Suchergebnisse

Describing cultural heritage objects from the perspective of Linked Open Data (LOD) is not a trivial task. The process often requires not only choosing pertinent ontologies, but also developing new models that preserve the most information and express the semantic power of cultural heritage data. Indeed, data managed in archives, libraries and museums are complex objects themselves, which require a deep reflection on even non-conventional conceptual models. Starting from these considerations, this paper describes a research project: to expose the vastness of one of the most important collections of European cultural heritage, the Zeri Photo Archive, as Linked Open Data. We describe here the steps we undertook to this end: firstly, we developed two ad hoc ontologies for describing all the issues not completely covered by existent models (the F Entry and the OA Entry Ontology); then we mapped into RDF the descriptive elements used in the current Zeri Photo Archive catalog, converting into CIDOC-CRM and into the two new aforementioned models the source data based on the Italian content standards Scheda F (Photography Entry, in English) and Scheda OA (Work of Art Entry, in English); and finally, we created an RDF dataset of the output of the mapping that could show a result capable of demonstrating the complexity of our scenario. ; Comment: 25 pages, 4 figures, journal article

"In Deutschland erzielen Mädchen inzwischen durchschnittlich bessere Schulabschlüsse und weisen zumindest bis in die Hochschule etwas erfolgreichere Bildungsverläufe auf als Jungen. Allerdings scheinen Mädchen und junge Frauen ihre erworbenen Qualifikationen und Kompetenzen beim Übergang in den Arbeitsmarkt nicht so gut nutzen zu können. Ihr Berufswahlspektrum ist deutlich enger und sie wählen eher Berufe mit schlechteren Karrierechancen und geringerer Bezahlung als Jungen. Hier setzen Berufseinstiegsmentorings an, die allerdings meistens beim Übergang von der Hochschule in den Beruf und selten beim Übergang in eine berufliche Ausbildung unterstützen. Genau das ist aber die Zielsetzung des Zweigs 'Ausbildung' im 'Ada-Lovelace- Projekt', in dem es darum geht, Mädchen insbesondere zur Wahl eines Berufs im naturwissenschaftlich-technischen und IT-Bereich zu ermutigen. Besonderheiten, Chancen und Grenzen eines solchen Mentoring-Angebots sollen anhand dieses Beispiels dargestellt und über Ergebnisse zweier durchgeführter Evaluationsstudien soll berichtet werden." (Autorenreferat)

"Am 14. Januar 2005 nahm der renommierte US-amerikanische Ökonom Lawrence H. Summers in seiner Funktion als Präsident der 'Harvard University' an einer Konferenz teil, welche die geringe Präsenz von Frauen in den Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften an hochkarätigen Forschungseinrichtungen zum Thema hatte. In seinen einleitenden Bemerkungen entwickelte er drei breit angelegte Hypothesen, die die Ursachen der Unterrepräsentation von Frauen auf je unterschiedliche Weise begründeten. In einer dieser Hypothesen rekurrierte er auf angeborene Begabungsunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern, die am oberen Ende der Verteilung im Zusammenwirken mit anderen Faktoren dazu beitragen, dass selbst kleine Unterschiede zu einem großen Ungleichgewicht führen, was den Pool potentieller Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen betrifft. Diese Bemerkung zog ein ungeahntes und sehr kontroverses Echo nach sich. In ihrem Beitrag möchte die Verfasserin zunächst beschreiben, in welcher Weise in drei ausgewählten Disziplinen Begabungsunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern thematisiert werden. Dabei handelt es sich um die Intelligenzforschung, die Erziehungswissenschaften und die Soziologie. Unter den vielen Befunden über Geschlechterdifferenzen wird, wenn immer möglich, auf den Bereich der Mathematik fokussiert, weil hier die Forschungslage am besten ist. Schwerpunktmäßig geht es dann einerseits darum zu erhellen welche Mechanismen vor dem Hintergrund verschiedener disziplinärer Traditionen für geschlechtsspezifische mathematische Begabungsunterschiede und deren Folgen verantwortlich gemacht werden. Andererseits wird die Frage aufgegriffen, welche Konsequenzen daraus für die Soziologie abzuleiten sind, damit die soziologische Einsicht der gesellschaftlichen Vermittlung auch askriptiver Merkmale, wie der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit, nicht in Vergessenheit gerät. Zum Abschluss werden programmatisch einige Herausforderungen künftiger soziologischer Forschung benannt, die sich am Beispiel der Auseinandersetzung mit geschlechtsspezifischen Begabungsunterschieden zeigen lassen." (Autorenreferat)

David J. Caswell (" Analysis of National Strategies to Counter a Country's Nuclear Weapons Program ") is an officer in the U.S. Air Force and a research affiliate with the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University. David has served in various positions ranging from operational simulation development to operations analysis for national intelligence. He currently serves as an operations analyst in support of regional air and space employment in the Pacific. David received his Ph.D. in management science and engineering at Stanford University. His current research continues to apply computer science and operations research methods for gaining insights for nuclear policy and other international security issues. Address: http://www.stanford.edu/group/ERRG/davidc1.htm ; e-mail: david.caswell33@gmail.com . Kjell Hausken (" Governments' and Terrorists' Defense and Attack in a T-Period Game ") has since 1999 been a professor of economics and societal safety at the University of Stavanger, Norway. His research fields are strategic interaction, risk analysis, reliability, conflict, and terrorism. He holds a Ph.D. (thesis: "Dynamic Multilevel Game Theory") from the University of Chicago (1990–1994), and was a postdoc at the Max Planck Institute for the Studies of Societies (Cologne) from 1995 to 1998 and a visiting scholar at Yale School of Management from 1989 to 1990. He holds a doctorate program degree in administration from the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, and an M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Norwegian Institute of Technology. He completed military service at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, has published 110 articles, and is on the editorial board for Theory and Decision and Defence and Peace Economics. Address: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway; e-mail: kjell.hausken@uis.no . Ronald A. Howard (" Analysis of National Strategies to Counter a Country's Nuclear Weapons Program ") is a professor of management science and engineering in the School of Engineering at Stanford University. Professor Howard directs teaching and research in the Decision Analysis Program of the department, and is the director of the Decisions and Ethics Center, which examines the efficacy and ethics of social arrangements. He defined the profession of decision analysis in 1964 and has supervised more than 80 doctoral theses in decision analysis and related areas. His experience includes dozens of decision analysis projects that range over virtually all fields of application, from investment planning to research strategy, and from hurricane seeding to nuclear waste isolation. He has been a consultant to several companies and was a founding director and chairman of Strategic Decisions Group. He is president of the Decision Education Foundation, which he and colleagues founded to teach decision skills to young people. He has written four books, dozens of technical papers, and provided editorial service to seven technical journals. His society affiliations have included the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Fellow); The Institute of Management Sciences, which he served as president, and the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) (Fellow). Continuing research interests are improving the quality of decisions, life-and-death decision making, and the creation of a coercion-free society. In 1986 he received the Frank P. Ramsey Medal "for Distinguished Contributions in Decision Analysis" from the Decision Analysis Special Interest Group of the Operations Research Society of America (the predecessor to the Decision Analysis Society of INFORMS). In 1998 he received from INFORMS the first award for the Teaching of Operations Research/Management Science Practice. In 1999 he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. Address: Management Science and Engineering, Huang Engineering Center, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4121; e-mail: rhoward@stanford.edu . Joseph B. ("Jay") Kadane (" Partial-Kelly Strategies and Expected Utility: Small Edge Asymptotics ") is Leonard J. Savage University Professor of Statistics and Social Sciences, Emeritus, at Carnegie Mellon University. He received a B.S. in mathematics from Harvard and a Ph.D. in statistics from Stanford. He was recently elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His theoretical interests center on subjective Bayesian theory. His current applied interests include Internet security, medicine, law, physics, marketing, and air pollution. He serves as an expert witness in legal cases. His most recent book is Principles of Uncertainty, which is scheduled to be released in May 2011 by Chapman and Hall and will be available free on the Web for any noncommercial purpose. Address: Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; e-mail: kadane@stat.cmu.edu . Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos (" Psychological Heuristics for Making Inferences: Definition, Performance, and the Emerging Theory and Practice ") holds a Ph.D. in industrial engineering and operations research from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and is currently a senior research scientist at the Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition of the Max Planck Institute for Human Development. He has been a visiting assistant professor of operations research at the Naval Postgraduate School and of systems engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has made contributions to the theory of bounded rationality and its applications to decisions "in the wild" in fields such as engineering design and medicine. Address: Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany; e-mail: katsikop@mpib-berlin.mpg.de . L. Robin Keller (" Investment and Defense Strategies, Heuristics, and Games: From the Editor … ") is a professor of operations and decision technologies in the Merage School of Business at the University of California, Irvine. She received her Ph.D. and M.B.A. in management science and her B.A. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles. She has served as a program director for the Decision, Risk, and Management Science Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). Her research is on decision analysis and risk analysis for business and policy decisions and has been funded by NSF and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Her research interests cover multiple attribute decision making, riskiness, fairness, probability judgments, ambiguity of probabilities or outcomes, risk analysis (for terrorism, environmental, health, and safety risks), time preferences, problem structuring, cross-cultural decisions, and medical decision making. She is currently Editor-in-Chief of Decision Analysis, published by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). She is a Fellow of INFORMS and has held numerous roles in INFORMS, including board member and chair of the INFORMS Decision Analysis Society. She is a recipient of the George F. Kimball Medal from INFORMS. She has served as the decision analyst on three National Academy of Sciences committees. Address: The Paul Merage School of Business, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3125; e-mail: lrkeller@uci.edu . Jeryl L. Mumpower (" Playing Squash Against Ralph Keeney: Should Weaker Players Always Prefer Shorter Games? ") is Director of the Master of Public Service and Administration Program at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University, where he holds the Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Chair in Business and Public Policy. Previously he was at the Nelson A. Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, State University of New York at Albany, where he was a professor of public administration, public policy, public health, and information science and served in a variety of University-level administrative positions. His previous experience includes six years as a program director and policy analyst at the National Science Foundation. Mumpower received his B.A. from the College of William and Mary and his Ph.D. in social and quantitative psychology from the University of Colorado, Boulder. He is author or editor of nine books and more than 50 book chapters and articles. His research has addressed basic and applied topics in negotiation and bargaining, environmental policy, individual and group decision-making processes, the use of scientific expertise in public policy making, and risk analysis and management. Address: Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, 1092 Allen Building, 4220 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4220; e-mail: jmumpower@bushschool.tamu.edu . M. Elisabeth Paté-Cornell (" Analysis of National Strategies to Counter a Country's Nuclear Weapons Program ") is the Burt and Deedee McMurtry Professor and Chair, Department of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford University. Her specialty is engineering risk analysis with application to complex systems (including space systems and medical systems). Her research has focused on explicit consideration of human and organizational factors in the analysis of failure risks and, recently, on the use of game theory in risk analysis. Applications in the last few years have included counterterrorism and nuclear counterproliferation problems. She is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and of several boards (Aerospace, Draper, InQtel, etc.). She was a member of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board until December 2008. She holds an engineer degree (Applied Math/CS) from the Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble (France), and an M.S. in Operations Research and a Ph.D. in Engineering-Economic Systems, both from Stanford University. Address: Management Science and Engineering, Huang Engineering Center, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4121; e-mail: mep@stanford.edu . Jun Zhuang (" Governments' and Terrorists' Defense and Attack in a T-Period Game ") is an assistant professor of industrial and systems engineering at the University at Buffalo, the State University of New York. He has been a faculty member at SUNY Buffalo since he obtained his Ph.D. in summer 2008 from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Dr. Zhuang's long-term research goal is to integrate operations research and game theory to better prepare for, mitigate, and manage both natural and man-made hazards. Other areas of interests include health care, transportation, logistics and supply chain management, and sustainability. Dr. Zhuang's research has been supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation, and by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security through the Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events. Address: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 403 Bell Hall, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260; e-mail: jzhuang@buffalo.edu .

