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Following recent scholarly discussions on what kinds of religious law are accepted and recognised by state and the secular legal order, this article examines and discusses if and how sharia – understood as Islamic law, ethics and practice – may be considered legally recognised in Denmark. The question has both scholarly, legal and political implications, as well as a long history. The Danish context of recognition of religious communities is introduced, with some historical remarks, but this article takes a practical and empirical point of view in recent Danish legislation of recognition of religious communities and examines the specific articles of association and supporting documents that form the basis of legal recognition. The article introduces a short conceptual and theoretical discussion of what legal recognition implies and how to understand legal recognition as the mutual establishment of legal facts. The articles tests the question of legal recognition looking at empirical case evidence, key aspects and analysis of Islamic religious law in 25 recognised Islamic religious communities in Denmark. Legal recognition has important but limited implication, which should not be overstated, but the article does conclude that sharia is recognised as part of the material basis of the recognition regime in Denmark.

This article reviews some of the recent developments and changes effected by the Supreme Court of Virginia and the Virginia General Assembly which affect and involve civil litigation. The scope of this paper does not extend to criminal procedure. This paper is not intended to be an all inclusive compilation, but rather a sampling of case law and legislative enactments of interest to the civil litigation attorney.

The EU avails itself increasingly of soft law instruments, in certain situations to the detriment of legislation. The general assumption underlying this more diversified use of legal instruments is that this contributes to the legitimacy, effectiveness and transparency of Community action and, as such, to good governance. This assumption raises doubts, however, from various perspectives. This contribution focuses on one such perspective, i.e. that of the horizontal division of powers or institutional balance between the EU institutions; to what extent does the use of soft law by one institution entail an unacceptable bypassing of the competences of the other institutions in the decision-making process? In dealing with this question, the author among other things looks into the concept and classification of EC soft law, the competence to adopt soft law and the limits that can be placed upon this competence, the meaning of 'legitimacy' and of 'institutional balance', the existing guarantees for protecting the institutional balance in this regard and changes that may be required.