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"An untold story that reshapes our understanding of Chinese and Tibetan history. From 1956 to 1962, devastating military conflicts took place in China's southwestern and northwestern regions. Official record at the time scarcely made mention of the campaign, and in the years since only lukewarm acknowledgment of the violence has surfaced. When the Iron Bird Flies, by Jianglin Li, breaks this decades-long silence to reveal for the first time a comprehensive and explosive picture of the six years that would prove definitive in modern Tibetan and Chinese history. The CCP referred to the campaign as "suppressing the Tibetan rebellion." It would lead to the 14th Dalai Lama's exile in India, as well as the Tibetan diaspora in 1959, though the battles lasted three additional years after these events. Featuring key figures in modern Chinese history, the battles waged in this period covered a vast geographical region. This book offers a portrait of chaos, deception, heroism, and massive loss. Beyond the significant death toll across the Tibetan regions, the war also destroyed most Tibetan monasteries in a concerted effort to eradicate local religion and scholarship. Despite being considered a military success, to this day, the operations in the agricultural regions remain unknown. As large numbers of Tibetans have self-immolated in recent years to protest Chinese occupation, Li shows that the largest number of cases occurred in the sites most heavily affected by this hidden war. She argues persuasively that the events described in this book will shed more light on our current moment, and will help us understand the unrelenting struggle of the Tibetan people for their freedom"--