Enrico Diecidue (" Dynamic Purchase Decisions Under Regret: Price and Availability ") is an associate professor of decision sciences at INSEAD (France) and holds a Ph.D. from the CentER (Center for Economic Research), Tilburg University, the Netherlands. Since 2001 he has been a resident faculty member at INSEAD, except for 2008-2009 when he was a visiting professor at Wharton and 2010-2011 when he was on sabbatical at the Erasmus School of Economics (the Netherlands). His main research interests are in individual decision making under uncertainty, health decisions, and experimental economics. He is interested in the role of regret, aspiration levels, and time in individual decisions. His current research is also addressing the role of groups in complex and ambiguous decisions. Enrico's research has appeared in leading journals in economics and management. He is an associate editor of Decision Analysis and on the editorial board of the Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. He teaches MBA, executive MBA, and executive participants on topics such as uncertainty, data and judgment; decision making under uncertainty, and management decision making. He has won teaching awards at INSEAD and Wharton. Address: INSEAD, Boulevard de Constance, 77305 Fontainebleau Cedex, France; email: enrico.diecidue@insead.edu . Seth Guikema (" Robust Adversarial Risk Analysis: A Level-k Approach ") is an assistant professor in the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering at Johns Hopkins University, a professor II (adjunct) in the Department of Industrial Economics, Risk Management, and Planning at the University of Stavanger (Norway), and a senior analyst with Innovative Decisions Inc. He received his Ph.D. in risk and decision analysis from Stanford University and a B.S., M.S., and M.E. in civil and environmental engineering. Address: Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, 205 Ames Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218; email: sguikema@jhu.edu . L. Robin Keller (" From the Editor: Decisions over Time (Exploding Offers or Purchase Regret), in Game Settings (Embedded Nash Bargaining or Adversarial Games), and in Influence Diagrams ") is a professor of operations and decision technologies in the Merage School of Business at the University of California, Irvine. She received her Ph.D. and M.B.A. in management science and her B.A. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles. She has served as a program director for the Decision, Risk, and Management Science Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). Her research is on decision analysis and risk analysis for business and policy decisions and has been funded by NSF and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Her research interests cover multiple attribute decision making, riskiness, fairness, probability judgments, ambiguity of probabilities or outcomes, risk analysis (for terrorism, environmental, health, and safety risks), time preferences, problem structuring, cross-cultural decisions, and medical decision making. She is currently Editor-in-Chief of Decision Analysis, published by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). She is a Fellow of INFORMS and has held numerous roles in INFORMS, including board member and chair of the INFORMS Decision Analysis Society. She is a recipient of the George F. Kimball Medal from INFORMS. She has served as the decision analyst on three National Academy of Sciences committees. Address: Merage School of Business, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3125; email: lrkeller@uci.edu . Yijing Li (" A Framework for Solving Hybrid Influence Diagrams Containing Deterministic Conditional Distributions ") is a doctoral student in decision sciences/supply chain management in the School of Business at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. Her research interests include inference in Bayesian networks and influence diagrams, and topics in supply chain management. She has taught courses such as introduction to supply chain management. She received her B.A. in economics and B.S. in mathematics from Wuhan University in China in 2005, and she completed her M.A. in economics from the University of Kansas in 2007. Address: School of Business, Summerfield Hall, University of Kansas, 1300 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045-7601; email: yjl@ku.edu . Steven A. Lippman (" Exploding Offers "; " Embedded Nash Bargaining: Risk Aversion and Impatience ") is Distinguished Professor and George Robbins Professor of Management at the Anderson School of Management at the University of California, Los Angeles. He received his B.A. in economics and statistics from the University of California, Berkeley and his Ph.D. in operations research from Stanford University. Professor Lippman has published more than 80 papers, some of which have appeared in Management Science, Operations Research, American Economic Review, the Bell Journal of Economics, and Econometrica. His research interests have included inventory theory, dynamic programming, queueing optimization, game theory, decision analysis, and microeconomics. He is best known for his work on the economics of search with John J. McCall as well as for his papers "On Dynamic Programming with Unbounded Rewards," "Uncertain Imitability: An Analysis of Interfirm Differences in Efficiency Under Competition" with Richard Rumelt, and "The Competitive Newsboy" with Kevin McCardle. He has taught negotiations analysis to M.B.A. students for the last 17 years. Address: Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles, 110 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1481; email: slippman@anderson.ucla.edu . John W. Mamer (" Exploding Offers ") is a professor at the Anderson School of Management at the University of California, Los Angeles. He received a B.S. degree in mathematics and a B.A. degree in economics from the University of California, Davis, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Haas School at the University of California, Berkeley. His research interests include decision making under uncertainty, applied probability, game theory, and optimization. His work has appeared in Management Science, Journal of Economic Theory, Mathematics of Operations Research, Naval Research Logistics, and INFORMS Journal on Computing. His teaching responsibilities include probability and statistics, which he has taught to M.B.A. students for the past 12 years. Address: Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles, 110 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1481; email: jmamer@anderson.ucla.edu . Kevin F. McCardle (" Embedded Nash Bargaining: Risk Aversion and Impatience ") is a professor of decisions, operations and technology management at the Anderson School of Management at the University of California, Los Angeles. His research interest is in mathematical models of decision making. He and Steven Lippman have had a long and productive collaboration: their first jointly authored paper was published in 1987. Professor McCardle served on the faculty at the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University from 1985 until 1999, when he joined the faculty at Anderson. His primary teaching responsibility has been to make the required course in probability and statistics palatable to M.B.A. students. For that effort he has won teaching awards at both Fuqua and Anderson. From 2007 to 2010 he was senior associate dean and director of the M.B.A. program at Anderson. He has been an associate editor at Operations Research, Management Science, and Decision Analysis, and he is currently area editor at Operations Research for decision analysis and on the editorial board of Decision Analysis. He serves as chair of the board of St. Joseph Center, a charitable social-service agency in west Los Angeles. Address: Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles, 110 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1481; email: kevin.mccardle@anderson.ucla.edu . Laura McLay (" Robust Adversarial Risk Analysis: A Level-k Approach ") is an assistant professor of statistical sciences and operations research at Virginia Commonwealth University. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Her research interests are in the field of operations research, with a particular focus on discrete optimization and algorithm design with application to homeland security and emergency response problems. Dr. McLay's research has been supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of the Army. She has authored or coauthored more than 30 publications in archival journals and refereed proceedings. Dr. McLay is the recipient of the Outstanding IIE Publication Award and has received one best paper award for coauthored proceedings papers to the IIE Annual Conference and Expo. She has been named a fellow in the NSF-sponsored program Enabling the Next Generation of Hazards and Disaster Researchers. Address: Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research, 4111 Harris Hall, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 Floyd Avenue, P.O. Box 843083, Richmond, VA 23284; email: lamclay@vcu.edu . Casey Rothschild (" Robust Adversarial Risk Analysis: A Level-k Approach ") is an economic theorist who studies applications of game theory, risk and insurance, and public economics. His research interests include the government's role in regulating private insurance markets, the optimal design of income tax systems, the evolution of cooperation and conflict, and terrorism risk. His articles have appeared in a variety of outlets, including the Journal of Public Economics, the Journal of Economic Theory, the Journal of Financial Economics, the Journal of Risk and Insurance, the Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, and the Journal of Theoretical Biology. He received his Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2006, and has since taught at Middlebury College, MIT, Columbia, and Wellesley College. Address: Department of Economics, PNE 414, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481; email: crothsch@wellesley.edu . Nils Rudi (" Dynamic Purchase Decisions Under Regret: Price and Availability ") is an associate professor of technology and operations management at INSEAD. His research is in operations management with overlap to information systems, marketing, psychology, and finance. He has been focusing on supply chain management and how one can use different strategies (e.g., variety postponement, real options, flexibility, financial hedging, and incentive structures) to better handle demand uncertainty. After high school, Nils worked for three years as a computer programmer of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems at Movex. He then formed Minard, specializing in decision support systems for forecasting and inventory management. Minard did an initial public offering and went public on the Oslo Stock Exchange (Norway) in 1996. Before joining INSEAD, Nils worked at the University of Rochester for six years. He holds a Ph.D. in operations management from the University of Pennsylvania. Address: INSEAD, 1 Ayer Rajah Avenue, 138676 Singapore; email: nils.rudi@insead.edu . Prakash P. Shenoy (" A Framework for Solving Hybrid Influence Diagrams Containing Deterministic Conditional Distributions ") is the Ronald G. Harper Distinguished Professor of Artificial Intelligence in the School of Business, University of Kansas at Lawrence. His research interests are in the areas of uncertain reasoning and decision analysis. He is the inventor of "valuation-based systems," an abstract framework for knowledge representation and inference that includes Bayesian probabilities, Dempster–Shafer belief functions, Spohn's kappa calculus, Zadeh's possibility theory, propositional logic, optimization using dynamic programming, Bayesian decision making, solving systems of equations, database retrieval, and other domains. He is also a coauthor (with Glenn Shafer) of the "Shenoy–Shafer architecture" for computing marginals of joint distributions using local computation. He received a B.Tech. in mechanical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India, in 1973, and an M.S. and a Ph.D. in operations research from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, in 1975 and 1977, respectively. Address: School of Business, Summerfield Hall, University of Kansas, 1300 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045-7601; email: pshenoy@ku.edu . Wenjie Tang (" Dynamic Purchase Decisions Under Regret: Price and Availability ") is assistant professor of quantitative methods at IE Business School and holds a Ph.D. from INSEAD. Her main research interests are individual decision making and supply chain management, both theoretically and experimentally. Professor Tang joined IE Business School in 2011, and has been teaching quantitative methods for the International M.B.A. program. Address: IE Business School, Calle de Maria de Molina, 13, 28002 Madrid, Spain; email: wenjie.tang@ie.edu .

