Suchergebnisse

The principal objectives of the INTRAW project (http://intraw.eu) are the mapping of best practices and boosting of cooperation opportunities related to raw materials between the EU and 5 technologically advanced non-EU countries (Australia, Canada, Japan, South Africa and the United States). Each of these five "Reference Countries" is subject to similar global challenges. This report presents the contextual analysis of the Republic of South Africa (RSA) in order to explain the country´s historical economic development during the 20th and 21st century in general, and in relation to development of primary raw materials in particular. Three reports focussing specifically on: raw materials research and innovation; education and outreach; and industry and trade in the Reference Countries will be the next outputs from the project to be published. These will underpin the development of a better understanding of the achievements made in these 5 countries in relation to raw materials research & innovation, educational and skills programmes, trade, exploration, exploitation, processing, recycling and substitution. ; The INTRAW project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement nº 642130. www.intraw.eu

В статье рассматривается тема правовых изменений в сфере земельных отношений, происходивших в горских обществах Карачая и Балкарии после начала реформ 1860-1870-х гг. Автор освещает проблему государственной легитимации частной собственности на землю, которая сложилась в рассматриваемых регионах еще до присоединения их к России. Исследуются вопросы развития арендных отношений, залога и других форм оборота земельных угодий, трансформации норм обычного права в направлении их адаптации к имперскому законодательству, возникновения новых форм общественного имущества. ; The article examines the theme of legal changes in the sphere of land relations that took place in the mountain communities of Karachay and Balkaria after the beginning of the reforms of the 1860-1870s. The author covers the problem of the state legitimization of the private ownership of land, which had formed in the regions under consideration before their joining Russia. The issues of the development of lease relations, bail and other forms of land turnover, the transformation of the norms of traditional law in the direction of their adaptation to the imperial legislation, the appearance of new forms of public property are studied.

Сегодня институт семьи находится в кризисной ситуации. В свою очередь, разрушение семейного института грозит национальной безопасности. По этой причине государственные органы разрабатывают и реализуют программы, которые призваны осуществлять финансовую поддержку молодым семьям с детьми. В данной статье описаны методы специалистов департамента общественных связей и работы со СМИ г. Москвы по повышению осведомленности молодых семей о государственных программах поддержки. От деятельности системы общественных связей напрямую зависит эффективность реализации программ. Своей деятельностью они помогают повысить показатели рождаемости в стране и, в целом, укрепить социальный институт семьи. ; Nowadays the institution of family undergoes certain crisis. In its turn devastation of family may threaten national security. Therefore, government bodies create and implement the programs providing financial support for young families with children. The paper outlines the measures taken by the specialists of the Moscow Department of Public and Media Relations in order to raise the awareness of young families about the programs of state support. The activities of the system of public relations have direct impact on the efficiency of the programs' implementation. Their activities lead to increase in birth rate in the country and strengthening of the institution of family.

The principal objectives of the INTRAW project (http://intraw.eu) are the mapping of best practices and boosting of cooperation opportunities related to raw materials between the EU and 5 technologically advanced non-EU countries (Australia, Canada, Japan, South Africa and the United States). Each of these five "Reference Countries" is subject to similar global challenges. This report presents the contextual analysis of Canada in order to explain the country´s historical economic development during the 20th and 21st century in general, and in relation to development of primary raw materials in particular. Three reports focussing specifically on: raw materials research and innovation; education and outreach; and industry and trade in the Reference Countries will be the next outputs from the project to be published. These will underpin the development of a better understanding of the achievements made in these 5 countries in relation to raw materials research & innovation, educational and skills programmes, trade, exploration, exploitation, processing, recycling and substitution. ; The INTRAW project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement nº 642130. www.intraw.eu

The principal objectives of the INTRAW project (http://intraw.eu) are the mapping of best practices and boosting of cooperation opportunities related to raw materials between the EU and 5 technologically advanced non-EU countries (Australia, Canada, Japan, South Africa and the United States). Each of these five "Reference Countries" is subject to similar global challenges. This report presents the contextual analysis of Japan in order to explain the country´s historical economic development during the 20th and 21st century in general, and in relation to development of primary raw materials in particular. Three reports focussing specifically on: raw materials research and innovation; education and outreach; and industry and trade in the Reference Countries will be the next outputs from the project to be published. These will underpin the development of a better understanding of the achievements made in these 5 countries in relation to raw materials research & innovation, educational and skills programmes, trade, exploration, exploitation, processing, recycling and substitution. ; The INTRAW project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement nº 642130. www.intraw.eu

