At the beginning of the 21st century, Bolivia attempted to make the university an "object of knowledge"; although this was not possible, those efforts are expressed in some publications. A historical perspective is also lacking, since the few studies carried out cover only up to 1930. In this context, the article addresses the ups and downs of the institutionalization of sociology as a discipline, in its research and education dimensions, which was caught up in the tension among intellectual and political projects, competition among areas, and financial difficulties. In Bolivia, there are currently five undergraduate sociology programs, the first of which was created in 1967 at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (umsa), in La Paz, and the last, 2006 at the Universidad de San Francisco Xavier (USFX), in Chuquisaca. The Instituto de Sociología Boliviana (Isbo) of usfx, created in 1940, is taken as object of this study, in order to describe and analyze the main factors involved in the emergence and development of sociology. The critical discussion of the topic is based on the debate over institution and institutionalization in the field of university education, which dates back to classical authors like Durkheim, but focuses mainly on the contributions of Foucault, Bourdieu, Kuhn, and Laudan, insofar as the institutionalization of research and education models is a social, political, and mental or symbolic process, which allows for the link with the idea of traditions —instead of paradigms— that presuppose the establishment of a logical, practical, and mental temporality. For this reason and to avoid the risks of a certain systemic functionalism that plagues institutional knowledge, we introduced the ideas of conflict and tension into the analysis. The methodology is based on primary and secondary data. With respect to primary data, which are the main part of the project, a documentary review was carried out in the university archives referring to Isbo, including correspondence and reports, among others. The objective was to combine genealogical and institutional analysis based on information regarding Isbo, as a theoretical-methodological tool for discursive argumentation on institutionalization, as has been done in other cases in Latin America. ; A principios del siglo xxi, en Bolivia se intentó hacer de la universidad un "objeto de conocimiento", aunque no fue posible, esos esfuerzos quedaron plasmados en algunas publicaciones. Sucede lo propio desde una perspectiva histórica, pues los escasos estudios realizados abarcan solo hasta 1930. En este contexto, el artículo aborda los vaivenes de institucionalización de la sociología como disciplina, en sus dimensiones de investigación y formación, tensionada entre proyectos intelectuales, políticos, competencias entre áreas y dificultades financieras. Actualmente, Bolivia cuenta con cinco carreras de sociología, la primera fue creada en 1967 en la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (umsa), de La Paz, y la última en 2006 en la Universidad de San Francisco Xavier (USFX), de Chuquisaca. En este caso se toma por objeto el Instituto de Sociología Boliviana (Isbo) de la usfx, creado en 1940, para describir y analizar los principales factores que intervinieron en la emergencia y el desarrollo de la sociología. La problematización del tema se basa en la discusión sobre la institución e institucionalización en el campo educativo-universitario que remonta hasta los autores clásicos como Durkheim, pero recoge sobre todo los aportes de Foucault, Bourdieu, Kuhn o Laudan, en la medida que la institucionalización de la investigación y los modelos de formación es un proceso social, político y mental o simbólico de los grupos sociales; lo que permite conectar con la idea de tradiciones —en lugar de paradigmas— que suponen la instalación de una temporalidad lógica, práctica y mental. Por eso, para evitar los riesgos de un cierto funcionalismo-sistémico que asedia al conocimiento de las instituciones, introducimos la idea de conflicto y tensión en el análisis. La metodología se basa en datos primarios y secundarios, entre los primarios —lo esencial del trabajo— se hizo una revisión documental en los archivos universitarios referidos al Isbo, correspondencias, informes, etc. La intención fue combinar un análisis genealógico e institucional basado en datos en torno al caso del Isbo como una herramienta teórica-metodológica en el proceso de argumentación discursiva sobre la institucionalización, similar a otros casos en América Latina. ; No início do século xxi, na Bolívia, tentou-se fazer da universidade um "objeto de conhecimento". Embora não tenha sido possível, esses esforços ficaram registrados em alguns estudos realizados até 1930. O mesmo ocorre, a partir uma perspectiva histórica, já que os escassos estudos realizados abrangem somente até 1930. Nesse contexto, este artigo aborda o vai-e-vem da institucionalização da Sociologia como disciplina, em suas dimensões de pesquisa e formação, tensionada entre projetos intelectuais, políticos, competências entre áreas e dificuldades financeiras. Atualmente, a Bolívia conta com cinco cursos de Sociologia, o primeiro foi criado em 1967 na Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (umsa), de La Paz, e o último, em 2006, na Universidad de San Francisco Xavier (usfx), de Chuquisaca. Neste caso, toma-se por objeto o Instituto de Sociologia Boliviana (Isbo) da usfx, criado em 1940, para descrever e analisar os principais fatores que intervieram na emergência e no desenvolvimento da Sociologia. A problematização do tema está baseada na discussão sobre a instituição e a institucionalização no campo educativo-universitário que remonta aos autores clássicos como Durkheim, mas reúne, principalmente, as contribuições de Foucault, Bourdieu, Kuhn ou Laudan, à medida que a institucionalização da pesquisa e dos modelos de formação é um processo social, político e mental ou simbólico dos grupos sociais; o que permite conectar com a ideia de tradições — no lugar de paradigmas — que supõem a instalação de uma temporalidade lógica, prática e mental. Por isso, para evitar os riscos de um certo funcionalismo-sistêmico que assedia o conhecimento das instituições, introduzimos a ideia de conflito e tensão na análise. A metodologia está baseada em dados primários e secundários. Dentre os primários — o essencial deste trabalho —, fez-se uma revisão documental nos arquivos universitários referentes ao Isbo (correspondências, relatórios, etc.). A intenção foi a de combinar uma análise genealógica e institucional baseada em dados sobre o caso do Isbo como uma ferramenta teórico-metodológica no processo de argumentação discursiva sobre a institucionalização, similar a outros casos na América Latina.
