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Research in the past decade has highlighted the nuances of adolescent decision making. In this review article, we summarize several themes evident in the field of developmental science including the redefinition of adolescence and the ways in which adolescent decision‐making capabilities converge with or diverge from those of adults. While the decision‐making process is similar for adolescents and adults in contexts that encourage deliberation and reflection, adolescents and adults differ in contexts which preclude deliberation vis‐à‐vis high emotional arousal. We also discuss the reconceptualization of adolescent behavior, including risk taking, as adaptive. That is, characteristics of adolescence, including impulsivity, the importance of peers, and novelty seeking, are normative, evolutionarily advantageous, and essential for positive development. While these features manifest in negative, health‐compromising ways (e.g., risky driving and criminal behavior), they also foster growth and exploration. We conclude with a discussion of potential avenues for future research.

It is hypothesized that institutional decisionmakers with low self-esteem are more likely to conform to the role expectations of significant role alters. Consequently, their role attributes -- role orientations & role behaviors -- are predictable from knowledge of expectations. High self-esteem decisionmakers adopt role characteristics through a process that is fairly independent of the expectations of others. These hypotheses are tested through interview data collected in 1977 from 48 Calif judges who have held both legislative & judicial positions. Different path models are derived for high & low self-esteem judges, supporting the basic hypothesis. 4 Tables, 1 Figure. Modified HA.

In the preceding article, a physicist discussed some of the factors which inhibit creativity in physics. In this article, Professor Marcson, a sociologist at the Bureau of Economic Research, Rutgers University, delves into the authority and decision- making activities of an actual physics department. Since neither author was aware of the other's article, the congruence of points, particularly in regard to the climate for discovery, is of special interest.

In social theory as well as in common folklore, the childhood years have been recognized as critical for the development of the individual's personality, social attitudes, and cultural values. In most societies, the school stands with the family and peer groups as one of the most significant agents of political learning. In Japan, school influence is much greater than the other two factors because of the educational system. The myths and legends of the past, the policies and programs of the present, and the goals and aspirations of the future are taught selectively. Consciously or not, textbooks justify and rationalize the political practices.

Although systematic evaluation is now generally accepted as a necessary accompaniment to responsible and accountable practice and is a standard feature of most social work curricula, research indicates that social workers make minimal use of evaluation as part of their ongoing practice. The author relates this state of affairs to a failure to conceive of practice in a manner that accounts for the actual complexities of the treatment process, explicating decisionmaking processes and allowing for systematic evaluation. The author outlines a conceptual framework and decision-support tools that are applicable with any theoretical orientation to practice and that have been shown to aid practitioners in clinical decision making and evaluation.

Planned technological projects often encounter unanticipated implementation difficulties & frequently do not yield anticipated outcomes. As a result many national & international agencies are seeking to refine various analytical techniques & to train people to apply them. Such attempts are based on an erroneous perspective, the "technocratic fallacy," that views technology as a set of neutral tools that can easily be introduced into any context. The belief that decisions involving technology can best be made on the basis of the rational choice model, which emphasizes efficiency, is analyzed along with other decision-making models, in terms of the degree to which they fit the available case studies of decision making involving military & civilian technologies. None of the existing models adequately capture the essence of technological decision making; the concept of rational choice must either be broadened to include other criteria besides efficiency or be redefined completely. Modified AA

Cover -- Title -- WORDS TO KNOW -- CONTENTS -- Making Decisions as a Group -- How to Make Decisions as a Group -- Making Decisions at Home and School -- Making Decisions as Citizens -- ACTIVITY: WRITE TO YOUR SENATOR -- LEARN MORE -- INDEX -- Back Cover

A two-sided wargame simulation and four decision making models to play one side of the game were developed. The game and models were used to study the decision making process exhibited by 64 students at the U.S. Military Academy. It was concluded that these students utilized a simple strategy; decisions were unaffected, within the range indicated by opponent decision delays; students displayed a learning effect during the game; there existed a positive correlation between mean decision time and score; academically lower ranking students received higher scores than higher ranking players; and players received higher scores when opposing certain more sophisticated opponents than when opposing selected simpler models. The results are discussed. The wargame and associated decision making models were run on a GE-225 computer from remote Teletype terminals. The investigation suggests a number of additional applications for the wargame and decision making models.

Introduction : the idea and the aim of this book / Elisabeth Alber and Francesco Palermo -- Multilevel governance and the reconfiguration of political space : theoretical considerations from a multinational perspective / Alain G. Gagnon -- The interdependence of federalism and democracy in Australia / Cheryl Saunders -- Political identity and American federalism / G. Alan Tarr -- Policy coercion and administrative cooperation in American federalism / John Kincaid -- 'Fragile federations' and the dynamics of devolution / Nico Steytler and Jaap de Visser -- The unsettled settlement : Scottish independence or United Kingdom devolution? / Michael Burgess -- Constitutional semantics and autonomy within Indian federalism / Ajay Kumar Singh -- Genesis of federalism, regional development, and regional policy of post-Soviet Russia / Viacheslav E. Seliverstov -- Can we talk about federalism and federalization without co-governance? : 'participation' of the autonomous communities in Spanish central government decision-making / Merce Corretja Torrens and Mireia Grau Creus -- Intergovernmental relations in Australia : new modes, old realities / Alan Fenna and John Phillimore -- Intergovernmental decision-making in financial affairs in Germany : institutions, formal and informal rules, and peculiarities / Gisela Farber -- Fiscal federalism and federal decisions : the case of Argentina and its evolution in the last two decades / Miguel Angel Asensio -- Multilevel governance of immigration : an emerging trend for Europe to follow? / Karl Kossler -- Challenging institutional models : the case of environmental protection and management / Mariachiara Alberton and Francesco Palermo -- 'South Africa inc.' : the rise of the developmental state and the corporatization of intergovernmental relations / Derek Powell and Phindile Ntliziywana -- Benchmarking as a new mode of coordination in federal systems / Alan Fenna and Felix Knupling -- Federalism as decision-making : security structures, procedures and policies / Christian Leuprecht, Mario Kolling and Todd Hataley -- Regionalization in central and eastern Europe : limits and perspectives of an externally driven process / Sara Parolari and Martina Trettel -- Varieties of decentralization, institutional complementarities, and economic growth : evidence in OECD countries / Andrea Filippetti and Agnese Sacchi -- Participatory initiatives and new instruments of direct democracy in Austrian federalism / Peter Bussjäger -- Theoretical framework and constitutional implications : participatory democracy as decision-making in multilayered Italy / Matteo Nicolini -- Framing subnational 'institutional innovation' and 'participatory democracy' in Italy : some findings on current structures, procedures, and dynamics / Elisabeth Alber and Alice Valdesalici -- Subnational institutional innovation and participatory democracy : the case of Switzerland / Nicolas Schmitt -- Regulating pluralism : federalism as decision-making and new challenges for federal studies / Francesco Palermo