In 1928, Utah Construction Company completed its first project outside of the United States with the 110 mile railroad for Southern Pacific of Mexico. Over the next 30 years, UCC continued to work on projects in Mexico including dams, roads, mining, and canals. The collection contains several booklets and correspondence along with approximately 500 photographs. ; 8.5 x 11 in. paper ; REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE UTILIZATION OF IRON OXIDE ORES, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF OCHRES (Translation from ""Diario Oficial"" of September l8th., 1952) MIGUEL ALEMAN, Constitutional President of the Mexican United States, to its inhabitants, KNOW YE; That, exercising the powers granted to the Executive of the Union by Section I of Article 89 of the Political Constitution of the Mexican United States, and pursuant, furthermore, to Articles 126 and 129 of the Mining Law, I have seen fit to issue the following REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE UTILIZATION OF IRON OXIDE ORES, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF _OCHRES_ Article 1. The special concessions covering mining reserves and relating to substances embraced by these Regulations shall be granted taking into account the technical ability and financial resources of the applicant, as well as the purpose for which the ore is to be used. Article 2. The ore shall be destined mainly for consumption in the iron and steel plants of the concessionnaire, located in the country. Article 3. The concessionnaires shall be under the obligation of supplying the needs for the ore of other consumers in the country whenever the latter so request them and lack sources of supply of their own, at market prices and whenever such concessionnaires have a surplus after meeting their own needs over a minimum 20-year period, in the opinion of the Ministry. Article 4. No concessions applied for to supply plants which have already their sources of supply shall be granted, whenever such plants can meet their needs directly or indirectly over a reasonable period of time, it being considered that, in such cases, the granting of the concessions would not benefit the general interests of the country. Article 5. The concessions shall embrace two periods: the first, consisting of two years' exploration work and the second period, which shall embrace the remainder of the term set in the concession, to explit the claim, in the event that a commercially utilizable deposit should have been found. The following requisites shall be specified in the concessions in connection with the aforesaid periods: I. The concessionnaire shall be under the obligation of making an original investment for exploration purposes. This investment shall amount to a minimum of $5,000.00 (pesos) per hectare. This obligation must be guaranteed by a deposit in cash in Nacional Financiera or by a bond executed by an authorized company. The deposit or bond shall amount to 20% of such investments. II. Within sixty days following the date the concession is granted, the concessionnaire shall be under the obligation of presenting to the Ministry of Economy, for its approval, a project of the exploration works, which may be drilling, cuts, shafts, tunnels, etc., in addition to geological and topographic studies. III. In the event that the superficial area granted is 20 hectares, the minimum investment for mining operations shall never be less than $750,000.00 (pesos), which investment must be increased by $10,000.00 (pesos) minimum for each 10 hectares or fraction in addition to the original 20 hectares. All works connected with this investment must be carried on within a maximum period of two years, reconed from the date the exploitation period commences. IV. If the concessionnaire has no smelter, he must build a plant which can treat a yearly minimum of 30,000 tons of ore. This plant must be built within four years from the date the exploitation period starts. V. Apart from the minimum output established for royalty purposes in the second paragraph of Article 8, the concessionnaire shall be under the obligation of producing a yearly minimum volume of ore, which output shall be fixed after hearing the views of the Mining Development Commission and taking into account the size of the deposit, the capacity of the plant or the concessionnaire's contracts with other consumera. Article 6. The concession shall be considered as terminated if the concessionnaire has not discovered a commercially exploitable deposit at the end of the two year exploration period. Article 7. The concessionnaires, after obtaining authorization from the Ministry, may export yearly a quantity equal to the treatment capacity during one year of the existing or proposed smelter, and provided the net value of the exportations is used for building a steel plant or the enlargement of an existing one. Article 6. The concessionnaires shall be under the obligation of paying a royalty to the Mining Development Commission. This royalty shall amount to a minimum of 3% for exploitations where the ore is intended for steel plants in the country and 6%, as a minimum, when the ore is to be exported. The royalty shall be determined an the value of the ore output. A minimum output shall be specified for payment of the royalty, based on the importance of the deposit. The concessionnaire must pay the royalty on this volume, whether the output reaches this minimum or not. Article 9. The royalty may be paid in cash or in ore, at the choice of the Mining Development Commission. If collected in money, the form of estimating the production shall be specified, which may be a half-yearly average of the sale price of iron ore in the country, or, lacking such a price, the public quotation in the United States. If paid in ore, the delivery point and other supplementary data shall be specified. 2 Article 10. It shall pertain to the Mining Development Commission to supervise the output for the payment of the royalty, at the expense of the concessionnaire. Article 11. As regards technical ability, the applicant for the concession must prove that he is a miner or the owner of a mining concern and with sufficient experience or has technical personnel which is adequate for the mining works, in the opinion of the Ministry of Economy. As regards financial resources, proof must be furnished that he has the necessary capital. The plans for the works and installations and for the exploitation and treatment systems must be drawn up by a Mining Engineer holding a degree and registered as a mining expert at the Ministry of Economy. Article 12. The life of the concessions shall be a maximum of thirty yrers, renewable for additional twenty year periods, provided the concessionnaire is in a position to continue complying with his obligations and that the renewal would not be detrimental to public interests, in the opinion of the Ministry of Economy. The renewal shall only be granted covering a sufficient area to enable the concessionnaire to have the necessary ore for his own consumption needs over a twenty-year period. Article 13. The minimum area which can be granted to a single individual or company shall be 20 ""pertenencias"" (#), and the maximum area, covered by one or all the concessions granted, and located throughout the Republic of Mexico, shall be 500 ""pertenencias"" (#). Article 14. The concessions referred to in these Regulations shall only be granted to Mexicans and to Mexican companies. The provisions of the preceding paragraph and of Article 4 shall be applicable to transfers of concessions. Article 15. Failure to comply with any of the obligations which concessionnaires undertake according to the requisites specified in Articles 4 and 8 and Sections I, II, III, IV and V of Article 5 of these regulations shall furnish grounds for the respective concessions to be declared forfeit. The causes provided for in Section II of Article 22 of the Regulations governing National Mining Reserves shall also be causes for forfeiture of the concession. Article 16. The Mining Development Commission must abide by the rules contained in these Regulations, insofar as concerns fundamental requisites, in all contracts which it makes for the deposits of this type which form part of its assets. Article 17. The provisions of the Regulations governing National Mining Reserves now in force shall govern in everything not provided for in these Regulations. (#) 1 ""pertenencia"" is equal to 1 hectare. 3 TRANSITORY ARTICLES First. The bases dated September 29, 1941 for the utilization of iron oxide deposits shall be repealed from the date these Regulations go into force. Second. These Regulations shall go into force on the date of their publication in the ""Diario Oficial"" of the Federation. Issued at the seat of the Federal Executive Power, in the City of Mexico, Federal District, on September 15, 1952. (Sigd) MIGUEL ALEMAN ANTONIO MARTINEZ BAEZ, Minister of Economy

SummaryThis paper focuses upon the social factors regulating sexual behaviour and fertility in the later years of the female reproductive period. Information from India, Africa and Europe is presented on traditional beliefs and constraints concerning the cessation of procreation and the modification of sexual relations in middle age. Data showing the diversity of attitudes and practices in India, Bangladesh, Nigeria, the USA and Australia are discussed. Findings are that, in all the areas examined, coital frequency declines with advancing age although the timing and extent of the decline varies. However, the extent to which procreation is expected to cease prior to the onset of biological infecundity varies markedly even between neighbouring cultures at the same level of development. In Western cultures, for personal reasons, wives expect that childbearing should cease well before the onset of infecundity and can state an exact age at which this should occur. In those African and Asian cultures where there is a social limit to continued reproduction, this is most commonly defined in terms of a life-cycle stage attained by the family as a whole; chronological age is rarely of any importance.