This doctoral research seeks to understand the evolution of a city along the entire duration of its existence. The research is built upon the case-study of Noyon, a French city founded in the 1st century AD. Our approach can be synthesised in three steps. First of all, we assess the functional intra-urban structure so as to establish the trajectory of the city over 2 000 years. Then, we identify the relative position of the city within the system of cities it interacts with. This position is studied in terms of political, administrative and economic features. Finally, by confronting the intra-urban trajectory and the relative position of the city, we can investigate to what extent the history of a city and the history of the other cities of the system are united. The vastly long term considered raises two main issues. Firstly, the societies studied, over 2 000 years, are highly distinct. Comparing them involves to question the consistency of the definition of spatio-temporal entities, in order to study their trajectories. Secondly, this method requires to work with archaeological, textual and iconographic data, which are sporadic and scarce, especially when studying large scales processes. This turns a large part of our research into an investigation where many clues have to be collected in order to retrace some long-disappeared spatial configurations and facts. All of this requires new methodologies, along with a need to unambiguously delineate the paths relative to knowledge building, in order to offer a reproducible study of cities in systems over the long term. ; L'objet de cette thèse est de comprendre l'évolution d'une ville sur toute la durée de son existence. Elle se fonde sur le cas de Noyon, dont l'origine remonte au 1er s. apr. J.-C. La démarche est schématiquement décomposée en trois temps. Il s'agit tout d'abord d'étudier la structure intra-urbaine fonctionnelle et d'en identifier la trajectoire sur 2 000 ans. Puis nous appréhendons la position relative de la ville – saisie d'un point de vue politico-administratif, économique et spatial – par rapport aux autres villes avec lesquelles elle est en interaction. La confrontation de la trajectoire intra-urbaine et de la position relative de la ville permet enfin d'examiner ce qui unit l'histoire d'une ville avec l'histoire des villes avec lesquelles elle fait système. La très longue durée considérée fait émerger deux enjeux majeurs. D'une part, les sociétés étudiées sur 2 000 ans sont très différentes. L'enjeu est donc de les comparer, ce qui implique de questionner la pérennité de la signification des objets spatio-temporels étudiés pour reconstituer leurs trajectoires. D'autre part, cette approche requiert l'étude de données archéologiques, textuelles et iconographiques, qui sont lacunaires et imprécises, en particulier pour l'étude de phénomènes à petite échelle. Un des défis du travail consiste donc à mener une véritable enquête à partir de laquelle on doit cumuler les indices pour tenter de reconstituer d'anciennes réalités spatiales. Tout cela demande finalement d'élaborer de nouvelles approches méthodologiques et d'expliciter les chemins relatifs à la construction des connaissances afin de proposer une étude des villes en système sur le temps long qui soit reproductible.
This doctoral research seeks to understand the evolution of a city along the entire duration of its existence. The research is built upon the case-study of Noyon, a French city founded in the 1st century AD. Our approach can be synthesised in three steps. First of all, we assess the functional intra-urban structure so as to establish the trajectory of the city over 2 000 years. Then, we identify the relative position of the city within the system of cities it interacts with. This position is studied in terms of political, administrative and economic features. Finally, by confronting the intra-urban trajectory and the relative position of the city, we can investigate to what extent the history of a city and the history of the other cities of the system are united. The vastly long term considered raises two main issues. Firstly, the societies studied, over 2 000 years, are highly distinct. Comparing them involves to question the consistency of the definition of spatio-temporal entities, in order to study their trajectories. Secondly, this method requires to work with archaeological, textual and iconographic data, which are sporadic and scarce, especially when studying large scales processes. This turns a large part of our research into an investigation where many clues have to be collected in order to retrace some long-disappeared spatial configurations and facts. All of this requires new methodologies, along with a need to unambiguously delineate the paths relative to knowledge building, in order to offer a reproducible study of cities in systems over the long term. ; L'objet de cette thèse est de comprendre l'évolution d'une ville sur toute la durée de son existence. Elle se fonde sur le cas de Noyon, dont l'origine remonte au 1er s. apr. J.-C. La démarche est schématiquement décomposée en trois temps. Il s'agit tout d'abord d'étudier la structure intra-urbaine fonctionnelle et d'en identifier la trajectoire sur 2 000 ans. Puis nous appréhendons la position relative de la ville – saisie d'un point de vue politico-administratif, économique et spatial – par rapport aux autres villes avec lesquelles elle est en interaction. La confrontation de la trajectoire intra-urbaine et de la position relative de la ville permet enfin d'examiner ce qui unit l'histoire d'une ville avec l'histoire des villes avec lesquelles elle fait système. La très longue durée considérée fait émerger deux enjeux majeurs. D'une part, les sociétés étudiées sur 2 000 ans sont très différentes. L'enjeu est donc de les comparer, ce qui implique de questionner la pérennité de la signification des objets spatio-temporels étudiés pour reconstituer leurs trajectoires. D'autre part, cette approche requiert l'étude de données archéologiques, textuelles et iconographiques, qui sont lacunaires et imprécises, en particulier pour l'étude de phénomènes à petite échelle. Un des défis du travail consiste donc à mener une véritable enquête à partir de laquelle on doit cumuler les indices pour tenter de reconstituer d'anciennes réalités spatiales. Tout cela demande finalement d'élaborer de nouvelles approches méthodologiques et d'expliciter les chemins relatifs à la construction des connaissances afin de proposer une étude des villes en système sur le temps long qui soit reproductible.
