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What the public doesn't see -- Attitudes toward law enforcement in American society -- Changing attitudes, changing times -- The making of police officers -- Shaping the new police recruit -- Police agencies -- Ethics

Den hohen Ansprüchen, zentrale Dimensionen der globalen Umweltkrise kooperativ zu bearbeiten, wie es beim Weltgipfel zu Nachhaltiger Entwicklung in Johannesburg im Jahr 2002 entschieden wurde, ist inzwischen Ernüchterung gefolgt. Die Probleme bei der Implementierung sind offensichtlich und die praktische Umweltpolitik wird dafür kritisiert, dass sie zu wenig die global-lokalen Zusammenhänge berücksichtigt. Für den Bereich der biologischen Vielfalt zeigt insbesondere die umfangreiche Studie des "Millennium Ecosystem Assessment" (MEA 2005), dass es an effektiven Maßnahmen und einer Implementierung der Konvention auf nationaler Ebene fehlt. Was sind die Ursachen dafür? Ist es der fehlende politische Wille oder sind es die sozioökonomischen und weltpolitischen Verhältnisse? Fehlt es am Wissen um angemessene Handlungsmöglichkeiten? Diesen Fragen ging ein Forschungsprojekt an der Universität Wien nach, dessen Ergebnisse im vorliegenden Band präsentiert werden. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die zentralen Konflikte der internationalen Biodiversitätspolitik, nämlich die Auseinandersetzungen darum, wie der Zugang zu biologischer Vielfalt für nicht im Land ansässige Akteure geregelt werden soll und wie die möglichen Vorteile im Falle einer produktiven Nutzung in Form eines Medikaments oder einer Pflanze verteilt werden. Der Autor stellt in seiner Einleitung einige Forschungsansätze zur internationalen Umweltpolitik sowie die einzelnen Beiträge des Bandes kurz vor. (ICI2)

Der Autor schildert in diesem Beitrag den Umgang der Gerichte mit Menschen, die sich juristisch gegen technische Anlagen wehren wollen. Solcher Umgang ist durch "eine Verengung der Perspektive, die Aussortierung des vom Gericht Beachteten" gekennzeichnet. Dies gelingt mit sogenannten "Filtern", die "wichtigen Aufbauprinzipien der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft entsprechen: Daß nicht der Nutzen einer neuen Technik, sondern nur ihr potentieller Schaden geprüft wird, entspricht der Beschränkung des liberalen Staates auf die Setzung eines Ordnungsrahmens. Daß das Schadenspotential nicht ganzer Technologien, sondern nur einzelner Anlagen geprüft wird, entspricht dem Gewaltenteilungsprinzip, welches solche allgemeine Fragen der Politik, und nicht den Gerichten überantwortet. Daß die Schädlichkeit einer Anlage nicht in ihrem kollektiven, sondern nur in in ihrem individuellen Aspekt geprüft wird und daß das Individuum sein Interesse nur materiell, nicht auch prozedural artikulieren darf, entspricht der (spezifisch deutschen) rechtsstaatlichen Reduktion des BÜrgers auf den Bourgeois." (psz)

This book examines the role and utility of competition law within the EU's legislative and regulatory dialogue, using its response to crisis conditions as a test of its aims and abilities. As such, its main conclusion is that competition policy acts as a forum for debate as to the direction of the European integration project, while competition law can serve as a tool for aiding in the implementation of broader policy objectives. The analysis here explores the role of the general economic context in the application of competition law, the existence of identifiable baselines applicable in crisis conditions, the ability and role of national competition authorities in applying competition law, and the ways in which the European Commission's overarching policy goals can influence the application of competition law.The decision to take an empirical approach to this research project stems from a conviction that an investigation into the real world situations faced by firms and consumers should underpin the evaluation of the applicable legal rules. Over the past number of years, the Commission has exerted more and more influence over the development of the regional and global airline industry, and this book identifies the emergence of an apparent overarching aim on the part of the Commission to create a market with a handful of ultra-competitive airlines with international reach serviced by an array of smaller feeder airlines on a regional basis. The study of Irish beef processing, on the other hand, identifies a high level of government involvement in providing the strategic thinking behind a crisis cartel scheme, and then demonstrates how the economic context exerted considerably more pressure on the government and the national court than on the competition authorities involved.