Ali E. Abbas (" From the Editors: Probability Scoring Rules, Ambiguity, Multiattribute Terrorist Utility, and Sensitivity Analysis ") is an associate professor in the Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He received an M.S. in electrical engineering (1998), an M.S. in engineering economic systems and operations research (2001), a Ph.D. in management science and engineering (2003), and a Ph.D. (minor) in electrical engineering, all from Stanford University. He worked as a lecturer in the Department of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford and in Schlumberger Oilfield Services, where he held several international positions in wireline logging, operations management, and international training. He has also worked on several consulting projects for mergers and acquisitions in California, and cotaught several executive seminars on decision analysis at Strategic Decisions Group in Menlo Park, California. His research interests include utility theory, decision making with incomplete information and preferences, dynamic programming, and information theory. Dr. Abbas is a senior member of the IEEE and a member of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). He is also an associate editor for the Decision Analysis and Operations Research journals of INFORMS. Address: Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 117 Transportation Building, MC-238, 104 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801; e-mail: aliabbas@illinois.edu . J. Eric Bickel (" From the Editors: Probability Scoring Rules, Ambiguity, Multiattribute Terrorist Utility, and Sensitivity Analysis ") is an assistant professor in both the Graduate Program in Operations Research (Department of Mechanical Engineering) and the Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. In addition, Professor Bickel is a fellow in both the Center for International Energy and Environmental Policy and the Center for Petroleum Asset Risk Management. He holds an M.S. and Ph.D. from the Department of Engineering–Economic Systems at Stanford University and a B.S. in mechanical engineering with a minor in economics from New Mexico State University. His research interests include the theory and practice of decision analysis and its application in the energy and climate-change arenas. His research has addressed the modeling of probabilistic dependence, value of information, scoring rules, calibration, risk preference, education, decision making in sports, and climate engineering as a response to climate change. Prior to returning to academia, Eric was a senior engagement manager for Strategic Decisions Group. He has consulted around the world in a range of industries, including oil and gas, electricity generation/transmission/delivery, energy trading and marketing, commodity and specialty chemicals, life sciences, financial services, and metals and mining. Address: Graduate Program in Operations Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C2200, Austin, TX 78712-0292; e-mail: ebickel@mail.utexas.edu . Vicki M. Bier (" From the Editors: Probability Scoring Rules, Ambiguity, Multiattribute Terrorist Utility, and Sensitivity Analysis" and "Target-Hardening Decisions Based on Uncertain Multiattribute Terrorist Utility ") is a full professor in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she is currently department chair and also directs the Center for Human Performance and Risk Analysis. She is also the president of the Decision Analysis Society. Her research interests include applications of operations research, risk analysis, and decision analysis to problems of homeland security and critical infrastructure protection. Address: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Mechanical Engineering Building, Room 3270A, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706; e-mail: bier@engr.wisc.edu . David V. Budescu (" From the Editors: Probability Scoring Rules, Ambiguity, Multiattribute Terrorist Utility, and Sensitivity Analysis ") is the Anne Anastasi Professor of Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology at Fordham University. He held positions at the University of Illinois and the University of Haifa, and visiting positions at Carnegie Mellon University, University of Gotheborg, the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University, the Hebrew University, and the Israel Institute of Technology (Technion). His research is in the areas of human judgment, individual and group decision making under uncertainty and with incomplete and vague information, and statistics for the behavioral and social sciences. He is on the editorial boards of Applied Psychological Measurement; Decision Analysis; Journal of Behavioral Decision Making; Journal of Mathematical Psychology; Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition (2000–2003); Multivariate Behavioral Research; Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (1992–2002); and Psychological Methods (1996–2000). He is past president of the Society for Judgment and Decision Making (2000–2001), fellow of the Association for Psychological Science, and an elected member of the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychologists. Address: Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, NY 10458; e-mail: budescu@fordham.edu . John C. Butler (" From the Editors: Probability Scoring Rules, Ambiguity, Multiattribute Terrorist Utility, and Sensitivity Analysis ") is a clinical associate professor of finance and the academic director of the Energy Management and Innovation Center in the McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas at Austin, and he is the secretary/treasurer of the INFORMS Decision Analysis Society. Butler received his Ph.D. in management science and information systems from the University of Texas at Austin in 1998. His research interests involve the use of decision science models to support decision making, with a particular emphasis on decision and risk analysis models with multiple performance criteria. Butler has consulted with a number of organizations regarding the application of decision analysis tools to a variety of practical problems. Most of his consulting projects involve use of Visual Basic for Applications and Excel to implement complex decision science models in a user friendly format. Address: Energy Management and Innovation Center, McCombs School of Business, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1178; e-mail: john.butler2@mccombs.utexas.edu . Stephen P. Chambal (" A Practical Procedure for Customizable One-Way Sensitivity Analysis in Additive Value Models ") earned a Ph.D. from Arizona State University in industrial engineering and is vice president for the Perduco Group responsible for strategic business development for federal services. The Perduco Group provides high-end operations research and business intelligence support to the Department of Defense. Dr. Chambal recently retired from the U.S. Air Force after more than 24 years of honorable service. Most recently, he served as the director of Operational Analysis for the Air Force Institute of Technology. Dr. Chambal enlisted in the Air Force in 1986 and obtained his commission from the Air Force Academy in 1993. He held various assignments within the scientific analysis career field, including test, space, and special programs and has authored or coauthored numerous articles, white papers, and conference presentations. Address: 256 Earlsgate Road, Dayton, OH 45440; e-mail: stephen.chambal@theperducogroup.com . Philippe Delquié (" From the Editors: Probability Scoring Rules, Ambiguity, Multiattribute Terrorist Utility, and Sensitivity Analysis ") is an associate professor of decision sciences at the George Washington University and holds a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Professor Delquié's teaching and research are in decision, risk, and multicriteria analysis. His work addresses behavioral and normative issues in preference assessment, value of information, nonexpected utility models of choice under risk, and risk measures. Prior to joining the George Washington University, Delquié held academic appointments at INSEAD, École Normale Supérieure, France, and the University of Texas at Austin, and visiting appointments at Duke University's Fuqua School of Business. Address: Department of Decision Sciences, The George Washington University, Funger Hall, Suite 415, Washington, DC 20052; e-mail: delquie@gwu.edu . Alex J. Gutman (" A Practical Procedure for Customizable One-Way Sensitivity Analysis in Additive Value Models ") is a research associate for the Air Force Institute of Technology's (AFIT) Center for Operational Analysis. He holds an M.S. and B.S. in mathematics from Wright State University and is currently a Ph.D. student at AFIT. His research interests include decision analysis, algorithm design, and design of experiments. He is a member of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), the Military Operations Research Society (MORS), and the International Test and Evaluation Association (ITEA). Address: Department of Operational Sciences, Air Force Institute of Technology, Dayton, OH 45433; e-mail: agutman@afit.edu . David J. Johnstone (" Tailored Scoring Rules for Probabilities ") is the National Australia Bank Professor of Finance at the University of Sydney. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Sydney. His research is primarily in the statistical foundations of financial markets and financial decisions. His professional activities involve more conventional subjects in finance, particularly business valuation and capital budgeting. Address: Discipline of Finance H69, University of Sydney Business School, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia; e-mail: david.johnstone@sydney.edu.au . Victor Richmond R. Jose (" Tailored Scoring Rules for Probabilities ") is an assistant professor of Operations and Information Management in the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University. His main research interests lie in decision analysis and the use of Bayesian statistical methods in management science, operations research, and risk analysis. Address: Operations and Information Management Department, McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057; e-mail: vrj2@georgetown.edu . Yucel R. Kahraman (" A Practical Procedure for Customizable One-Way Sensitivity Analysis in Additive Value Models ") is a recent graduate of the Air Force Institute of Technology, where he received his M.Sc. in operations research. He graduated from ISIKLAR Military High School in Bursa in 1985 and entered the Turkish Air Force Academy in Istanbul. He graduated in 1993 with a bachelor's degree in aeronautical engineering. He completed pilot training at Laughlin AFB in Del Rio, Texas, and has flown fighter aircraft for the Turkish Air Force for 10 years. Address: Department of Operational Sciences, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2950 Hobson Way, WPAFB, Ohio 45433-7765; e-mail: yucelrkahraman@gmail.com . L. Robin Keller (" From the Editors: Probability Scoring Rules, Ambiguity, Multiattribute Terrorist Utility, and Sensitivity Analysis ") is a professor of operations and decision technologies in the Merage School of Business at the University of California, Irvine. She received her Ph.D. and M.B.A. in management science and her B.A. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles. She has served as a program director for the Decision, Risk, and Management Science Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). Her research is on decision analysis and risk analysis for business and policy decisions and has been funded by NSF and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Her research interests cover multiple attribute decision making, riskiness, fairness, probability judgments, ambiguity of probabilities or outcomes, risk analysis (for terrorism, environmental, health, and safety risks), time preferences, problem structuring, cross-cultural decisions, and medical decision making. She is currently Editor-in-Chief of Decision Analysis, published by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). She is a Fellow of INFORMS and has held numerous roles in INFORMS, including board member and chair of the INFORMS Decision Analysis Society. She is a recipient of the George F. Kimball Medal from INFORMS. She has served as the decision analyst on three National Academy of Sciences committees. Address: Merage School of Business, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3125; e-mail: lrkeller@uci.edu . Kenneth C. Lichtendahl Jr. (" From the Editors: Probability Scoring Rules, Ambiguity, Multiattribute Terrorist Utility, and Sensitivity Analysis ") is an assistant professor who teaches quantitative analysis courses in Darden's MBA program at the University of Virginia. His research focuses on eliciting, evaluating, and combining expert probability forecasts for use in dynamic decision situations. His current research projects include the performance of inference in Bayesian models of dynamic expert forecasts and the formulation optimal strategies in forecasting competitions. Lichtendahl joined the Darden faculty in 2006. Previously, he served as a visiting instructor in the economics department at Duke University. Currently, he also serves as a business consultant and director for the Tradewinds Beverage Company, which he cofounded in 1992. Address: Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, 100 Darden Boulevard, Charlottesville, VA 22903; e-mail: lichtendahlc@darden.virginia.edu . Jason R. W. Merrick (" From the Editors: Probability Scoring Rules, Ambiguity, Multiattribute Terrorist Utility, and Sensitivity Analysis ") is a professor in the Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research at Virginia Commonwealth University. He has a D.Sc. in operations research from George Washington University. He teaches courses in decision analysis, risk analysis, and simulation. His research is primarily in the area of decision analysis and Bayesian statistics. He has worked on projects ranging from assessing maritime oil transportation and ferry system safety, the environmental health of watersheds, and optimal replacement policies for rail tracks and machine tools. He has received grants from the National Science Foundation, the Federal Aviation Administration, the U.S. Coast Guard, the American Bureau of Shipping, British Petroleum, and Booz-Allen-Hamilton, among others. He has also performed training for Infineon Technologies, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, and Capital One Services. He is an associate editor for Decision Analysis and Operations Research. He is the information officer for the Decision Analysis Society. Address: Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284; e-mail: jrmerric@vcu.edu . Ahti Salo (" From the Editors: Probability Scoring Rules, Ambiguity, Multiattribute Terrorist Utility, and Sensitivity Analysis ") is a professor of systems analysis in the Department of Mathematics and Systems Analysis at Aalto University. His research interests include topics in portfolio decision analysis, multicriteria decision making, risk management, efficiency analysis, and technology foresight. He is currently president of the Finnish Operations Research Society (FORS) and represents Europe and the Middle East in the INFORMS International Activities Committee. Recently, he has been appointed Editor-in-Chief of the EURO Journal on Decision Processes, launched by the Association of European Operational Research Societies (EURO). Professor Salo has been responsible for the methodological design and implementation of numerous high-impact decision and policy processes, including FinnSight 2015, the national foresight exercise of the Academy of Finland and the National Funding Agency for Technology and Innovations (Tekes). Address: Systems Analysis Laboratory, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, 00076 Aalto, Finland; e-mail: ahti.salo@aalto.fi . Chen Wang (" Target-Hardening Decisions Based on Uncertain Multiattribute Terrorist Utility ") is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She holds a master's degree in industrial engineering also from the same department. Chen works as a research assistant in the Center for Human Performance and Risk Analysis, under the supervision of Professor Vicki M. Bier. Her research interests include application of operations research and decision analysis in security problems and critical infrastructure protection. Address: 3239 Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706; e-mail: cwang37@wisc.edu . Jeffery D. Weir (" A Practical Procedure for Customizable One-Way Sensitivity Analysis in Additive Value Models ") is an associate professor in the Department of Operational Sciences at the Air Force Institute of Technology. He has a Ph.D. in industrial and systems engineering from Georgia Tech. He teaches courses in decision analysis, risk analysis, and multiobjective optimization. His research interests are in the areas of decision analysis and transportation modeling. A former officer in the U.S. Air Force, he has worked on a wide variety of projects ranging from scheduling and routing aircraft, determining the value of future intelligence information, assessing the impact of FAA regulation changes to passenger and aircrew safety, and mode selection for multimodal multicommodity distribution networks. He has received grants from the Defense Intelligence Agency, U.S. Transportation Command, Air Force Material Command, the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization, Air Force Research Laboratory, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, among others. Address: Department of Operational Sciences, Air Force Institute of Technology, Dayton, OH 45433; e-mail: jweir@afit.edu . Robert L. Winkler (" Tailored Scoring Rules for Probabilities ") is James B. Duke Professor in the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University and also holds an appointment in the Department of Statistical Science at Duke. His primary research areas include decision analysis, Bayesian statistics, probability forecasting, competitive decision making, and risk analysis. Address: Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, 100 Fuqua Drive, Box 90120, Durham, NC 27708-0120; e-mail: rwinkler@duke.edu . George Wu (" From the Editors: Probability Scoring Rules, Ambiguity, Multiattribute Terrorist Utility, and Sensitivity Analysis ") has been on the faculty of the University of Chicago Booth School of Business since September 1997. His degrees include A.B. (applied mathematics, 1985), S.M. (applied mathematics, 1987), and Ph.D. (decision sciences, 1991), all from Harvard University. Prior to joining the faculty at the University of Chicago, Professor Wu was on the faculty at Harvard Business School. Wu worked as a decision analyst at Procter & Gamble prior to starting graduate school. His research interests include descriptive and prescriptive aspects of decision making, in particular, decision making involving risk, cognitive biases in bargaining and negotiation, and managerial and organizational decision making. Professor Wu is a coordinating editor for Theory and Decision, an advisory editor for Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, and an associate editor of Decision Analysis. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making and is a former department editor of Management Science. Address: Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, 5807 South Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, IL 60636; e-mail: wu@chicagobooth.edu . Alexander Zimper (" Do Bayesians Learn Their Way Out of Ambiguity? ") is a professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Pretoria and holds a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Mannheim. He started out as a specialist on iterative solution concepts for strategic games, but his current research interests concern topics in economic theory in the broadest sense. He does not believe that there is one big truth out there but rather that classical as well as bounded-rationality approaches provide us with structures that may improve—within their respective limits—our understanding of reality. His most recent work is on plausible refinements of Roy Radner's rational expectations equilibrium, existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium price function in a Lucas fruit-tree economy with ambiguous beliefs, overreaction and underreaction in asset markets, and optimal liquidity provision under demand deposit schemes. His work in decision theory mainly concerns dynamically inconsistent behavior arising from ambiguity attitudes and, in particular, Bayesian learning modeled within nonadditive probability spaces. Address: Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; e-mail: alexander.zimper@up.ac.za .