. At the age of 21, William Duval shipped aboard a whaler for the Arctic; he arrived in Cumberland Sound in the summer of 1879 and remained there for the next four years. He was usually employed as second helmsman aboard the Lizzie P. Simmonds, a whaler owned by an American firm, Williams and Company. In 1883 he returned to the United States for a year. His activities over the next 20 years are little known. . In the Arctic, Duval lived a life not unlike that of the Inuit whom he came to know so intimately. He learned to speak their language fluently, and they gave him an Inuktitut name - Sivutiksaq, the harpooner. He married a native woman, Aullaqiaq. They had at least four children. . In 1903 Duval and his family, with other Cumberland Sound Inuit, accompanied the Scottish whaler James Mutch to Pond Inlet to establish the first shore station there for Robert Kinnes's Dundee-based whaling and trading firm. Duval remained in northern Baffin Island until 1907, when he returned to the United States for a winter. The following year he went out again and for the next eight years ran a post for Kinnes at Durban Harbour on the Baffin coast of Davis Strait. In 1916 he joined Henry Toke Munn's Arctic Gold Exploration Syndicate, despite its name a fur-trading company; he and his family accompanied Munn to Southampton Island, where they traded for two years. Duval returned to Cumberland Sound in 1918 and established a post for Munn at Usualuk, the American Harbour of the whalers. He remained there until 1922; in that year he returned to the United States again and spent the winter with relatives in New Jersey. The following year the Canadian government employed Duval as interpreter for the trial at Pond Inlet of the Inuit charged with the murder of the trader Robert Janes, the first trial in the High Arctic. In interpreting the words of the judge and the verdict of the jury against the three Inuit accused, Duval, a man who had long straddled two immensely different cultures, felt an empathy for the Inuit who could not possibly, he thought, understand the implications of the proceedings of which they were a part. . Munn sold his syndicate to the Hudson's Bay Company, which now had a monopoly on trade in the sound. As a condition of its agreement with Munn, the Company gave employment to Duval as manager of the outpost it opened at Usualuk. . In the latter half of the 1920s, Pangnirtung served as a base for official government scientific activity in southern Baffin Island. Geologists, naturalists, and map-makers explored Cumberland Sound and beyond. Some of them met the old man of Usualuk, whom they rightly recognized as a living store of knowledge on the Inuit and their land. .
When we see the scientific production of the Hellenistic period, it's reveals that a particular choice is focused on the greats kingdoms founded by Alexander the Great's soldiers. This choice is not fortuitous. The abundance of sources has undoubtedly contributed to the easy exhumation of the past of these kingdoms. The kingdom of Pergamum, which we give ourselves to look the global military aspect is the first time, that one study takes all parts of military aspect of this kingdom. The particularity of Pergamon kingdom is that it was not founded by one of the generals of the Macedonian conqueror. Philetairos, a simple steward of Lysimachus was the founder of attalid dynasty which reigned in Pergamon after Lysimachus death in 281 BC during the Battle of Couroupedion. the attalid dynasty began its reign on the modest city of Pergamum but, it became powerful after many battles.In 188 BC, Pergamon became the most important city of Asia Minor and the principal Rome's ally.At this time, Attalids's armies the most importants in Asia continent.The katoikiai of seleucid kingdom became attalids proporties. This's why we can suggest that Pergamon armies had phalanx mercenaries. However, we can't say more for lack of evidence.In a century and a half of attalid rule, Pergamon had a very dynamic land and sea army based essentially on mercenaries. His intense diplomatic activity also enabled him to sign several conventions of mutual assistance in the event of a military attack threatening the integrity of Pergamon with the powerful military cities like Cyzique, Rhodes. This military cooperation completes the general aspect of the attalids armies. To succeed, the olds knowledge and speciality the recent discoveries have been a great contribution. ; L'observation du volume de la production scientifique de la période hellénistique révèle qu'un choix particulier est porté sur les grands royaumes fondés par les diadoques d'Alexandre le Grand. Ce choix n'est d'ailleurs guère fortuit. L'abondance des sources a sans doute contribué à la facile exhumation du passé de ces royaumes. Le royaume de Pergame dont nous nous donnons la charge de regarder pour la première fois de manière globale l'aspect militaire fait certes partie des grands royaumes hellénistique, mais n'a pas été fondé par l'un des proches généraux du conquérant macédonien. Philétairos, l'intendant de Lysimaque su tirer profit de la fortune colossale de 9 000 talents qui lui avait confié celui-ci. Avec la mort de Lysimaque en 281 av. J.-C. lors de la bataille de Couroupédion, la dynastie des Attalide commença son règne sur la modeste cité de Pergame. Par la suite, le pouvoir pergaménien pris de l'ampleur et en 188 av. J.-C., lors du traité d'Apamée, les Attalides par ailleurs grands alliés de Rome avaient une armée importante, comparable à celle du royaume lagide voire séleucide.Ayant réquisitionné les anciennes katoikiai séleucides, il est évident d'envisager qu'à cette période, les anciens mercenaires phalangistes séleucides se soient rangés sous l'autorité des nouveaux conquérants. Fautes de preuves tangibles, une prudence est à apporter à ces propos.Comme on a pu le constater tout au long de cette étude, en un siècle et demi de règne attalide, Pergame disposait d'une armée terrestre et maritime très dynamique qui repose essentiellement sur les mercenaires. Son intense activité diplomatique lui a en outre permis de signer plusieurs conventions d'assistance mutuelle en cas d'attaque militaire menaçant l'intégrité de Pergame avec les puissantes cités militaires d'alors à l'instar de Cyzique, Rhodes, etc. Cette coopération militaire complète le tableau global des capacités militaires attalides dont nous nous sommes donné la peine de reconstituer à des bribes de connaissances anciennement découvertes, mais surtout à la lumière de récentes découvertes.
