' transformation is analysed in the present dissertation. Ukraine and Georgia are chosen as the case studies. Structural theoretical approach, developed in the dissertation allows the inclusion of material and ideational as well as internal and external factors into the analysis if regime transformation. It as argued that the main obstacle in the process is the intersecting influence of structural milieu promoted by different external actors. The argument is based on the presumption that Russian and European actors, which operate in different structural milieu, comprised of identity, institutions and material basis, create the phenomenon of intersecting structures. It is the main reason and obstacle for the establishment of consistent and stable "order" in post-soviet space. Ukraine and Georgia, being materially dependent both on Russia and Ukraine at the same time do not have stable collective identities and clearly institutionalized and compatible formal and informal "rules of the game". Meanwhile, Russian and European actors promote different structural patterns of interaction therefore promoting instability and hampering regime transformation. The dissertation provides with a comprehensive analysis of Russia's and Europe's structural features and their impact on agents' behaviour. Georgian and Ukrainian structural milieu of operation is also conducted. Finally, prospects for establishment of Russian and European structural milieu in post-soviet space are assessed and advantages/shortages of the existing measures are identified.