Suchergebnisse

On December 31, 2019, the Chinese government announced an outbreak of a novel coronavirus, recently named COVID‐19. During the following weeks the international medical community has witnessed with unprecedented coverage the public health response both domestically by the Chinese government, and on an international scale as cases have spread to dozens of countries. While much regarding the virus and the Chinese public health response is still unknown, national and public health institutions globally are preparing for a pandemic. As cases and spread of the virus grow, emergency and other front‐line providers may become more anxious about the possibility of encountering a potential case. This review describes the tenets of a public health response to an infectious outbreak by using recent historical examples and also by characterizing what is known about the ongoing response to the COVID‐19 outbreak. The intent of the review is to empower the practitioner to monitor and evaluate the local, national and global public health response to an emerging infectious disease.

The application of international treaties depends not only on the provisions of a specific tax treaty but also on the state legal system and the doctrine reflected in it: monistic or dualistic. In the majority of states (as a rule, Anglo-Saxon legal systems) the dualistic approach is predominant—international and national law are considered to be separate systems and, thus, the incorporation of international norms into national law is necessary. Meanwhile, the majority of EU Member States (as well as Lithuania) follow the monistic approach by entrenching the supremacy of the sources of international law over national legal systems.EU legal norms are integrated into the Member States' legal systems and operate directly within their internal legislation. Thus, tax treaties drawn up between EU Member States and third parties, upon the accession of the former to the EU, cannot be in conflict with the provisions of the European Community Treaty (EC Treaty), whereas tax treaties drawn up prior to the accession to the EU are not influenced by the EC Treaty. However, all Member States have to strive to eliminate the existing incompatibilities with the EC Treaty.The Constitutional Act 'On Membership of the Republic of Lithuania in the European Union' establishes that EU legal norms are part of the Lithuanian legal system, and in case of a collision with the Lithuanian legal norms the former are supreme. Thus, all national law has to be in conformity with the provisions of the EC Treaty. The provisions of tax treaties (except those drawn up prior to the accession to the EU) also have to be in line with the EC Treaty.

The application of international treaties depends not only on the provisions of a specific tax treaty but also on the state legal system and the doctrine reflected in it: monistic or dualistic. In the majority of states (as a rule, Anglo-Saxon legal systems) the dualistic approach is predominant—international and national law are considered to be separate systems and, thus, the incorporation of international norms into national law is necessary. Meanwhile, the majority of EU Member States (as well as Lithuania) follow the monistic approach by entrenching the supremacy of the sources of international law over national legal systems.EU legal norms are integrated into the Member States' legal systems and operate directly within their internal legislation. Thus, tax treaties drawn up between EU Member States and third parties, upon the accession of the former to the EU, cannot be in conflict with the provisions of the European Community Treaty (EC Treaty), whereas tax treaties drawn up prior to the accession to the EU are not influenced by the EC Treaty. However, all Member States have to strive to eliminate the existing incompatibilities with the EC Treaty.The Constitutional Act 'On Membership of the Republic of Lithuania in the European Union' establishes that EU legal norms are part of the Lithuanian legal system, and in case of a collision with the Lithuanian legal norms the former are supreme. Thus, all national law has to be in conformity with the provisions of the EC Treaty. The provisions of tax treaties (except those drawn up prior to the accession to the EU) also have to be in line with the EC Treaty.

The Twin Research Registry (TRR) at SRI International is a community-based registry of twins established in 1995 by advertising in local media, mainly on radio stations and in newspapers. As of August 2012, there are 3,120 same- and opposite-sex twins enrolled; 86% are 18 years of age or older (mean age 44.9 years, SD 16.9 years) and 14% less than 18 years of age (mean age 8.9 years, SD 4.5); 67% are female, and 62% are self-reported monozygotic (MZ). More than 1,375 twins have participated in studies over the last 15 years in collaboration with the University of California Medical Center in San Francisco, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, and the Stanford University School of Medicine. Each twin completes a registration form with basic demographic information either online at the TRR Web site or during a telephone interview. Contact is maintained with members by means of annual newsletters and birthday cards. The managers of the TRR protect the confidentiality of twin data with established policies; no information is given to other researchers without prior permission from the twins; and all methods and procedures are reviewed by an Institutional Review Board. Phenotypes studied thus far include those related to nicotine metabolism, mutagen sensitivity, pain response before and after administration of an opioid, and a variety of immunological responses to environmental exposures, including second-hand smoke and vaccination for seasonal influenza virus and Varicella zoster virus. Twins in the TRR have participated in studies of complex, clinically relevant phenotypes that would not be feasible to measure in larger samples.

