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Abstract
This article considers the readiness of international law to protect States from information operations that are launched as the means of disrupting government response to the spread of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. It examines both the external- and internal-facing dynamics for international regulation of misinformation, with the focus on the principle of non-intervention as an external regulation of misinformation under general international law and freedom of expression guaranteed under human rights treaties for internal regulation.

"Serial no. 108-81." ; Shipping list no.: 2004-0199-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Results of 15th International Contest in Ukrainian Studies of the 8th—11thGraders of General Education Establishments

The long peace, the end of the Cold War, and the failure of realism / Richard Ned Lebow -- Explaining the end of the Cold War: morphological and behavioral adaptations to the nuclear peace? / Kenneth A. Oye -- Liberalism and the end of the Cold War / Michael W. Doyle -- Myths, modernization, and the post-Gorbachev world / Jack Snyder -- Understanding change in international politics: the Soviet Empire's demise and the international system / Rey Koslowski and Friedrich V. Kratochwil -- The search for accommodation: Gorbachev in comparative perspective / Richard Ned Lebow -- Ideas do not float freely: transnational coalitions, domestic structures, and the end of the Cold War / Thomas Risse-Kappen -- Political learning by doing: Gorbachev as uncommitted thinker and motivated learner / Janice Gross Stein -- Conclusion: the end of the Cold War, what have we learned? / Richard K. Herrmann

This paper will look at the lessons we can draw from recent uprisings in the Middle East with regard to the theories of revolutions. Within the wider theoretical debate of the causes, processes and outcomes of revolutions the paper will focus on the international political dimensions of the revolutionary situations as distinct from the revolutionary outcomes. The article will disentangle and conceptualize the international politics surrounding these revolutionary situations. The paper will propose a framework of analysis of international politics in revolutionary situations by drawing not only on the Egyptian Uprising but also on the Gezi Uprising in Turkey in the same region. We argue that the role of the international should be neither downplayed nor exaggerated at the expense of domestic agency, and we need to combine structural and agential elements as we build a conjunctional understanding of international factors in revolutionary situations. In studying a region where the involvement of international factors during periods of domestic political change is complex, we need the same complexity in our frameworks of analysis and such frameworks will contribute to comparative studies of revolutionary situations.

International mediation is a form of diplomatic intervention aimed at reaching negotiated solutions to armed conflict, political violence and international crises. Used by states, organizations, groups or individuals, mediation continues to be an important form of peacemaking. This brief outlines the major trends in international mediation, bringing attention to four different questions: Is mediation becoming more common? Where do mediators go? Who are the mediators? What is the effect of mediation? For each question, the brief identifies the relevant empirical trends and discusses their implications for policy.

The Syrian civil war prompted a large number of people to flee their country and seek asylum in other countries, making Turkey a leading host country with around 3.6 million of asylum seekers. Syrian asylum seekers in Turkey are under temporary protection regime. This article examines Turkish temporary protection regime in comparison with international protection standards and human rights law, especially with the UNHCR Guideline and European Union legislation on temporary protection and European Court on Human Rights judgements. In this respect, this article argues that Turkish legislation has met the fundamental requirements of international protection law and standards, however, still needs to be improved in some crucial areas. In this regard, the international protection law and the difference between the status of refugee and temporary protection is explored. Subsequently, declaration of temporary protection in case of a mass-influx, the rights and freedoms covered under temporary protection, non-refoulement principle and termination of temporary protection regime under Turkish Temporary Protection Regulation are discussed and compared with the international standards. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations for the improvement are deduced from this discussion.

In July, forty-two international relations scholars published a statement in the New York Times which argued that President Trump needed to do more to preserve the post World War II international order. David A. Lake and Peter Gourevitch led the effort to publish the statement and argue why the president should consider their points of view.

The author believes that the inauguration of George Bush marks a new acceptance in Washington of sanctions as a legitimate and necessary tool of American foreign policy toward South Africa

This paper examines essential principles and issues used to evaluate elections. Part 1 provides a generalized synthesis of election standards. Part 2 lists provisions contained in major international human rights instruments. Part 3 presents selected case studies of election assessments out of which an unofficial "common law" of election standards is being developed. The report is a background paper to the joint South African Election Studies Project of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and the International Republican Institute. (DÜI-Eng)

Le droit de l'Union européenne constitue un sous-système hautement autonome du droit international qui a supplanté, par dérogation, un très grand nombre de règles de droit international général de nature de jus dispositivum, mais pas toutes. Dans la perspective du droit international conventionnel, l'autonomie du droit de l'Union assure à celui-ci son indépendance, comme le fait la souveraineté s'agissant des États membres. L'Union et ces États membres possèdent des personnalités parallèles en droit international général. Dans les relations de l'Union européenne avec les États tiers, ces derniers sont confrontés au statut inclassable de l'Union et au défi que présente une division et des transferts de compétences non évidents pour eux au sein de cette dernière. Cela étant, ils ne font pas face à une situation de vacuum juris, le droit international général régissant ces relations par voie de principes généraux de droit ou par analogie.