When we see the scientific production of the Hellenistic period, it's reveals that a particular choice is focused on the greats kingdoms founded by Alexander the Great's soldiers. This choice is not fortuitous. The abundance of sources has undoubtedly contributed to the easy exhumation of the past of these kingdoms. The kingdom of Pergamum, which we give ourselves to look the global military aspect is the first time, that one study takes all parts of military aspect of this kingdom. The particularity of Pergamon kingdom is that it was not founded by one of the generals of the Macedonian conqueror. Philetairos, a simple steward of Lysimachus was the founder of attalid dynasty which reigned in Pergamon after Lysimachus death in 281 BC during the Battle of Couroupedion. the attalid dynasty began its reign on the modest city of Pergamum but, it became powerful after many battles.In 188 BC, Pergamon became the most important city of Asia Minor and the principal Rome's ally.At this time, Attalids's armies the most importants in Asia continent.The katoikiai of seleucid kingdom became attalids proporties. This's why we can suggest that Pergamon armies had phalanx mercenaries. However, we can't say more for lack of evidence.In a century and a half of attalid rule, Pergamon had a very dynamic land and sea army based essentially on mercenaries. His intense diplomatic activity also enabled him to sign several conventions of mutual assistance in the event of a military attack threatening the integrity of Pergamon with the powerful military cities like Cyzique, Rhodes. This military cooperation completes the general aspect of the attalids armies. To succeed, the olds knowledge and speciality the recent discoveries have been a great contribution. ; L'observation du volume de la production scientifique de la période hellénistique révèle qu'un choix particulier est porté sur les grands royaumes fondés par les diadoques d'Alexandre le Grand. Ce choix n'est d'ailleurs guère fortuit. L'abondance des sources a sans doute contribué à la facile exhumation du passé de ces royaumes. Le royaume de Pergame dont nous nous donnons la charge de regarder pour la première fois de manière globale l'aspect militaire fait certes partie des grands royaumes hellénistique, mais n'a pas été fondé par l'un des proches généraux du conquérant macédonien. Philétairos, l'intendant de Lysimaque su tirer profit de la fortune colossale de 9 000 talents qui lui avait confié celui-ci. Avec la mort de Lysimaque en 281 av. J.-C. lors de la bataille de Couroupédion, la dynastie des Attalide commença son règne sur la modeste cité de Pergame. Par la suite, le pouvoir pergaménien pris de l'ampleur et en 188 av. J.-C., lors du traité d'Apamée, les Attalides par ailleurs grands alliés de Rome avaient une armée importante, comparable à celle du royaume lagide voire séleucide.Ayant réquisitionné les anciennes katoikiai séleucides, il est évident d'envisager qu'à cette période, les anciens mercenaires phalangistes séleucides se soient rangés sous l'autorité des nouveaux conquérants. Fautes de preuves tangibles, une prudence est à apporter à ces propos.Comme on a pu le constater tout au long de cette étude, en un siècle et demi de règne attalide, Pergame disposait d'une armée terrestre et maritime très dynamique qui repose essentiellement sur les mercenaires. Son intense activité diplomatique lui a en outre permis de signer plusieurs conventions d'assistance mutuelle en cas d'attaque militaire menaçant l'intégrité de Pergame avec les puissantes cités militaires d'alors à l'instar de Cyzique, Rhodes, etc. Cette coopération militaire complète le tableau global des capacités militaires attalides dont nous nous sommes donné la peine de reconstituer à des bribes de connaissances anciennement découvertes, mais surtout à la lumière de récentes découvertes.