Abstract
In coercive relations, threats of negative sanctions extract valued positive sanctions from coercees. Only when coercion is direct, however, are the negative sanctions controlled by the coercer who benefits from the threats. Not previously investigated, indirect coercion relies on threats and negative sanctions that are external to the exploitative relation. We suggest that indirect coercion is ubiquitous. From their inception states have used the threat of external enemies to justify rulers' increased powers and to provide a patina of legitimacy while, on a smaller scale, criminal organizations such as the mafia have long profited from offering protection. The purpose of this paper is to theoretically model and experimentally investigate indirect coercion and compare its effectiveness in extracting valued resources to that of direct coercion. Previous research has shown that all power structures, whether exchange, conflict or coercive, take two distinct forms, strong and weak. Therefore, experiments on strong and weak indirect coercion are run and are compared to new and previous experiments on strong and weak direct coercion. Theoretically grounded predictions are derived and tested for those structures.

The article analyzes the film Commissar (1967) by screenwriter and director Aleksandr Askol'dov. This is a unique film on a Jewish theme for the Soviet screen, which discusses Russian-Jewish relations during the civil war. Although it shows these relations in a completely benevolent light, and a Jewish family helps a pregnant Russian Commissar Klavdiia Vavilova, the movie was banned for over twenty years. Askol'dov demonstrated his personal courage in producing a Jewish themed movie in the hostile atmosphere of state antisemitism in the Soviet Union. However, we should admit that his knowledge about Jews and Jewish life was rather limited. As a devout Orthodox Christian, Askol'dov used many Christian symbols in showing Jewish life, and he depicted the Jewish characters in the movie using stereotypes from Russian literature and culture. The movie acquired a second life during Perestroika, when films that had been shelved for many years were released for the public. In spite of its limited comprehension of Jewish life, the film received recognition due to its humanistic message, the strong performances of the popular Soviet actors, and the artistic camerawork.

AbstractThe global economic and financial crisis is a challenge for all governments, but particularly for federal states because divided and/or shared territorial powers make federations susceptible to coordination problems in fiscal policy making. This article explores the effects of the ongoing crisis on federal relations. Three kinds of problems that may become the cause of federal tensions and conflicts are evoked: opportunism of subgovernments, centralisation and erosion of solidarity among members of the federation. Our analysis of fiscal policies and federal conflicts of 11 federations between 2007 and the present reveals three kinds of coordination problems: shirking in the use of federal government grants, rent‐seeking in equalisation payments, and over‐borrowing and over‐spending. Our results show that shirking remained limited to few cases and occurred only in the first part of the crisis. However, rent‐seeking and over‐borrowing and over‐spending led to a reduction of solidarity among subgovernments and to increased regulation of the fiscal discretion of the members of the federation. Subsequently, tensions in federal relations increased – although only in one case did this challenged the federal order.

Cet article examine l'existence d'un paradoxe de facilitation/contrôle dans le cadre des efforts gouvernementaux de contrôler la migration des époux. La littérature sur le jugement discrétionnaire et les fonctionnaires de proximité est utilisée pour analyser comment les agents canadiens des visas décident quelles relations de couples sont "vraies" ou "fausses". Cet article démontre que les agents des visas utilisent plusieurs cadres de référence pour construire des modèles types de ce que sont les relations "normales" entre époux. Ces modèles types permettent aux agents des visas de construire des cas comme crédibles ou non crédibles, et ce processus établit les bases des décisions concernant l'exclusionetl'inclusion d'immigrants.This paper questions whether there is a facilitation/enforcement paradox associated with state efforts to control spousal migration. The literature on discretion and street‐level bureaucrats is used to analyze how Canadian visa officers make decisions about which spousal relationships are "real" and which are "fake." The paper shows that visa officers use various cultural frameworks to construct typifications of "normal" relationships. These typifications allow visa officers to construct cases as credible or not credible, and constitute simultaneous bases for decisions about immigrant exclusionandinclusion.

Die demografischen Entwicklungen der Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union (EU) unterscheiden sich erheblich voneinander. Auf der Grundlage von UN-Bevölkerungsprognosen untersuchen wir, welche national differenzierten Renteneintrittsaltersgrenzen in einigen ausgewählten EU-Ländern in Zukunft zu vergleichbaren Relationen von Rentenempfänger/innen zu Beitragszahler/innen führen würden. Es ergibt sich z.B., dass Franzosen in den kommenden Jahrzehnten rund vier Jahre früher in Ruhestand gehen könnten als Deutsche. Daher gibt es keinen ersichtlichen ökonomischen Grund für eine Angleichung der Renteneintrittsaltersgrenzen z.B. an die derzeit in Deutschland geltende Regelung, wie es teilweise gefordert wird. Auch die EU-Kommission, die bei ihren Empfehlungen zur Reform der Rentensysteme für mehr Nachhaltigkeit in erster Linie auf die Lebenserwartung abstellt, setzt damit auf einen unzureichenden Indikator. ; There is a significant variation in demographic development between different European Union (EU) member states. Using the UN's Population Prospects, we examine how different retirement ages in selected EU countries would lead to comparable relations between the working-age population and pensioners in the future. In the coming decades it seems that the French would be able to take retirement roughly four years earlier than Germans. There is, therefore, no apparent economic justification for the suggested alignment of retirement ages in accordance with the current German regulation, as is sometimes suggested. Even the EU Commission has prioritised life expectancy in its recommendations for greater sustainability in the pension system, despite the fact that it is an inadequate indicator.