State succession — Rights and obligations — Single State succeeded by several States — Germany — German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany as successors to German Reich — Scope and nature of acquired rights and obligations — Whether limited to rights and obligations within territorial jurisdiction of each successor State — Right of German Democratic Republic to claim for valuable painting belonging to German Reich — Refusal by German Democratic Republic to recognize obligations of German Reich — Whether precluding enforcement of rights in the United States courts — Doctrine of unjust enrichmentRecognition — States — Effects of recognition and non-recognition — Effects in law of recognizing State — German Democratic Republic — Non-recognition by the United States — Whether non-recognition suspending application of limitation period under New York Statute of Limitations — Subsequent recognition by United States — Effect upon right of access to municipal courtsRelationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Recognition of States — Conclusiveness of recognition by the Executive — Recognition including right of access to municipal courts — Whether courts having power to withhold right of access — Political question doctrine134States — Continuity of States — Germany — Status of Germany after 1945 — Whether Federal Republic of Germany sole successor to German Reich — Constitution of Federal Republic of Germany — Whether precluding German Democratic Republic from claiming as successor to German ReichWar and armed conflict — Occupation of territory — Nature and effect of occupation — Effect on sovereignty — Status of laws enacted by prior sovereign — German Reich — Occupation by Allied Powers — Territory in Eastern Germany temporarily administered by United States Military Government — Territory subsequently becoming part of Soviet Zone of Occupation — Status of laws enacted by German Reich — Status of laws promulgated by United States and Soviet Military GovernmentsRelationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State doctrine and justiciability — Commercial activity exception — Repudiation of contractual obligations by State legislature — Whether a commercial activity — Principle that United States court will not question the validity of expropriation by foreign State of property within that State's territory — Situs of property — Obligation by State to pay annuity to descendants of former sovereignExpropriation — Debt — Situs of debt — Obligation by German Democratic Republic to pay annuity to descendants of former sovereign — Whether obligation sited in the German Democratic RepublicState immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Counterclaim exception — Requirement that counterclaim arising out of the subject matter of claim by foreign State — Claim by instrumentality of German Democratic Republic for paintings — Cross-claim against German Democratic Republic for non-payment of contractual obligations — Whether within counterclaim exception — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976Sources of international law — General principles of law — Doctrine of unjust enrichment — Applicability to dispute concerning State succession to property rights — The law of the United States

At publication date, a free ebook version of this title will be available through Luminos, University of California Press's Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more. Built in the 1890s at the center of the nation, Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary was designed specifically to be a replica of the US Capitol Building. But why? The Prison of Democracy explains the political significance of a prison built to mimic one of America's monuments to democracy. Locating Leavenworth in memory, history, and law, the prison geographically sits at the borders of Indian Territory (1825-1854) and Bleeding Kansas (1854-1864), both sites of contestation over slavery and freedom. Author Sara M. Benson argues that Leavenworth reshaped the design of punishment in America by gradually normalizing state-inflicted violence against citizens. Leavenworth's peculiar architecture illustrates the real roots of mass incarceration-as an explicitly race- and nation-building system that has been ingrained in the very fabric of US history rather than as part of a recent post-war racial history. The book sheds light on the truth of the painful relationship between the carceral state and democracy in the US-a relationship that thrives to this day

Cybercrime can be defined as an "illegal act in which a computer is a tool or a goal or both". Late, the use of computers has become extremely common and popular. However, the misuse of technology in cyberspace has led to cybercrime both nationally and internationally. With the intention of regulating criminal activities in the cyber world and protecting the technological advancement system, the Indian parliament approved the law on technological information, 2000. It was the first global law of India to deal with technology in the field of e-commerce, e-governance, electronic banking services, as well as penalties and punishments regarding computer crimes. This paper mainly deals with the laws relating to the cyber-crimes in India. The objectives of this research paper to analyse the concept of cyber-crime in India and give suggestions to make the laws more effective to deal with it.

The current crisis is, to a significant extent, a cognitive crisis. What is at stake is the development of a thorough understanding of what is going on, and finding ways to make the results of this analytical effort accessible to as many people involved as possible. Sociology of Law has an obvious role to play in these efforts. Issues such as the relationship between economy, politics, and law on the one hand, and the way people construct practically relevant knowledge in complex societies on the other, have a long tradition in our domain. The crisis also has a severe impact on the conditions under which we carry out our research business. So our work on these topics should also be conceived as part of a broader effort in the defence of science in the culture of world society, which corresponds exactly to the initial vocation of the RCSL.

"In 256 entries written by 249 authors representing 29 different countries, The International Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communication addresses issues, theories, and concepts that have substantively contributed to the development of intercultural communication theory and research. Five themes of intercultural communication: cross-cultural communication, cultural communication, intergroup communication, intercultural training, and critical intercultural communication, address issues of ethnicity and race in intercultural communication as an integral part of each thematic area. This encyclopedia features the perspective of communication scholars as well as cross-cultural psychology, cultural anthropology, and social psychology."--Publisher description

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