In the success stories of Estonians across several generations we can speak about certain regularities. The career which moved the person out of the taxpayers' status could be started in governmental (often half-military) educational establishments and was related to civil or military service. The way from leaving the countryside for town and to become a white-collar employee would happen no sooner than within 2-3 generations. A large part of the first generation intellectuals in 19th century left for Russia. It was hard to assimilate into well-established structures of the local society, but the vast Russian empire offered various possibilities to ambitious young people. Estonians, once having accepted to act like Germans, could in Russia make a career as engineers of factories, doctors in chief of military hospitals, chemists, headmasters of schools, veterinarians, land surveyors, postal or railway clerks, Lutheran pastor in the vast spaces of Siberia. The mere size of the Russian empire guaranteed extended job opportunities. At the beginning of the 20th century emigrants tried to come back home and use the knowledge and skills obtained in Russia for the (Estonian) public weal. When Estonia became an independent state, 40.000 persons came back and they had a great impact in the building of Estonian professional elites.
In: Aktualʹni pytannja suspilʹnych nauk ta istorii͏̈ medycyny: spilʹnyj ukrai͏̈nsʹko-rumunsʹkyj naukovyj žurnal = Current issues of social studies and history of medicine : joint Ukrainian-Romanian scientific journal = Aktualʹnye voprosy obščestvennych nauk i istorii mediciny = Enjeux actuels de sciences sociales et de l'histoire de la medecine, Heft 1, S. 139-141
Literary reception of the poetics of S. Vorobkevych's poetic works through the prism of Osip Makovey's research. Goal. In the segment of the study of the literary reception of the poetics of S. Vorobkevich's poetic works, analyze the literary and critical materials of O. Makovey ("Literary heritage according to Izidor Vorobkevich", "Izidor Vorobkevich", "General notes on the poetry of Izidor Vorobkevich"), published in the first few decades after the writer's death. Research methods are predetermined by the purpose and tasks of the work, the object of research and are complex. The hermeneutic method and the method of slow reading (the method of receptive poetics) were practiced, aimed to reveal S. Vorobkevych artistic means, interpret his works. Comparative and comparative historical methods are used to reveal the influence of other authors on the poetics of Bukovynian writer. Biographical method makes it possible to find out the dependence of S. Vorobkevych's views on poetics on the life basis. Scientific novelty. The peculiarities of the development of poetics of poetry of S. Vorobkevych on the basis of certain its elements (generic, metaology, poetic syntax, phonics, versification) in the diachronic aspect were determined for the first time in Ukrainian literary studies in the given thesis. For this purpose, the scientific literature related to the study of elements of poetics of poetry works by S. Vorobkevych has been analyzed. The author's approach on the form of poetic text is studied. The role of extraneous influences on poetry of S. Vorobkevych in the aspect of poetics is determined. Conclusions. The study of publications related to the topic of the study showed that the most valuable of them are the materials of O. Makovey, V. Lesyn and O. Romanets, P. Nykonenko, M. Bondar, P. Nykonenko. The results obtained are an important material for expressing our knowledge of the poetics of S. Vorobkevych's poetic works; they are the material for comparison with the similar material on the artistic nature of Y. Fedkovych's poetic works. On the basis of revealing common features, taking into account the data of other Ukrainian poets of the region of this period it becomes possible to get a general picture of the poetics of domestic poetry works in Bukovyna in the second half of the nineteenth century.
In: Aktualʹni pytannja suspilʹnych nauk ta istorii͏̈ medycyny: spilʹnyj ukrai͏̈nsʹko-rumunsʹkyj naukovyj žurnal = Current issues of social studies and history of medicine : joint Ukrainian-Romanian scientific journal = Aktualʹnye voprosy obščestvennych nauk i istorii mediciny = Enjeux actuels de sciences sociales et de l'histoire de la medecine, Band 29, Heft 1, S. 29-33
The article formulates the theoretical foundations of the study of dramatic text, distinguishes between the concepts of "dramatic text" (affects the reader) and "dramatic work" (verbalizes the theatrical action for the viewer), because these linguistic realities are in the relationship of inclusion. A dramatic text is a unity organized according to certain laws, which has a clear structure: a certain number of lines, designed with the help of the author's remark, forms a dialogical unity; the combination of dialogic units forms a scene; the set of scenes constitute an act; several acts create a complete work. Obligatory factors of expressiveness of the dramatic text that influence the development of dialogic parts of the characters are pragmatic components of speech which are considered as certain rules of successful communication. In the communicative-pragmatic paradigm dramatic text is defined as a specific type of artistic text that has its own structural and speech features due to a combination of informational, pragmatic, stylistic and cognitive aspects, where the pragmatic aspect is found in speech acts, syntactic organization of cues. The scientific novelty of the research is DT of Bukovinian's writers of the late nineteenth – early twentieth century that have not yet been the subject of analysis. The relevance of scientific research requires a holistic analysis of the dramatic text and difference between the concepts of "dramatic text" and "dramatic composition", the study of mandatory factors of expressiveness of dramatic text, influencing the development of dialogic parts. The following methods and techniques of linguistic analysis are used in the article: system-functional analysis, method of discussion analysis, contextual-interpretive method. Conclusions. Dramatic text is a complex phenomenon with its own peculiarities of functioning. It is possible to penetrate into the structure of a dramatic text, to reveal the meaning of the author's intentions due to the volume-pragmatic division of the text. The communicative-pragmatic organization of DT influences the processes of active aesthetic influence of a work of art on the consciousness of the addressee. We see the prospect of the represented research in the further deepening of knowledge about the categorical features of the text in the communicative-pragmatic aspect.