Using data for making decisions is not new; companies use complex computations on customer data for business intelligence or analytics. Business intelligence techniques can discern historical patterns and trends from data and can create models that predict future trends and patterns. Analytics, broadly defined, comprises applied techniques from computer science, mathematics, and statistics for extracting usable information from very large datasets. Data itself is not new. Data has always been generated and used to inform decision-making. However, most of this was structured and organised, through regular data collections, surveys, etc. What is new, with the invention and dominance of the Internet and the expansion of digital systems across all sectors, is the amount of unstructured data we are generating. This is what we call the digital footprint: the traces that individuals leave behind as they interact with their increasingly digital world. Data analytics is the process where data is collected and analysed in order to identify patterns, make predictions, and inform business decisions. Our capacity to perform increasingly sophisticated analytics is changing the way we make predictions and decisions, with huge potential to improve competitive intelligence. These examples suggest that the actions from data mining and analytics are always automatic, but that is less often the case. Educational Data Mining (EDM) and Learning Analytics (LA) have the potential to make visible data that have heretofore gone unseen, unnoticed, and therefore unactionable. To help further the fields and gain value from their practical applications, the recommendations are that educators and administrators: • Develop a culture of using data for making instructional decisions; • Involve IT departments in planning for data collection and use; • Be smart data consumers who ask critical questions about commercial offerings and create demand for the most useful features and uses; • Start with focused areas where data will help, show success, and then expand to new areas; • Communicate with students and parents about where data come from and how the data are used; • Help align state policies with technical requirements for online learning systems. This report documents the first steps conducted within the SPEET1 ERASMUS+ project. It describes the conceptualization of a practical tool for the application of EDM/LA techniques to currently available academic data. The document is also intended to contextualise the use of Big Data within the academic sector, with special emphasis on the role that student profiles and student clustering do have in support tutoring actions. The report describes the promise of educational data mining (seeking patterns in data across many student actions), learning analytics (applying predictive models that provide actionable information), and visual data analytics (interactive displays of analyzed data) and how they might serve the future of personalized learning and the development and continuous improvement of adaptive systems. How might they operate in an adaptive learning system? What inputs and outputs are to be expected? In the next sections, these questions are addressed by giving a system-level view of how data mining and analytics could improve teaching and learning by creating feedback loops. Finally, the proposal of the key elements that conform a software application that is intended to give support to this academic data analysis is presented. Three different key elements are presented: data, algorithms and application architecture. From one side we should have a minimum data available. The corresponding relational data base structure is presented. This basic data can always be complemented with other available data that may help to decide or/and to explain decisions. Classification algorithms are reviewed and is presented how they can be used for the generation of the student clustering problem. A convenient software architecture will act as an umbrella that connects the previous two parts. The document is intended to be useful for a first understanding of academic data analysis. What we can get and what we do need to do. This is the first of a series of reports that taken all together will provide a complete and consistent view towards the inclusion of data mining as a helping hand in the tutoring action. ; European Union ; Programme: Erasmus+ Project Reference: 2016-1-ES01-KA203-025452 ; info:eu-repo/semantics/draft

