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America's recent shift from "active defence" to "defending forward" in cyberspace has left some observers nervous. As the attack surface of the Internet rapidly expands, however, a strategy focused solely on defence will do little to incentivise adherence to international security norms. China is particularly vulnerable in the space known as the "Internet of Things," creating an opportunity to balance the use of carrots with sharper sticks.

How far has ASEAN come in its cyber journey? What is the likelihood that it can begin to speak with one voice on cyber issues and what needs to be done before some coherence in an ASEAN approach to the norms debate can be expected?

The debate over ethics and norms building in artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining momentum in the US government and tech industry. Yet, while these institutions understand the need for ethics in AI, a myriad of barriers impede their ability to construct and execute on their ethical frameworks.

Innovation has attracted much attention among firms as well as researchers. First, firms allocate a huge amount of funds to R&D expenditure for their innovation in products and production processes because firms' long-run growth depends on innovation. Second, researchers have investigated diverse factors affecting firms' innovation in order to answer fundamental questions on sustainable innovation. As Schumpeter suggests in his seminal work, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (1950), firm size plays an important role in firms' innovation. For example, large firms can easily realize innovation because they are more likely to possess many useful resources such as more skilled scientists and high-quality equipment than small firms. In this regard, mergers and acquisitions (M&As) have been used as one of the most preferable strategies for firm growth through innovation.

Cyber technology enables countries to act covertly. Furthermore, it is not always easy to identify who is behind a given attack. So, what leads countries that were victims of cyberattacks to reveal the incidents?

The recent SingHealth hack and the fake news phenomenon are likely harbingers of an emergent inflection point in contemporary war: CyWar. The aim of CyWar is to secure command of a State's "hard" and "soft" cyberspace. It behooves States to be ready to cope with the rising CyWar challenge.

How do we protect our critical information infrastructure from evolving threats? What steps do we need to take to prepare for future adversaries who are continually refining their methods? How can these steps be applied to the health sector?

The design of national innovation systems has attracted attention from scholars and policymakers. Firms, universities, and government organisations (including public research institutes) are defined as the three major players, and interactions between the players are considered the key to a successful national innovation system. However, public research institutes are relatively understudied compared to firms and universities, even though their contribution to national innovation is not trivial. This paper aims to understand the detailed processes and reveals practical information regarding the innovation process in public research institutes. Focusing on the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer) in Germany, and the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) in Taiwan, this paper analyses and compares innovation processes of public research institutes with their patent data. Based on findings, this study further discusses issues for better management of public research institutes.

The existence of a well-functioning business environment is a key factor in the diversification of the economy, the efficient use of available resources and ensuring sustainable growth. The business environment, in its turn, should be regarded as a composite of conditions that incorporate quite complex components. If one or more of the composition components are not functioning appropriately, the result you will get is not adequate to the available capacity. The existence of contemporary institutions is the absolute requirement for a "good business environment", performing functions such as coordinating all other economic advantages, organizing appropriate arrangements, and risk management. In the 21st century, policies aimed at the development of the economy are only possible through institutional reforms. The existence and effectiveness of relevant institutions and incentive mechanisms in the process of involving global resources (investment, tested experience, integration advantages, etc.) is considered to be one of the most important advantages. It is hard to imagine the development of modern economies without these global resources. The sharp decline in oil prices since the second half of 2014 created serious difficulties for the Azerbaijani economy, which renowned for its hydrocarbon wealth. The government therefore has begun broad-based reforms in the economy. However, the growth trend in the real economy remains weak despite extensive reforms in the legal sphere and new incentive mechanisms. In other words, delays in implementation of reforms in the economy have been observed. We will try to briefly review the reasons for these delays in this article.

Southeast Asia provides a particularly interesting and important present-day case study on technology's utility as a catalyst for democratization. The relatively sudden and rapid spread of cellular devices in the region, where Asia's most tenuous democracies are concentrated, has conferred a significant amount of power to the masses at a time when still-nascent institutions are weak. While more and more people are taking to social media, especially Facebook, to propagate their views, there are few mediating influences over the growing cacophony of voices, giving rise to an increasingly rancorous political climate. Absent a strong education system, well-developed legal framework, and robust, independent media, unbridled rumors and falsehoods threaten to undermine civil discourse as they spread through the burgeoning social media landscape. This situation presents an opportunity for domestic and foreign actors alike who seek to leverage the discord to pursue ends that may stymie, or even reverse, progress toward consolidating democratic gains.

International audience Call combinations allow animals to expand the communicative power of small repertoires with acoustically inflexible elements. In Campbell's monkeys, Cercopithecus campbelli, males possess a small repertoire of calls that can be merged to an acoustically invariable suffix and which are concatenated into various sequences, mainly in response to external disturbances. The vocal repertoire of adult females has been less well studied although it is much richer, containing both alarm and various social calls. In particular, females possess a low-pitched contact call, produced either alone or merged with a high-pitched, arched unit. Combined contact calls are identity-richer and easier to detect than simple calls. Here, we investigated the socioecological factors that determined the production of single and combined utterances and found that combined utterances were more common when identity was relevant such as in mixed-species associations and during socially important vocal exchanges. In contrast, single calls were used mainly when predation risk was high, as part of this species' generally cryptic antipredator strategy. We discuss these finding in the light of current theories regarding the evolution of combinatorial signalling.

Con los procesos de conurbación regional y el Aeropuerto del Café, Chinchiná puede sacar enormes beneficios de su fortaleza cafetera y posición geoestratégica, siempre y cuando logre una integración con los municipios vecinos para buscar en el largo plazo la complementariedad de sus competencias territoriales y una gestión conjunta y adecuada de los impactos de las nuevas dinámicas económicas, ambientales y sociales relacionas con la economía risaraldense y caldense en el marco de la RAP del Eje Cafetero. Si las decisiones de largo plazo con las capitales cafeteras, Santa Rosa de Cabal y Palestina, pasan por la función catalizadora de la movilidad en el marco de la ciudad región, las asociadas al desarrollo cafetero y turístico, igualmente se deben soportar en acuerdos estables con dichas capitales, y con Palestina, Villa María y Marsella, para la toma de decisiones conjuntas buscando construir sinergias de cara al desarrollo regional.

The KDI Journal of Economic Policy (KDI JEP) is a professional journal published on a quarterly basis. The Journal publishes papers on the academic and policy issues related to the development of Korea's economy. The KDI Journal of Economic Policy welcomes innovative and insightful academic papers on all areas of economics with an emphasis on empirical analysis that contain solid policy implications. KDI JEP is published in English starting in 2015, volume 37 number 1. The Journal aims to disseminate research outcomes and policy recommendations not only to experts at academia and research institutes but also to policy-makers and the general public. First published in March 1979, the original objective was to circulate ongoing- and past researches conducted in KDI, a leading economic think-tank of South Korea. Starting in August, 2001, the Journal has accepted manuscripts from outside in order to provide the readers more diverse perspectives on Korea's policy initiatives. The Journal now actively seeks and welcomes submissions by researchers at home and from abroad who have genuine interests in the Korean economy.

Brookings research is firmly rooted in observed facts, empirical data, and an institutional commitment to developing practical solutions to the most vexing policy challenges facing society, in the United States and around the world. This way of operating is necessary in an ever-more polarized Washington, where like-minded people are drawn to information sources that reinforce their increasingly entrenched worldviews and even facts are the subject of debate. For more than 100 years, Brookings has built a reputation for quality, independence, and impact on the value proposition that thoughtful, unbiased analyses lead to good policies, which are at the heart of good governance. This is a constant, even in times of transition in administrations and shifting global alliances.