Suchergebnisse

Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung ist die Rolle von durch Lehrkräfte wahrgenomme Schülerfreundschaften auf die Einstufung der Lernbemühungen der Schüler durch die Lehrkräfte. Basierend auf früheren Resultaten erwarten die Autoren einen kognitiven Anpassungseffekt, nach dem Lehrkräfte die Bemühungen von in ihren Augen befreundeten Schülern ähnlicher einschätzen als dies aufgrund individueller Leistungen oder tatsächlicher Freundschaften zu erwarten wäre. Die Daten stammen aus der Networks and Actor Attributes in Early Adolescence Studie, die die Entwicklung von individuellem Verhalten, Normen und sozialen Strukturen in 126 Schulklassen (3332 Schüler an 14 Schulen) während des ersten Schuljahres an weiterführenden Schulen in den Niederlanden nachzeichnet. Lernbemühungen der Schüler wurden als Einschätzungen durch die Klassenlehrkraft gemessen und von Schülern mittels vier schulbezogener Verhaltensweisen erfragt. Freundschaftsnetzwerke wurden zum einen direkt von den Schülern erfragt und zum anderen als Einschätzung der Lehrkräfte. Die Daten wurden mit verschiedenen Verfahren der Netzwerkanalyse ausgewertet. (DIPF/Orig.).;;;The authors study the role of teacher-perceived friendship on teachers' assessments of their students' learning efforts. Based on earlier studies, they expect that teacher-perceived friendship differs from students' actual, self-reported friendship, and can account for teachers' judgement of students' learning efforts, above and beyond effects of students' self-reported study effort and friendship. Data were collected as part of the Networks and Actor Attributes in Early Adolescence study, which traces the development of individual behaviour, norms, and classroom social structure in 126 school classes (3332 students, 14 schools) during the first year at secondary school in the Netherlands. Students' individual study effort was assessed based on students' self-reports of four effort-related behaviours and as an overall judgement by the class teacher. Students' networks were assessed with the classroom as boundary, on the one hand as students' self-reported friendships, on the other hand as friendships perceived by the class teachers. Results were obtained with multivariate stochastic actor-based modelling of the feedback processes between study effort, study norms, and friendship networks. (DIPF/Orig.).

This article focuses on the capacity of business élites to be ubiquitous—present on different scenes, geographically far from one another, simultaneously through the means of the mobility (and immobility) of other people who replace them. Based on interviewers with a sample of 52 people from three French multinationals we find that for many business managers, mobility appears to be more an imperative dictated by their role than a choice. For them an ambiguous interpretation of mobility occurs that fluctuates between it being viewed as a resource and a cost, a reward and a trial. At the same time their mobility facilitates differential accumulation of informational capital and social capital for their superiors.

AbstractHow does the state ensure the implementation of national policies in a context of decentralized political authority? This article identifies a new strategy utilized by national bureaucrats to regulate the behavior of subnational politicians: mobilizing civil society as government watchdog and political advocate. In the context of decentralized governance, in which local politicians administer most social sector programs, reform-minded bureaucrats often find that they have little control over the implementation of their progressive policies. In Brazil's AIDS policy sector, however, bureaucrats have ensured the successful implementation of their policies by developing allies outside government. These state actors—here called activist bureaucrats—have been largely overlooked in the English-language literature, yet they form a new layer of politics in Latin America.