AbstrakSalah satu upaya pemerintah untuk mencapai keunggulan masyarakat dalam penguasaan ilmu dan teknologi adalah dengan menggunakan Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi (KBK).Pada sekolah yang menggunakan Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi, dalam penentuan kelulusan memperhatikan tiga aspek yaitu kognitif, psikomotor, dan afektif. Sedangkan untuk masing-masing aspek mempunyai Standar Ketuntasan Minimum (SKM).Terhadap siswa yang belum mencapai Standar Ketuntasan Minimum (SKM) tersebut perlu diberikan œbantuan agar mencapai tujuan pembelajaran atau indikator yang telah ditetapkan. Bantuan yang diberikan berupa pengajaran remedial, dimana pengajaran remedial ini menjadi ciri khas dari penggunaan Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi (KBK). Remedial yang diterapkan di beberapa sekolah itu merupakan ujian ulang yaitu pemberian ujian bagi siswa yang belum tuntas belajar tanpa diberikan penjelasan materi ulang serta tingkat kesulitan soal tes yang diberikan sama dengan tingkat kesulitan soal tes sebelumnya, padahal yang dimaksud pengajaran remedial bukan ujian ulang tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini bentuk pengajaran remedial yang digunakan adalah mengajarkan kembali (re-teaching) untuk materi yang belum dicapai ketuntasannya oleh siswa. Pengajaran remedial bisa diterapkan pada semua materi pokok pelajaran matematika. Namun pada penelitian ini materi pokok yang digunakan adalah Garis Singgung Lingkaran. Hal tersebut didasarkan pada pengamatan yang telah dilakukan guru (pengajar) matematika selama mengajar di kelas VIII, bahwa pada materi pokok tersebut sering terdapat siswa yang tidak tuntas belajar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengatasi siswa yang tidak tuntas belajar, pengelolaan pembelajaran, respon siswa terhadap pembelajaran remedial. Subyek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII-F semester 2 SMP Negeri 33 Surabaya tahun Pelajaran 2005-2006. Data yang diperoleh dengan tehnik observasi dan tehnik tes lalu dianalisis dengan menggunakan tehnik analisis data secara diskriptif.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pengajaran remedial dapat mengatasi siswa yang tidak tuntas belajar guna mencapai ketuntasan belajar siswa pada materi pokok garis singgung lingkaran dikelas VIII-F SMP Negeri 33 Surabaya.Guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran pada materi pokok Garis Singgung Lingkaran termasuk dalam kategori baik karena nilai yang diperoleh adalah 3,17. Tanggapan siswa dengan diadakan pengajaran remedial pada materi pokok Garis Singgung Lingkaran adalah positif karena berdasarkan hasil angket yang diperoleh bahwa persentase tiap-tiap butir mencapai ≥ 65%. AbstractOne of the government's efforts to achieve excellence in the mastery of science and society is to use the technology Competency Based Curriculum (KBK) .At schools using competency-based curriculum, in determining the graduation attention to three aspects: the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective. As for each aspect have Complete Standard Minimum (SKM) .Terhadap students who have not reached the Minimum Complete Standard (SKM) should be given "assistance" in order to achieve the learning objectives or indicators that have been set. "Help" is given in the form of remedial teaching, remedial teaching where this is characteristic of the use of competency-based curriculum (KBK). Remedial implemented at some schools was a "re-examination" of giving the exam for students who have not been thoroughly studied without being given an explanation of matter birthday as well as the difficulty level of test is given at the level of difficulty of test questions in advance, whereas the intended remedial teaching instead of re-examination of the , In this study used form of remedial teaching is to teach again (re-teaching) for material that has not been achieved ketuntasannya by students. Remedial teaching can be applied to any subject matter of math. But in this study the principal material used is Tangent Circle. It is based on the observations that have been made teachers (teaching) mathematics for teaching in class VIII, that the subject matter is often some students who do not pass the study. The purpose of this study is to address students who do not pass the study, learning management, students' response to remedial learning. The subjects of this study were students of class VIII-F semesters 2 SMP Negeri 33 Surabaya Lesson years 2005-2006. Data obtained by observation technique and engineering tests are then analyzed using data analysis techniques are diskriptif.Hasil analysis showed that the remedial teaching can overcome students who do not pass the study in order to achieve mastery learning students in the subject matter circle tangent-F in class VIII SMP Negeri 33 Surabaya.Guru manage learning in the subject matter Tangent Circles included in either category because the value obtained was 3.17. Student responses organized remedial teaching in the subject matter Circle Tangent is positive because it is based on results of a questionnaire showed that the percentage of each point reached ≥ 65%.

В настоящее время создание крупногабаритных антенных систем радиотехнических комплексов космических аппаратов является насущной потребностью в процессе освоения космоса. Крупногабаритные антенные системы обеспечивают прямой доступ персональных потребителей гражданских и военных ведомств к ресурсам космического аппарата, минуя наземных операторов. Крупногабаритные трансформируемые антенны (КТА) позволяют создать мощный энергетический потенциал радиолиний, существенно сократить размеры и стоимость абонентских терминалов. В области гражданского применения крупногабаритные трансформируемые рефлекторы обеспечат непосредственный доступ к рынку широкополосных мобильных услуг и создание космических систем персональной и мобильной связи. Учитывая высокие затраты на создание систем космической связи, возможно её двойное применение в интересах военных и гражданских потребителей. При использовании в составе космического аппарата КТА существует проблема поддержания требуемой геометрии конструкций антенны (рефлектора и облучателя). КТА нуждается в периодической корректировке ее геометрических параметров. Геометрическими параметрами являются положения систем координат конструкций антенны в некоторой базовой системе координат космического аппарата. Для проведения корректировки геометрических параметров с помощью управляющих органов необходимо их определять. Определение геометрических параметров антенны осуществляется за счет измерения координат контролируемых точек поверхности конструкций. Измерение координат контрольных точек осуществляется по светоотражающим элементам, расположенным на конструкциях антенны. В этой связи приведен состав системы контроля геометрических параметров КТА с кратким описанием составных частей и их основного назначения. Разработана методика определения пространственного положения недеформируемого объекта космического аппарата с помощью одного углоизмерительного прибора. В качестве недеформируемого объекта рассматривается облучатель крупногабаритной антенны. Методика основана на теореме косинусов и знании расстояний между контролируемыми точками объекта измерения. При описании методики рассматривалось минимальное количество светоотражающих элементов, равное трем. Для решения системы уравнений, описанной в алгоритме методики, применен метод Ньютона-Рафсона. Количество уравнений в системе определяется количеством светоотражающих элементов. Разработанная методика имеет достаточно простую математику и реализацию алгоритма. Представлено ее математическое описание и описаны результаты анализа погрешностей при вычислениях. Кроме того, описана применяемость разработанной методики и ее гибкость при изменении количества контролируемых точек. ; Currently, the creation of large antenna systems of radio engineering complexes of spacecraft is urgently needed in the process of space exploration. Large-size antenna systems provide direct access for personal consumers of civil and military departments to the resources of spacecraft, passing land operators. The large-size Transformed Antennas (LSTA) allow to create a powerful energy potential of radio lines, it is essential to reduce the sizes and costs of subscriber terminals. In the field of civil application the large-size transformed reflectors will provide direct access to the market of broadband mobile services and creation of space systems of personal and mobile communication. Considering high costs of creation of systems of space communication, its double application in interests of military and civil consumers is possible. When using as a part of the spacecraft of the large LSTA there is a problem of maintenance of the demanded geometry of antenna constructions (a reflector and an irradiator). LSTA needs in periodic adjustment of its geometrical parameters. Geometrical parameters are positions of coordinate system of antenna constructions in some basic coordinate system of spacecraft. For carrying out adjustment of geometrical parameters it is necessary to define them by the operating organs. Determination of geometrical parameters of the antenna is carried out due to measurement of coordinates controlled points of a construction surface. Measurement of coordinates of control points is carried out on reflecting elements, located on antenna designs. In this regard the structure of monitoring systems of geometrical parameters LSTA with the short description of components and their basic purpose is given. The technique of definition of spatial position of non-deforming object on the spacecraft by means of one device measuring rotary is developed. As non-deforming object the irradiator of large-size antenna is considered. The technique is based on the theorem of cosines and knowledge of distances between controlled points of object measurement. At the description of a technique the minimum quantity of reflecting elements equal was considered we rub. Newton-Rafson's method is applied to the decision of the system of the equations given in algorithm of a technique. The quantity of the equations in system is defined by quantity of reflecting elements. The developed technique has rather simple mathematics and realization of algorithm. A mathematical description is presented and the results of the analysis of errors in calculations are described. Besides, applicability of the developed technique and its flexibility are described at change quantity of controllable points.

