Suchergebnisse

The Everlasting Imperial Diet (1663-1806), one of the central institutions of the Holy Roman Empire, was an important forum for the Viennese Court in building and maintaining a loyal following. It has been seen in a negative light by historical researchers for a long time. A number of points of departure for research have emerged particularly in the last few years, which, in a sense, paint a new" picture of the "old" Diet. This is the framework in which the monograph should be seen. It shows, with a focus on the Austrian, and a comparative use of the Prussian politics, in which way this important institution was a locus of political patronage and one for the formation of "Partheyen" (parties). The Empire and Diet politics of the Viennese Court during the joint governance of Emperor Franz I. and Maria Theresia were a factor which should not be underestimated in significance within the structure of Imperial, or Austrian politics. This is shown based on personal relations (clientele, patronage, interrelationships and "Partheyen"). It is important for the general context that, in this, it is not only source material of Austrian extraction that has been used, but also archive material that shed light on the perspective of the clientele and the party supporters. On the whole, the monograph makes a contribution to a better understanding of the political and social structures of the Old Empire. "

1. Introduction . - 2. Linking Changes in Economic Liberalization and the Onset of Ethnic Conflict 13. - 3. Colonialism, High Economic Liberalization, and the Precedence of Caste over Ethnicity (1815-1925) 34. - 4. High Economic Liberalization, the Persistence of Caste over Ethnicity, and The Emergence of Inter-Ethnic Coalitions (1925-1936) 55. - 5. Medium Economic Liberalization, the Decline of Caste-Based Inter-Ethnic Coalitions, and the Politicization of Ethnicity (1936-1948) 68. - 6. High Economic Liberalization, the Institutionalization of Selective Incentives, and the Increased Reliance upon Mobilizational Resources (1948-1956) 82. - 7. Medium Economic Liberalization and the Emergence of the Sinhalese Critical Mass (1956-1965) 102. - 8. Medium Economic Liberalization, the Coherence of the Sinhalese Critical Mass, and the Crafting of Tamil Mobilizational Resources (1965-1970) 120. - 9. Low Economic Liberalization, Intra-Sinhalese Bidding Wars, and Functioning Tamil Mobilizational Resources (1970-1977) 130. - 10. Medium Economic Liberalization, Intra-Ethnic Bidding Wars, Tamil Mobilizational Resources, and the Onset of Violent Ethnic Conflict (1977-1983) 151. - 11. Intra-Ethnic Fractionalization, Radicalized Violence, and Protracted Ethnic Conflict (1983-2009) 179. - 12. Conclusion 188

Historians and social scientists have long identified bureaucracy as the modern state's foundation and the reign of France's Louis XIV as a model for its development. A World of Paper offers a fresh interpretation of bureaucracy through a close examination of the department of the Sun King's last foreign secretary, Jean-Baptiste Colbert de Torcy. Torcy, who served as foreign secretary from 1696-1715, is widely regarded as one of the most brilliant foreign ministers of the ancien regime. Building on the work of his predecessors, he fashioned a skilled team of collaborators as he managed the complex issues of war and peace during the turbulent final decades of Louis XIV's reign. John Rule and Ben Trotter examine Torcy's department to depict administrative structures as they emerged through the circulating stream of paper that connected his office with provincial administrators and diplomats abroad. They explore the collection and centralization of information during Torcy's tenure through the creation of a modern state archive, discreet intelligence gathering, and the surveillance and management of the French mails. They also study the postal carriers, couriers, household officers of the royal court, genealogists hired for research, and an informal "brain trust" of experts, and advisors who carried vital information in and out of the department every day. A remarkable reconstruction of the department of Jean-Baptiste Colbert de Torcy, A World of Paper demystifies bureaucracy and explores the ways in which the modern information state developed from his labours