In connection with the concept of the "new Enlightenment" formulated in the recent anniversary report of the Club of Rome, the author of the article analyzes the phenomenon of the Enlightenment in Russia. The points of view of domestic and foreign researchers on the positive and negative aspects of the Enlightenment, the reasons for the crisis of the "classical" Enlightenment and the need for its renewal are considered. One of the most important problems of the European Enlightenment of the 18th century - the crisis of public morality. The enlighteners borrowed the norms and values of traditional morality from religious consciousness, but sought to combine them with the guidelines for the rationalization and secularization of society and man. In Russia, this trend also took place, but the Russian Enlightenment is characterized by a more expressed axiologism, an orientation towards the mutual complementarity of moral values, scientific knowledge and socio-political progress. The author also refers to the discussion about the chronological framework of the Russian Enlightenment, highlighting its three stages: Christianization of Ancient Rus; Europeanization of the Russian Empire in the 18th century; the formation of an independent science, culture and philosophy since the 1830s. In addition, the article talks about the dialectical unity and struggle of cultural and civilizational paradigms in the Enlightenment of Russia. It is concluded that the Russian philosophy, created in the polemics of Slavophiles and Westernizers, realized Kant's idea of the essence of Enlightenment -the ability to use one's own mind. ; В связи с концепцией «нового Просвещения», сформулированной в недавнем юбилейном докладе Римского клуба, автор статьи анализирует феномен Просвещения в России. Рассматриваются точки зрения отечественных и зарубежных исследователей по вопросам позитивных и негативных сторон Просвещения, о причинах кризиса «классического» Просвещения и необходимости его обновления. Одна из важнейших проблем европейского Просвещения XVIII в. - кризис общественной морали. Просветители заимствовали нормы и ценности традиционной морали из религиозного сознания, но стремились совместить их с установками на рационализацию и секуляризацию общества и человека. В России данная тенденция также имела место, но для русского Просвещения характерны более выраженный аксиологизм, ориентация на взаимное дополнение нравственных ценностей, научного знания и социально-политического прогресса. Автор также обращается к дискуссии о хронологических рамках российского Просвещения, выделяя три его этапа: христианизация Древней Руси; европеизация Российской империи XVIII в.; формирование самостоятельной науки, культуры и философии с 30-х гг. XIX в. Кроме того, в статье говорится о диалектическом единстве и борьбе культурной и цивилизационной парадигм в Просвещении России. Делается вывод о том, что русская философия, созданная в полемике славянофилов и западников, реализовала мысль Канта о сущности Просвещения - умении пользоваться собственным разумом.
Urban Indonesia: challenges and opportunities / Sonia Roitman and Deden Rukmana -- History of urban planning in Indonesia, 1900-2020 / Christopher Silver -- Planning education in Indonesia: history, development and future challenges / Bakti Setiawan -- Tenure security and kampung upgrading in Jakarta: the role of community perception and state recognition / Andri Supriatna and Redento B. Recio -- Participation within the insurgent planning practices: a case of Kampung Susun Akuarium, Jakarta / Amalia Nur Indah Sari, Andesha Hermintomo, Dian Tri Irawaty, and Vidya Tanny -- Resistance to formalisation in informal settlements: evidence from Pontianak / Yustina Octifanny, Dini Aprilia Norvyani, and Siti Asri Heriyani Pertiwi -- Community action and legibility of the state: the case of Malang / Fauzul Rizal Sutikno -- Community organisation and neighbourhood improvement through collective action and bottom-up gender planning in Yogyakarta / Ainun Murwani, Atik Rochayati, Surati, Wulan Itami, Susilah, Eko Nur Chayanti, Sujiyanti, Jasri Mulia and Sonia Roitman -- Interpretation of Islamic values into urban planning discourse and practices in Banda Aceh / Sylvia Agustina, Elysa Wulandari, Myna Agustina, and Fahmi Aulia -- Contested memories and the production of space in Ambon: a post-conflict city between tolerance and trauma / Kadek Wara Urwasi -- Resuscitating design in shelter policy for the poor: lessons from Surabaya / Ashok Das -- Changing people's attitude towards urban river in Yogyakarta: the case of the Mundur-Munggah-Madhep Kali movement / Wiryono Raharjo and Paulus Bawole -- The street alley (gang) as negotiating space in the urban kampung: the case of Semarang / Wakhidah Kurniawati, Diah Intan Kusumo Dewi, and Nurini -- Barriers and opportunities to cycling in Mataram / Suryani Eka Wijaya and Muhammad Imran -- The light and shadow of small city's flexible zoning: learning from Jepara / Setyo Atdiwaluyo -- Why rural urbanisation and industrialisation does not always bring its promised welfare impact: the case of Salatiga / Ahmad Gamal -- The dynamics of multi-scalar networks underlying the creative city process: the case of Bandung / Galuh Syahbana Indraprahasta, Fikri Zul Fahmi, and Purnama Alamsyah -- The creativity of the kampung: the case of Solo / Ahmad Rifai, Nina Asterina, Rizqa Hidayani, and Nicholas A. Phelps -- Exploring city branding in Wonosobo: how the tale is told / Dhimas Bayu Anindito and Retas Aqabah Amjad -- Metamorphosing the Bogor Botanical Gardens as the 'crown jewel' of Bogor City / Rezky Khrisrachmansyah, David S. Jones, Vera D. Damayanti -- The challenges to give a New life to the dormant heritage city of Palembang: where did It go wrong? / Riela Provi Drianda, Muhammad Avaniddin, Adiwan Fahlan Aritenang, -- and Laila Zohrah -- Planning for resilience in Bandung: case studies of local disaster management strategies / Anthony Kent, Saut Sagala, Danang Azhari, Jeeten Kumar, and Amesta Ramadhani -- Planning for sustainability and resilience in Ternate: a situated knowledge / Achmad Firas Khudi and Harya S. Dillon -- Towards sustainable life of local communities in coastal cities: a longitudinal study of new town development in Makassar / Rahmat Aris Pratomo, D. Ary A. Samsura, and Erwin van der Krabben -- Path leading to urban sustainability: reflections from solid waste management in Surabaya / Fitria Aurora Feliciani -- Equal access to water in Cirebon Regency urban area: the role of spatial plan / Sri Maryati and Tommy Firman -- Conclusion: seeing from urban Indonesia / Deden Rukmana and Sonia Roitman.