После февральских событий внешняя политика страны стала предметом серьезных раз-ногласий в российском обществе. Отсутствие согласованных внешнеполитических приоритетов, внятных целей и задач в области международных отношений приводило к снижению результативности российской дипломатии, служило источником политической напряженности внутри страны. Автор статьи подробно анализирует внешнеполитические аспекты деятельности Временного комитета Государственной думы, отношение ведущих политических сил к вопросам войны и мира, а также исследует роль парламентариев в противостоянии Временного правительства и Петроградского Совета в марте-апреле 1917 года. ; After February revolution the foreign policy of the country became a subject of serious disa-greements in the Russian society. Lack of the coordinated foreign policy priorities, the distinct purposes and tasks in the field of the international relations led to decrease in productivity of the Russian diplomacy, was a source of a political tension within the country. The author of article in detail analyzes foreign policy aspects of activity of Provisional committee of the State Duma, the relation of leading political forces to war and peace questions, and also inves-tigates a role of parliamentarians in opposition of Provisional government and Petrograd So-viet in March-April 1917.

В данной статье предпринимается попытка проанализировать актуальные процессы, имеющие место в международных экономических и политических отношениях, в их взаимосвязи. Приводятся аргументы, подтверждающие, что зачастую экономические интересы субъектов международных отношений прикрываются мотивами политического характера, такими как, например, борьба за права человека и «помощь в построении демократии», способствование включению страны в политические и экономические альянсы, что «априори» принесет благополучие в государство. Авторы стремятся проанализировать механизм влияния экономической экспансии на мировую политику как сферу международных политических конфликтов.The authors attempt to analyze the actual processes that take place in international economic and political relations and the relationship between them. The authors claim that the economic interests are often the subjects of the international relations, which are hidden behind the political motives, such as, for example, the struggle for human rights, helping in creation the democracy, promoting the inclusion of the country into the political and economic alliances that «a priori» would bring prosperity to state. The authors try to analyze the effect of the economic expansion into the world politics as the sphere of international political conflicts.

В статті здійснюється аналіз державного регулювання франчайзингових відносин, розглядаються невідповідності між правовим регулюванням франчайзингу та фактичною стадією розвитку комерційних відносин, проблеми реєстраціЇ договорів франчайзингу у Цивільному та Торговельному Кодексі України, законодавстві щодо захисту прав інтелектуальної власності, економічної конкуренції та прав споживачів та інших нормативних документах та пропоновані заходи щодо їх вирішення. ; The article analyzes the state regulation of franchise relations, is considered discrepancy between the legal regulation of franchising and the actual stage of commercial relations, problems of registration of franchising agreements in Civil and Commercial Code of Ukraine, Legislation on the protection of intellectual property rights, economic competition and consumer rights and other legal documents and other regulations. Are proposed measures to solve these issues (problems) that aquire special importance (weight) in a new round of global economic crisis in 2014, which encourages the development of franchise systems and their active involvement and increase of funding in the public sector of the economy as the main tools to attract foreign investment in the development of the national economy, which includes a variety of market segments.

Печатные СМИ в постсоветской России претерпели существенные трансформации качественного и количественного характера. Ведущими факторами изменений состояния информационного поля печатных СМИ выступили изменения политической системы и экономических отношений в обществе. Изменилась конъюнктура, были провозглашены рыночные отношения и гласность. Расширился политический спектр, возникло большое количество социальных групп, имеющих разнонаправленные интересы. Всё это послужило началом для нового этапа в развитии частных СМИ. Итак, на трансформацию СМИ в России повлиял ряд факторов: экономический, политический, социальный и технологический. ; Print media in post-Soviet Russia has undergone a significant transformation of the qualitative and quantitative nature. The leading factors that caused changes in the state of the information field of print media were changes in the political system and economic relations in society. Changed market conditions, market relations and publicity were proclaimed. Political spectrum expanded; a lot of social groups with different interests came into being. All of this was the beginning of a new stage in the development of the private media. Thus, the transformation of the media in Russia was affected by a number of factors: economic, political, social and technological.