This edited volume offers a systematic exploration of the relations between Western and Eastern scientists during the Cold War from the Eastern European perspective using the example of economic history. Introducing famous as well as almost forgotten scholars who attempted to eliminate the Iron Curtain and strove to break through the obstacles against the transfer of scientific ideas, the book challenges the narrative of the non-cooperative nature of scientific work during the Cold War due to socialist scientists incapability and disinclination to engage openly in international discussions. The book contributes to a deeper collective understanding of the multiple contemporary ideological and political circumstances that influenced scientific work and individual scientists' careers and explores the options scientists in socialist countries had - and utilized - to develop their research in collaboration with their Western colleagues. Antonie Doležalová is Associate Professor in Economic History at the Faculty of Social Sciences at Charles University in Prague and Senior Member at Robinson College in Cambridge. Dolealov focuses on economic history, its historiography, and the history of economic thought in Central Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. Catherine Albrecht is Professor of History Emerita at Ohio Northern University in Ada, Ohio. She is an expert in the history of economic thought in East Central Europe, having published numerous articles on the intersection of economic development and nationalist competition in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Looking at congress from the inside out / Colton C. Campbell, David A. Dulio and Paul S. Herrnson -- Campaigning for congress / Kelly D. Patterson and J. Toscano -- Women in congress and changing power dynamics / Kelly Dittmar -- Changing the face of workforce diversity on Capitol Hill / Menna Demessie -- Serving the District / David E. Price -- The power of the house majority / Don DeArmon and Patricia Woods -- The challenges to senate party leadership / Roy E. Brownell II -- The genesis of a bill / Greg McCarthy -- The politics and pitfalls of the congressional budget process / Laura Blessing -- Tthe battle over health care / Alex Garlick -- Impeachment and the constitutional remedy of last resort / Alan I. Baron -- Reflections on representation, policymaking, partisanship and other challenges facing congress / Dan Lipinski -- Conclusion : lessons from under the iron dome / Paul S. Herrnson, David A. Dulio and Colton C. Campbell.

Economic, social, and technological forces are pushing the old and the young into business, earlier and later than in the past. Whatever their reasons - doors opened by new technology, the self-reliance of owning a robust business - students of the Everyday Entrepreneur gather once more to learn how to succeed at any age

In 2013 structural assessments associated with ongoing renovations of the Red House, Trinidad and Tobago's Parliament building, revealed human remains buried beneath the foundation. Excavations and radiocarbon dating indicate the remains are pre-Columbian with 14C dates ranging between approximately AD 125 and AD 1395. Due to the small overall sample size and the inability to attribute all individuals to a specific Amerindian period, the skeletal sample was considered as an aggregate. A bioarchaeological assessment of excavated graves and associated human skeletal material was conducted to determine the demographic profile and the pathological conditions exhibited by the collective skeletal 'population.' Osteological analyses included determining the minimum number of individuals (MNI), assessing the biological profile (e.g. sex, age, ancestry and stature), evaluating pathological conditions, antemortem and perimortem trauma and describing the overall taphonomic modifications. In addition, dental wear patterns, artificial cranial modifications and musculoskeletal stress markers were noted. Finally, the mortuary treatment and context was compared to the limited information published on contemporary skeletal samples from islands in the Lesser Antilles and nearby coastal regions of South America. The sample consisted of an MNI of 60 individuals including 47 adults and 13 juveniles. The skeletal completeness of these individuals ranged from a single skeletal element to more than 90% complete. Sex assessment was possible for 23 individuals with 11 females (23%) and 17 males (35%). Multiple antemortem conditions indicate a total of 35 individuals (58%) who exhibited one or more pathological condition including dental pathology (e.g. LEHs, carious lesions, antemortem tooth loss, dental wear, abscesses and a possible apical cyst), healed antemortem trauma, non-specific generalized infections, osteoarthritis, spinal osteophystosis and Schmorl's nodes. Additional antemortem conditions include examples of artificial cranial modification in both sexes, and activity related humeral bilateral asymmetry. While not a representative population, the reconstruction of health, lifestyle and disease for these ancient peoples makes a significant contribution to the limited osteological research published on the Caribbean's pre-contact period. ; 2016-05-01 ; M.A. ; Sciences, Anthropology ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

AbstractThe conceptual literature is scant on the experiences of older single African American adults. We aim to contribute to the scholarship on singlehood within specific populations (e.g., African American) and in particular life phases (e.g., late adulthood). We begin with a presentation of life course theory. We then review literature that underscores the importance of age, resources (i.e., individual, family, social, financial), and stressful events in predicting levels of independence and self‐fulfillment as well as loneliness, regret, and dissatisfaction. We focus on the experiences of older single African American adults. Following this discussion, we propose a new conceptual framework of singlehood in late life. We then summarize key points, offer recommendations, and propose future directions.