Urban Indonesia: challenges and opportunities / Sonia Roitman and Deden Rukmana -- History of urban planning in Indonesia, 1900-2020 / Christopher Silver -- Planning education in Indonesia: history, development and future challenges / Bakti Setiawan -- Tenure security and kampung upgrading in Jakarta: the role of community perception and state recognition / Andri Supriatna and Redento B. Recio -- Participation within the insurgent planning practices: a case of Kampung Susun Akuarium, Jakarta / Amalia Nur Indah Sari, Andesha Hermintomo, Dian Tri Irawaty, and Vidya Tanny -- Resistance to formalisation in informal settlements: evidence from Pontianak / Yustina Octifanny, Dini Aprilia Norvyani, and Siti Asri Heriyani Pertiwi -- Community action and legibility of the state: the case of Malang / Fauzul Rizal Sutikno -- Community organisation and neighbourhood improvement through collective action and bottom-up gender planning in Yogyakarta / Ainun Murwani, Atik Rochayati, Surati, Wulan Itami, Susilah, Eko Nur Chayanti, Sujiyanti, Jasri Mulia and Sonia Roitman -- Interpretation of Islamic values into urban planning discourse and practices in Banda Aceh / Sylvia Agustina, Elysa Wulandari, Myna Agustina, and Fahmi Aulia -- Contested memories and the production of space in Ambon: a post-conflict city between tolerance and trauma / Kadek Wara Urwasi -- Resuscitating design in shelter policy for the poor: lessons from Surabaya / Ashok Das -- Changing people's attitude towards urban river in Yogyakarta: the case of the Mundur-Munggah-Madhep Kali movement / Wiryono Raharjo and Paulus Bawole -- The street alley (gang) as negotiating space in the urban kampung: the case of Semarang / Wakhidah Kurniawati, Diah Intan Kusumo Dewi, and Nurini -- Barriers and opportunities to cycling in Mataram / Suryani Eka Wijaya and Muhammad Imran -- The light and shadow of small city's flexible zoning: learning from Jepara / Setyo Atdiwaluyo -- Why rural urbanisation and industrialisation does not always bring its promised welfare impact: the case of Salatiga / Ahmad Gamal -- The dynamics of multi-scalar networks underlying the creative city process: the case of Bandung / Galuh Syahbana Indraprahasta, Fikri Zul Fahmi, and Purnama Alamsyah -- The creativity of the kampung: the case of Solo / Ahmad Rifai, Nina Asterina, Rizqa Hidayani, and Nicholas A. Phelps -- Exploring city branding in Wonosobo: how the tale is told / Dhimas Bayu Anindito and Retas Aqabah Amjad -- Metamorphosing the Bogor Botanical Gardens as the 'crown jewel' of Bogor City / Rezky Khrisrachmansyah, David S. Jones, Vera D. Damayanti -- The challenges to give a New life to the dormant heritage city of Palembang: where did It go wrong? / Riela Provi Drianda, Muhammad Avaniddin, Adiwan Fahlan Aritenang, -- and Laila Zohrah -- Planning for resilience in Bandung: case studies of local disaster management strategies / Anthony Kent, Saut Sagala, Danang Azhari, Jeeten Kumar, and Amesta Ramadhani -- Planning for sustainability and resilience in Ternate: a situated knowledge / Achmad Firas Khudi and Harya S. Dillon -- Towards sustainable life of local communities in coastal cities: a longitudinal study of new town development in Makassar / Rahmat Aris Pratomo, D. Ary A. Samsura, and Erwin van der Krabben -- Path leading to urban sustainability: reflections from solid waste management in Surabaya / Fitria Aurora Feliciani -- Equal access to water in Cirebon Regency urban area: the role of spatial plan / Sri Maryati and Tommy Firman -- Conclusion: seeing from urban Indonesia / Deden Rukmana and Sonia Roitman.