Real regional gross domestic product (GDP) contracted by 6 percent in 2009, reflecting a collapse in tourist arrivals and foreign direct investment (FDI)-financed construction activity. The global financial and economic crisis has also exposed areas of significant weaknesses, notwithstanding reforms implemented by a number of member countries. Executive Directors concurred that the urgent challenge is fiscal consolidation. They noted IMF staff's assessment that the real effective exchange rate (REER) appears broadly in line with current fundamentals

Freedom of expression has actually been guaranteed in the law. As a citizen, having an opinion according to what is considered right is certainly a legal thing. The phenomenon of opinion in various social media is currently being loved. The thing that has often been an issue in recent weeks is the truth about the Covid-19 pandemic. Jerinx, a member of a well-known musician band in Bali, often voices opinions that are different from what actually happened. He considers that this pandemic is just a conspiracy of the global elite. The opinions expressed were conveyed through his social media channels, up to a post that forced Jerinx to go to jail for allegedly violating the rules contained in the ITE Law. The purpose of this study is to analyze the accuracy of the use of Articles in the ITE Law which is alleged to be against Jerinx for the posts he has made. By using juridical-normative research methods based on primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials such as legislation, court decisions, legal theory, and can be in the form of opinions of scholars related to existing problems. The results of this study were then analyzed qualitatively with descriptive-prescriptive presentation. There, a fact was found that all the elements of the articles of the ITE Law had been fulfilled to imprison Jerinx.

The ancient Persian empires are denoted as despotic, practicing arbitrary rule while Greece, Persia's archrival during the sixth to fourth century BC, exercised rule of law. This paper uses a contract theory framework to analyze some of the geographical and environmental underpinnings of the existence of rule of law in the city-states of ancient Greece and its absence in Persia. I discuss the role of geographical conditions of land (open plains versus mountains), population pressure, proximity to the sea and form of trade (overland versus overseas) as factors conducive to rule of law in the city-states of ancient Greece and to despotism in ancient Persia. Specifically, the role of trade via land in Persia prior to the fifth century BC is compared to the role of sea trade (alongside with piracy) in ancient Greece. I argue that in ancient Persia monarchs could tax or expropriate much of the gains from overland trade, preventing the accumulation of an independent form of wealth by merchants. In Greece, sea trade alongside the practice of piracy led to gains from trade that could not be easily expropriated by the monarchs and acted as a balancing force vis-à-vis the power of the monarchs, creating a basis for rule of law in the Greek city-states.

Both political scientists and lawyers are in quest of better understanding of the same problems about the same processes of the same administrative agencies carrying out the same programs. Yet the two professional groups characteristically work quite independently of each other. Acting in the belief that both lawyers and political scientists should benefit by increased mutual criticism, I propose to record my impressions of that area of political science which overlaps with and is contiguous to administrative law. The point of view will be that of one who is concerned primarily with law and legal education.This paper is designed (1) to evaluate the case studies edited by Harold Stein, entitled Public Administration and Policy Development, (2) to contrast with the case studies the basic method of instruction marked out by some of the conventional texts on public administration, (3) to criticize the undue emphasis upon broad perspective at the expense of detailed facts in the literature of public administration, (4) to call attention to the inordinate amount of misinformation about administrative law in some of the texts on public administration, (5) to express doubts about the choice of subject matter for some of the texts on public administration, and (6) to attempt constructive suggestions for further research on political science aspects of administrative law problems.

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses challenges and opportunities facing international accounting researchers and demonstrates the relevance of markets-based international accounting research to those new to the area. We review recent research in the following areas: required GAAP for foreign-listed firms and adoption of international standards, accounting classifications, earnings management, the impact of foreign operations on firm valuation, capital market anomalies, and accounting reforms. We also provide suggestions for future research in each area and examples of domestic research issues that can be addressed with international data. The opportunities for conducting international accounting research are many and growing.