The Manuscript Legacy of Miroslav Krleža, filed in the Manuscripts and Old Books Collection of the National and University Library in Zagreb under a unique shelf number R 7970, includes two letters which Ivan Supek addressed to Krleža in 1954. The first letter was sent on 1 March, accompanied by an "Open Letter to the Assembly of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts (JAZU)," which the Council of the Ruđer Bošković Institute of Physics dated 26 February 1954. The second letter Supek addressed to Krleža on 13 May 1954, and as far as we know, it marked the end of their correspondence in 1954. The Legacy of Ivan Supek, in family possession, contains an official letter dated 5 May 1954, by which Miroslav Krleža, acting as vice-president of the Academy at the time, informs Ivan Supek about two decisions passed at the informal session of the Assembly of the Yugoslav Academy on 29 April 1954; in his intellectual autobiography entitled Krivovjernik na ljevici [Heretic on the Left], Supek cites but a single characteristic fragment of that letter. For the first time a full text of these four documents is published here in my transcription which most faithfully follows the original without any interventions in terms of either punctuation or devices used for emphasis. The Open Letter of the Council of the Ruđer Bošković Institute to the Assembly of the Yugoslav Academy includes a host of hitherto unknown data on the Institute's first four years of development, as it closely documents the chronology of the conflict between the Institute's Council and the Presidency of the Yugoslav Academy from 1950 till 1953, at the root of which was the decision making on the development of the Institute. As Council president, Ivan Supek made huge efforts to reconcile "two different tendencies of development," first by drawing up a Temporary Statute of the Institute in 1952, and later, in the spring of 1953, by making a proposition to the University Senate and the Presidency of the Yugoslav Academy by which "the Academy and University should collaborate at the Ruđer Bošković Institute on common goals." Since the draft of the Institute's Statute at the turn of 1953 to 1954 had stood at a standstill for three months, the Institute's Council decided to send an Open Letter to the Assembly of the Yugoslav Academy with a counter-proposition by which "the Academy Statute should be changed in accordance with scientific development in our country." From the perspective of Ivan Supek, that is, "us physicists," the Institute's successful development was to rest on its self-governance and organic connection with the University, but the Academy's administration was not willing to consider such a formally-based legal framework of the Institute's operation within its system. The Open Letter emerged during a heated debate on the organisation of scientific work in Croatia and Yugoslavia. Academic circles could not reconcile with the fact that, according to the Soviet model, the research work would be organised exclusively at the academies. From this standpoint, the topics of the Open Letter reverberate two strong voices: the addresses of the Nobel Prize winner Lavoslav Ružička during his visits to Yugoslavia in November 1949 and October 1952, and a speech that Ivan Supek delivered on 22 January 1953 at a meeting of the Department of the Mathematics and Physics at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the Zagreb University, published in the March issue of Pogledi. While Ružička firmly stated that the "University ought to be a supreme place for higher education and for the fundamental research in the field of pure and applied science, and a unique place for the attainment of academic degrees," in the interest of the Institute Supek publicly advocated for "a harmonic community of University and Academy," although deep at heart he shared Ružička's views. In the letter of 1 March 1954, Ivan Supek appealed to Miroslav Krleža, vicepresident and Communist Party secretary of the Academy, to help him untangle the relations between the Institute and JAZU, and whom he wished to address in person and elaborate the motives behind the Open Letter. Judging by the events that followed, Supek's attempt proved futile. In the absence of Andrija Štampar, Academy president, Krleža, acting as vicepresident, on 5 May 1954 sent an official letter to Supek concerning the decisions of the informal session of the Academy Assembly held on 29 April 1954. From this letter alone we can learn that the Academy Assembly established 23 March 1954 as termination date of Supek's Academy membership on the basis of his letter on the renouncement of membership, but also that on 29 April 1954 an additional penalty was issued against Supek: that "he disqualified himself for any work at the Academy or collaboration with it." Nevertheless, he retained his leading position at the greatest institute within the Yugoslav Academy. In a letter dated 13 May 1954, Supek asked Krleža to send him the minutes of the Commission which the formal Academy Assembly of 16 March 1954 appointed with an aim to establish his responsibility for the Open Letter, so that he could finally learn "the reasons underlying the accusation against me. The consequences which I may suffer are not an issue here, but it is in the Academy's interest to establish the truth, along with the true motives for drawing up an Open Letter." Here he expressed his disappointment by the fact "that some places [from the Open Letter] were understood as offences, and that they actually distracted discussion away from the principal issues," but insisted on the key point from the Open Letter "that for the selfgovernance of the Institute and its organic connection with the University a change of the Academy Statute was necessary." In the spring of 1954, the Yugoslav Academy headed by Andrija Štampar definitely gave up on the concept of an inter-disciplinary research institute, although under the pressure of the 'young lions' from its largest institute, and in accordance with the Soviet model and the original ideas and decisions of Boris Kidrič (died on 11 April 1953), had an opportunity to take this path in its own development, too. Upon the Assembly's 'reply' to the Institute Council, the concept of multi- and inter-disciplinary approach to fundamental research in natural sciences in organic connection with the University as development model for the Ruđer Bošković Institute faced new risks, including those of political nature, but the research community gathered at the Institute, despite the circumstances, managed to live its 'dream' of self-governance and development in harmony with the University, as confirmed by a decision on the new organisation of the Institute passed on 7 September 1954. This step in the Institute's development was also approved by the Republic government, when on 22 November 1954, in agreement with the Yugoslav Academy, it decided that as from 1 January 1955 the Institute was no longer part of the Yugoslav Academy. Five months after the Republic's decision, another step towards the Institute's lasting 'independence' took place, when by a decision of the Federal Government of 30 April 1955 the Institute as a "self-financed institution" came under the authority of the Federal Nuclear Energy Commission headed by Aleksandar Ranković, and in this formally legal frame operated for eleven years – until Ranković's political downfall on 1 July 1966. Miroslav Krleža, to whom in the crucial days of early March 1954 Ivan Supek offered a mediating role, as a highly-positioned Academy member failed to see this historical opportunity to support the development of natural sciences in Croatia in a new direction, perhaps less exposed to political pressure. Ivan Supek and Mladen Paić, who on different legal grounds by 29 April 1954 no longer were correspondent members of JAZU, seven years later–on 16 June 1961–were elected full members, which is a unique case in the history of the Yugoslav Academy.