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The phenomenon we have tried to approximate in our work is that of Romanian inter-war spirituality. The "protagonists" of this research belonged to the so-called "young generation" or "generation 27", that is "The Criterion group": Mircea Eliade, Emil Cioran, Constantin Noica, Mircea Vulcanescu, as well as other two representatives of a different generation: Nae Ionescu and Nichifor Crainic. The first chapter, entitled "Steps and traps in the perception of Romanian inter-war spirituality" stipulates the topic of our research. The novelty of the approach lies in our desire of deciphering the way in which these persons had perceived themselves and their role in what we are going to refer to as the great inter-war experiment. We intend to regard reality as the sum of various images, arising from different layers of perception, coming from the respective personalities, their critics and exegetes. These images overlap to an extent that does not justify the metaphor of a "mirror broken into pieces" and reconstructed; they merely form a sort of kaleidoscope whose images are recomposed in ever changing pictures every time the object one looks through revolves. In the same time, we make a starting point in an idea suggested by social psychology, which leads to our belief that the way in which the protagonists under discussion perceived themselves was defined by their representations on the events of the time, a sort of intellectual projection of collective consciousness. We made clear some terms such as "post-event perception": the type of cognitive reflection upon a cultural background that occurs under the circumstances imposed to the subject, situated at considerable distance in time, capable of placing him in a favorable position – as the absence of subjectivism cannot contaminate direct, synchronic perception of events; possible reiteration of the moment achieved by means of reading, an experiment possessing the supplementary cognitive charge of an anticipatory knowledge of the denouement, as well as a series of disadvantages – such as the informational deficiencies caused by the passing of time, the reality of events being an indirect, secondary one; the contamination of hypothetical decisions and post-event judgments by the bulk and value of information on the events, as well as their subsequent evaluation, jeopardizing the accuracy of perception. Evaluating the working hypotheses we notice that there is a considerable difference between the way in which we, who were not directly involved in the events, perceive the "epoch", and the way it was perceived by the persons whose intentions we are striving to decipher, together with the ideas and attitudes they shared, the people they came into contact with, the events they took part in or carried them along a sometimes disagreeable, often ungrateful History. Our protagonists observed that whatever culture consecrates or recovers is in possession of another type of reality. It is a relatively continuous reality; even if it becomes the subject of ever renewed evaluation, it constantly perpetuates a series of values, while history is anthropophagous, swallowing in an equally inconsiderate manner both geniuses and jesters, bringing together in its terrifying ignorance both illustrious characters and the most ordinary of all people.
The agricultural and political history of the province of Paita during the 19th century is still under academic study. San Lucas de Colán stands out in the coastal strip and currently lacks sociological research that studies its spatial formation, dynamics of land ownership, and regional political events. We take Peru's bicentennial objectives as a framework to produce sociology and regional history knowledge. Also, we present a context to study several social actors providing information about the historical progress of a northern valley and rural population center during a viceregal Bourbon time that is transforming due to the complex processes for building a national republican state. We systematize ethnographic data by René Lesson. He was a French doctor and naturalist that arrived by chance at Colán beaches to collect botanical and zoological information. In addition, he reported the war between the Piura people and Spain, framed in a patriotic exaltation by the triumphal march of Santa Cruz with his Piuran battalion in Pichincha in 1822. The news of Bolivar's arrival in March 1823 forced Lesson and his French companions to retreat hastily to Tahiti. This paper is based on the results of a SIN-SIN research project (2021) presented by the Research Group «Afrodescendants in Piura» and approved by the Vice Rectorate of Research and Postgraduate Research of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (VRIP-UNMSM). ; La historia agraria y política de la provincia de Paita durante el siglo XIX es un tema que se encuentra en proceso de construcción. En la franja costera destaca San Lucas de Colán, una zona que actualmente carece de investigaciones sociológicas que estudien su formación espacial, sus dinámicas de la propiedad de la tierra, y su particular acontecer político regional. En el marco de los objetivos del Bicentenario nacional peruano, desde la sociología y la historia regional, presentamos este artículo que esboza un contexto donde encontramos varios actores sociales que nos brindan información sobre la marcha histórica de un valle y centro poblado rural norteño durante un tiempo borbónico virreinal que va transformándose debido a los complejos procesos para la construcción de un Estado republicano nacional. En esta ocasión, sistematizamos la información etnográfica que nos brinda René Lesson, un médico y naturalista francés que llega casualmente a las playas de Colán para r ecoger información botánica y zoológica, además de datos sobre la guerra que vivía la gente de Piura contra España, enmarcada en una exaltación patriótica por la marcha triunfal de Santa Cruz con su batallón piurano en Pichincha en 1822. La noticia del arribo de Bolívar para el mes de marzo de 1823 obligó a Lesson y sus compañeros franceses a retirarse precipitadamente hacia Tahití. Este escrito se basa en los resultados de un proyecto de investigación SIN-SIN (2021) presentado por el Grupo de Investigación «Afrodescendientes en Piura» y aprobado por el Vicerrectorado de Investigación de Investigación y Posgrado de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (VRIP-UNMSM).