Contextual learning binds the content of the subjects in the classroom with the context of the children's daily lives. Learning in early childhood classes (0-8 years) is carried out using the thematic method, which combines several learning materials into one subject. Thematic teaching resources in early childhood classes are still limited in number and rely on textbooks provided by the government. This study aims to develop activity-based teaching materials to assess contextual thematic learning. This research method uses model development research by Borg and Gall with data collection techniques using panels and questionnaires on expert tests, one to one test, small-group test, and large-group test. The research data analysis technique used mixed methods, namely quantitative data tabulated in the form of percentages and described in the qualitative form. The expert test provides recommendations that the instrument can be used to assess student teaching materials and teacher guidance. Teaching materials and teacher guides are suitable for use, and further testing is carried out. Based on the results of the one-to-one test, small-group test, and large-group test, both teaching materials and teacher guides are readability and eligibility with an average of 85.00. The implication of this research, it is suggested that early childhood education institutions where the pilot can use teaching materials and teacher guides in developing and assessing activity-based contextual thematic learning for further research. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Contextual Thematic, Classroom Activities References: Aini, Q., & Relmasira, S. C. (2018). Penerapan Pembelajaran Tematik Integratif Berbasis Kontekstual untuk Meningkatkan Keaktifan dan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas 1 SD. Sekolah Dasar: Kajian Teori Dan Praktik Pendidikan, 27(2), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.17977/um009v27i22018p124 Anggo, M., Kadir, Lambertus, Jazuli, L. O., Suhar, & Kansil, Y. E. (2015). Metacognitive strategies on mathematics learning to improve student's environmental awareness. International Journal of Education and Research, 3(4), 133–142. Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (2007). Educational Research An Introduction. Fourth Edition. Bacon Publishing. Crain, S., & Thornton, R. (2012). Syntax acquisition. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 3(2), 185–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1158 Daryanto. (2011). Media Pembelajaran. Satu Nusa. Davidova, J. (2020). Thematic Approach as The Basis of Integrative Music Teaching/Learning in Preschool. 4177–4185. https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2020.0934 Fadillah, A., Dewi, N. P. L. C., Ridho, D., Majid, A. N., & Prastiwi, M. N. B. P. (2017). The Effect of Application of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) Model-Based on Lesson Study with Mind Mapping Media to Assess Student Learning Outcomes on Chemistry on Colloid Systems. International Journal of Science and Applied Science, 1(2), 101–108. Fogarty, R. (1991). Ten Ways to Integrate Curriculum. Educational Leadership, 49(2), 61–65. Johnson, E. B. (2007). Contextual Teaching & Learning (I. Setiawan, Ed.). MLC. Krasovska, O., Miskova, N., & Veremchuk, A. (2020). Professional Training of Future Preschool Teachers in the Field of Artistic and Aesthetic Education by Means of Contextual Learning Technologies. Behavioral Sciences, 10(2), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10020050 Atwi Suparman. (2007). Desain Instruksional Modern: Panduan Para Pengajar dan Inovator Pendidikan. Erlangga. Majid, A. (2014). Pembelajaran Tematik Terpadu. Remaja Rosda Karya. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (Third edition). SAGE Publications, Inc. Mudlofir, A. (2011). Aplikasi Pengembangan Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan dan Bahan Ajar dalam Pendidikan Agama Islam. Raja Grafindo Persada. Ormrod, J. E. (2008). Psikologi Pendidikan Membantu Siswa Tumbuh dan Berkembang, Erlangga, 2008 (6th ed.). Erlangga. Prastowo, A. (2011). Panduan kreatif membuat bahan ajar inovatif. Diva Press. Puskur. (2018). Monitoring dan Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Tematik. Puspita, A. M. I. (2018). The Effect of Contextual-Based Thematic Teaching Materials towards Student Learning Activity. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Dasar, 3(2), 47–52. Sadjati, I. M. (2017). Hakikat Bahan Ajar (Vol. 3, Issue 1). Universitas Terbuka. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Semiawan, C. R. (2008). Belajar dan Pembelajaran Prasekolah dan Sekolah Dasar. Indeks. Slavin, RobertE. (2018). Educational psychology. In Psychological Bulletin (12th ed.). Pearson. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0075790 Soedijarto, Thamrin, Karyadi, B., Siskandar, & Sumiyati. (2010). Sejarah Pusat Kurikulum. Sukmawati, F. (2015). Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Biologi Berbasis Contextual Teaching Learning untuk Mengefektifkan Pembelajaran Bagi Siswa SMA. FENOMENA, 7(1), 145–154. Susialita, T. (2016). The Development of Audio-Visual Students Portofolio (LKS) Contextual Teaching and Learning-Based (CTL) on Sound Chapter of Science Subject for Deaf Students. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 5(2), 192–198. Trianto. (2011). Desain Pengembangan Pembelajaran Tematik Bagi Anak Usia Dini TK/RA & Anak kelas awal SD/MI. Kencana Prenada Media Group. Ukala, C. C. (2012). Resource capacity for the implementation of early childhood Education in Public and private school in Rivers State. University of Port Harcourt.

This study reports on an historical investigation of map-making practice and achievement from the late 18th century, and attempts to reconstruct the practices and outcomes of an innovative surveying and mapping exercise, using historical data and contemporary geospatial data handling. The episode involves the processing of data captured as part of an extensive project by the then (British) Astronomer Royal, Maskelyne, in the mid 1770s, to measure the gravitational attraction and density of the earth. This experiment was conducted on the isolated mountain of Schiehallion in Central Scotland, and resulted in several differing approaches to calculating the mass of the mountain, and determining and interpreting the resultant effect on gravity measurements on its slopes. In order to do this, an accurate determination of "the figure and dimensions of the hill" (Maskelyne, 1775) was required. The survey work was undertaken under Maskelyne's supervision by his previous assistant, Barrow, and local surveyor, Menzies. The data collected included astronomical observations to establish latitudinal positions, lengths of fixed base lines (one to the north of the mountain and one to the south), a standard traverse around the mountain to establish fixed points, and transects/vertical profiles radiating from those points. The land surveying techniques were known and widely used, although at the time having only been recently documented, in the book 'A Treatise on Mensuration'. This was published in 1770 by Charles Hutton (1737-1823) a Newcastle-born mathematician, and was the first volume on surveying written in English. In 1773 Hutton had moved south to become Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and became known to the Royal Society which asked him to process Maskelyne's data. The original field observations (Figure 1), were published in Hutton's extensive account of his work (Hutton, 1778), which also explained how he was to calculate the mass of the mountain, dividing the landscape into a set of vertical prisms collectively defining the mountain's shape. Smallwood (2007) describes how Hutton's volume calculations, along with rock, geology and gravity information, can help estimate earth density. The prisms, arranged as circular sections (some individually coloured in Figure 2 to exemplify), had their heights calculated with reference to the height points within them. Clearly, however, some prisms had no heights associated with them. Hutton devised a method of interpolation of prism height for those which had no height data by creating a surface defined by contours: "I fell upon the following method … by which I was enabled to proceed in the estimation of the altitudes both with much expedition and a considerable degree of accuracy. This method was the connecting together by a faint line all the points which were of the same relative altitude: by so doing, I obtained great number of irregular polygons lying within and at some distance from, one another, and bearing a considerable degree of resemblance to each other: these polygons were the figures of so many level or horizontal sections of the hills, the relative altitudes of all the parts of them being known; and as every base or little space had several of them passing through it, I was thereby able to determine the altitude belonging to each space with much ease and accuracy." Although isolines were long established on some maps, and isobaths (depth curves), in particular, were visible on some hydrographic charts from the early 18th century, Hutton has some claim to be the first to use lines of equal altitude (contours) on land-based maps. Unfortunately, despite describing the method of using a 'faint line' to elucidate the contours, no graphical artefact exists: there is no evidence that Hutton, or anyone associated with the gravity project, ever published the contour map of Schiehallion. Elsewhere in his account of the data processing (Hutton, 1778), significant doubts are expressed about the accuracy and validity of some of the observations, and there is the possibility that Hutton blocked publication of the contour map because of inaccurate observation or conflicting calculations. However, the presentation of the full set of observations should allow for a reconstruction of the missing contour map. Processing and visualisation has already been undertaken manually by Johnson (Figure 3). An attempt was also made to use standard land surveying software to handle the field observations to calculate and map the data. The Star*NET package (Microsurvey, 2018) has been applied to the traverse observations, using techniques of least squares to obtain the most precise positioning of the surrounding stations. The LSS package (McCarthy Taylor, 2018) is used to enter the tacheometric detailing observations, and create an accurate digital terrain model based on the observed data from over 240 years ago. The contour lines derived from this model will be compared with current survey data provided by the British Ordnance Survey, and with satellite derived digital elevation datasets. It is hoped that data manipulation can be undertaken to successfully create a contour map which Charles Hutton would have been happy to publish.

This study reports on an historical investigation of map-making practice and achievement from the late 18th century, and attempts to reconstruct the practices and outcomes of an innovative surveying and mapping exercise, using historical data and contemporary geospatial data handling. The episode involves the processing of data captured as part of an extensive project by the then (British) Astronomer Royal, Maskelyne, in the mid 1770s, to measure the gravitational attraction and density of the earth. This experiment was conducted on the isolated mountain of Schiehallion in Central Scotland, and resulted in several differing approaches to calculating the mass of the mountain, and determining and interpreting the resultant effect on gravity measurements on its slopes. In order to do this, an accurate determination of "the figure and dimensions of the hill" (Maskelyne, 1775) was required. The survey work was undertaken under Maskelyne's supervision by his previous assistant, Barrow, and local surveyor, Menzies. The data collected included astronomical observations to establish latitudinal positions, lengths of fixed base lines (one to the north of the mountain and one to the south), a standard traverse around the mountain to establish fixed points, and transects/vertical profiles radiating from those points. The land surveying techniques were known and widely used, although at the time having only been recently documented, in the book 'A Treatise on Mensuration'. This was published in 1770 by Charles Hutton (1737-1823) a Newcastle-born mathematician, and was the first volume on surveying written in English. In 1773 Hutton had moved south to become Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and became known to the Royal Society which asked him to process Maskelyne's data. The original field observations (Figure 1), were published in Hutton's extensive account of his work (Hutton, 1778), which also explained how he was to calculate the mass of the mountain, dividing the landscape into a set of vertical prisms collectively defining the mountain's shape. Smallwood (2007) describes how Hutton's volume calculations, along with rock, geology and gravity information, can help estimate earth density. The prisms, arranged as circular sections (some individually coloured in Figure 2 to exemplify), had their heights calculated with reference to the height points within them. Clearly, however, some prisms had no heights associated with them. Hutton devised a method of interpolation of prism height for those which had no height data by creating a surface defined by contours: "I fell upon the following method … by which I was enabled to proceed in the estimation of the altitudes both with much expedition and a considerable degree of accuracy. This method was the connecting together by a faint line all the points which were of the same relative altitude: by so doing, I obtained great number of irregular polygons lying within and at some distance from, one another, and bearing a considerable degree of resemblance to each other: these polygons were the figures of so many level or horizontal sections of the hills, the relative altitudes of all the parts of them being known; and as every base or little space had several of them passing through it, I was thereby able to determine the altitude belonging to each space with much ease and accuracy." Although isolines were long established on some maps, and isobaths (depth curves), in particular, were visible on some hydrographic charts from the early 18th century, Hutton has some claim to be the first to use lines of equal altitude (contours) on land-based maps. Unfortunately, despite describing the method of using a 'faint line' to elucidate the contours, no graphical artefact exists: there is no evidence that Hutton, or anyone associated with the gravity project, ever published the contour map of Schiehallion. Elsewhere in his account of the data processing (Hutton, 1778), significant doubts are expressed about the accuracy and validity of some of the observations, and there is the possibility that Hutton blocked publication of the contour map because of inaccurate observation or conflicting calculations. However, the presentation of the full set of observations should allow for a reconstruction of the missing contour map. Processing and visualisation has already been undertaken manually by Johnson (Figure 3). An attempt was also made to use standard land surveying software to handle the field observations to calculate and map the data. The Star*NET package (Microsurvey, 2018) has been applied to the traverse observations, using techniques of least squares to obtain the most precise positioning of the surrounding stations. The LSS package (McCarthy Taylor, 2018) is used to enter the tacheometric detailing observations, and create an accurate digital terrain model based on the observed data from over 240 years ago. The contour lines derived from this model will be compared with current survey data provided by the British Ordnance Survey, and with satellite derived digital elevation datasets. It is hoped that data manipulation can be undertaken to successfully create a contour map which Charles Hutton would have been happy to publish.

La Pedagogía Tradicional se encuentra hace algunos años en discusión sobre su validez pedagógica, ya que en la actualidad los estudiantes considerados Nativos Digitales constantemente se enfrentan a una diversidad de estímulos sensoriales, en gran medida proveniente de dispositivos tecnológicos que el formato de enseñanza convencional no adapta adecuadamente en sus prácticas. Además los estudiantes se cuestionan constantemente sobre el "para qué sirve tal o cual tema de clase, o esa materia", en este caso en particular teniendo como eje la enseñanza de los números enteros, ya que la escuela tradicional prioriza en la exposición algorítmica de resolución de ejercicios y en muy pocas ocasiones se les demuestra la utilidad y la aplicación de la matemática en la vida real de los jóvenes. Por otro lado, hay una falencia en la formación de ciudadanos críticos, analíticos y propositivos que se preocupen y aporten en la reconstrucción social, económica y política que necesita este país para encontrar el camino de salida del subdesarrollo y luego recorrer la vía de la emancipación, que tenga como objetivo la conquista del Buen Vivir, tanto material como inmaterial; en tal sentido esta investigación construyo una propuesta metodológica basada en la Pedagogía Crítica, buscando la aplicación de la ciencia matemática en la resolución de situaciones problema del contexto de los estudiantes y en la formación a su vez de sujetos políticos constructores de nuevas realidades para el bien de la ciudadanía. Por tal razón, esta investigación se desarrolló con veinte estudiantes del grado sexto de la Institución Educativa Monseñor Alfonso de los Ríos, del corregimiento de Arauca, municipio de Palestina-Caldas, donde para realizar las guías de trabajo bajo la propuesta de la Pedagogía Crítica, se hizo necesario recolectar información socio-económica por medio de una encuesta que respondieron algunos padres de familia, luego se realizaron los talleres, se aplicaron, se analizaron, y los resultados obtenidos se contrastaron con los arrojados bajo la metodología de la Pedagogía Tradicional; dando por resultado la conveniencia en términos de resultados y de la relación enseñanza-aprendizaje, aplicar y desarrollar estrategias formativas bajo la Pedagogía Crítica como una propuesta viable, amigable y lúdico-didáctica para ejecutar en las aulas de clases. Esta investigación fue de carácter cuantitativo con descripciones y análisis de variables actitudinales ; Abstract : Traditional Pedagogy has been discussed since few years ago about its pedagogical validity, nowadays the students considered Digital Natives are constantly confronted with a diversity of sensorial stimuli, mostly derived from technological devices that the conventional teaching methodology does not adapt In their practices; and also students constantly ask : "what is the purpose of this or that class, or that subject", in this particular case the teaching is about whole numbers, since the traditional school prioritizes in the Algorithmic exposition of exercise resolution and in very few occasions they are shown the usefulness and the application of mathematics in the real life of the students. On the other hand, there is a failure in the formation of critical, analytical and propositional citizens who are concerned about contributing to the social, economic and political reconstruction of this country needs, in order to find the way to overcome underdevelopment and then to walk the path of emancipation; which aims at the construction of good way to live, both material and immaterial. In this sense, this research built a methodological proposal based on Critical Pedagogy, finding out the application of mathematical science in the resolution of problem situations in the students 'context and in the formation of political people who are going to be constructors of new realities for having better citizenships. For this reason, this research was carried out with twenty students of the sixth grade of the Educational Institution Monseñor Alfonso de los Ríos, from the district of Arauca, municipality of Palestina-Caldas, where applying the work guides under such a proposal, it became necessary to collect Socio-economic information of the village by making a survey to that students' parents answered. Then the guides were realized, finally they were applied and analyzed, and the results showed that most of the methodology is based on traditional pedagogy whose subjects were: absolute value and relative value, addition and subtraction of whole numbers, as well as multiplication and division of the same numerical system; resulting convenient in terms of the results and the teaching-learning relationship that it is important to apply and developing formative strategies under Critical Pedagogy as a viable, friendly and playful-didactic proposal to execute in classrooms. This research was of quantitative character with has descriptions and analysis of attitudinal variables ; Maestría

Оборонная промышленность функционирует в непривычных для нее рыночных условиях и имеет значительный объем нерешенных задач. Одной из главных задач ОПК является воссоздание высококвалифицированного персонала. За прошедшие два десятилетия произошла невосполнимая утеря кадровых работников. Причины разные: сокращение персонала, отсутствие работы, невысокая зарплата, отсутствие престижности труда, выход на пенсию и т. д. Образовательные учреждения не обеспечивают требования рынка труда необходимыми специалистами. Молодые специалисты не спешат связывать свою трудовую деятельность с военной промышленностью, несмотря на то, что этих специалистов ждут предприятия ОПК. ; The Defence Industry operates in unusual market conditions and has a significant amount of unsolved problems. One of the main tasks is to recreate a pool of highly qualified personnel. Over the past two decades, there has been an irreparable loss of personnel due to a number of reasons: personnel cuts, lack of jobs, low wages, lack of prestige value of labour, retirement, etc. Educational institutions do not provide specialists with necessary qualifications for the labour market. Young professionals do not rush into pursuing a military industry career, despite the fact that defence companies are ready to employ such specialists. At the time, the military industry had a strong network of Institutions of Advanced Training (IAT) with different focus areas. IAT had a good logistical base and qualified staff. IAT studied the most progressive methods of leading enterprises and passed these innovations to students. Thus, new developments would come into the domain of related companies of the industry. Specialists of different focus areas and levels of education are involved in the defence industry. Professionals with basic vocational education and specialised secondary education, and higher education, and scientists who develop new military equipment and technology, i.e. professionals at all levels of production of military equipment and technology are important there. Only in close collaboration of educational institutions, public authorities and MIC organisations is it possible to generate the most essential qualities that defence industry specialists should possess and to train them. It is common practice for educational institutions, science and defence industry organisations to combine efforts on joint projects and produce good results but currently cooperation of this kind is becoming a rarity. For the formation of the educational system of training, retraining and advanced training required by the defence industry, it is necessary to plant appropriate educational institutions at the same location as defence industry enterprises experiencing shortage of specialists. For greater efficiency of such educational institutions, they should be provided with all the advanced technologies and equipment for training students. It is time to create the Ministry of the Defence Industry, which would provide the necessary training and forecasting of required specialisation and expertise for MIC organizations. The primary role in predicting the necessary number of specialists required for MIC organisations is reserved for government agencies which would consider the complexity of refresher training of managers, scientists, engineers and technical staff, as well as training of working professions and young professionals at all levels of education, id est design a viable system of multistage continuous-action training for military industry specialists. A transition to a trilateral agreement between high school, student and MIC organisation could contribute to resolving the issue of defence personnel shortage. Such agreements should motivate young people to quality learning for their chosen profession in the defence industry, as well as generate opportunities for a young professional to build career, have a decent salary and an attractive job, including benefits for the acquisition of property, social benefits, and more. Training programs of educational institutions, producing young personnel for the defence industry should comply with the requirements of job descriptions applied to the staffing at defence enterprises will further serve as platform for future workplaces reserved for young professionals. It is necessary to start developing students' interest in the technical knowledge from the time of elementary school. It is necessary to create projects related to the development of children's technical creativity, popularise and highly promote technical creativity. It is necessary to teach pupils, showing capacity to exact sciences, using individualised, more complex curriculums. Currently, poorly trained applicants with poor knowledge in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics seek to obtain a technical profession. For educating future generations of engineers needed for the innovation economy in Russia, it is necessary to have a targeted financial and legal assistance. The current state of the defence industry experiencing an acute shortage of skilled workers is a real threat to national and economic security. It is unrealistic to remedy the situation by using market mechanisms only, we need effective government support, legislation, control of defence industry processes, as well as the political will.