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This paper reviews our recent studies on the effects of aging on human information processing. In these studies the event-related potentials of the brain (ERPs) recorded in visual discrimination tasks were compared in younger and older groups of subjects in four experiments. We obtained a slight age-related delay of the NA component of the ERP. This component is a correlate of elementary pattern-identification processes. Obvious latency differences appeared on the anterior positivity, selection negativity, and N2b components in tasks where the target stimuli were defined by two stimulus characteristics. These components are correlates of attentional processes, i.e., the results support the view emphasizing age-related decline of the attentional processes. In the elderly the late positivity was less sensitive to stimulus probability, and in the older groups this component was more evenly distributed over the scalp. These results are considered as an indication that the structure of stimulus sequences was less efficiently represented in the older subjects.

Reasons for Age Discrimination During the course of history, one of the most used methods in teaching a younger worker a new skill was to match him or her up with a veteran worker who was quite competent in that skill. The young worker learned by observing, assisting, and practicing in the skill. The "student" spent many hours with the "master" for little or no pay. In time the student learned to become as capable as his teacher. In some societies the passing along of such skills from mentor to student was considered a noble tradition. The actions of corporate America within the past few years run quite contrary to such traditional teaching methods. The restructuring of companies has lead to an increasing perception that older workers are less necessary to corporate success. This trend began in the late 1980s and has continued through the present.

In Indonesia, the contribution of anemia towards maternal mortality is estimated to reach 10% up to 20%. The effort of the government to overcome anemia focuses on iron supplementation program since 1974, but the prevalence of anemia in pregnant mother still relatively high. The factor is discompliance in taking medicine. This study aimed to analyse the factors that related to the compliance of pregnant mother in taking the iron tablet at the Tegalrejo Community Health Centers, Yogyakarta. This research used mixed methods by using sequential explanatory strategy. The quantitative sample is taking used consecutive sampling technique, which presented 81 pregnant mothers and intensity sampling for qualitative research presented 13 informants. Based on the result of the analysis, the factors which related to the Compliance of pregnant mother in taking iron tablet were knowledge (p=0,000), husband support (p=0,000) and midwife support (p=0,000). The most significant Exp(B) score was the variable of husband support, which was 15.297. It concluded that pregnant mothers who got support from their husbands would be 15.297 times more significant to obey in taking the iron tablet. Based on the interview of the informants showed that both husband and midwife support in taking an iron tablet. The factors related to the Compliance of pregnant mother in taking the iron tablet at clinic government Tegalrejo, Yogyakarta was knowledge, husband and midwife supports

THIS ESSAY ARGUES THAT THE WORLD IS ENTERING A NEW STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT: "TRANSPERIALISM." THIS NEW STAGE IS CHARACTERIZED BY TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS AND ASSEMBLY THAT ALLOW TRANSNATIONAL FIRMS TO BREAK THE BONDS OF DEPENDENCE ON PARTICULAR NATION-STATES. AMIDST THIS TIME OF TRANSITION, FOUR MAJOR MODES OF POLITICAL ANALYSIS HAVE REMAINED AND/OR EMERGED: VALIDATION OF NEOLIBERALISM, POSTMODERNISM; SOCIAL "SCIENCE"; AND, A REVITALIZING PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT. THIS ESSAY CONSIDERS EACH OF THESE MODES IN TURN AND ASSESSES THEIR USEFULNESS IN THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE.

An analysis of national data collected in 1957 and 1976 reveals that older black Americans' use of their informal support networks and prayer in times of distress is distinct from that of older white Americans. Black-white disparities in income, education, and widowhood were large and appeared to widen from middle to late life. Blacks, in coping with distress, drew from a more varied pool of informal helpers than whites, both in middle and late life, and were more versatile in substituting these helpers one for another as they approached old age. Whites, in contrast, were more likely to limit help seeking to spouses in middle life and to replace spouses with a single family member as they approached old age. Blacks were much more likely than whites to respond to worries with prayer, but prayer, as a coping reaction among blacks, declined between 1957 and 1976. The role of the special help-seeking model of older blacks in their adaptation to old age is discussed.

Based on his forthcoming book entitled, "Economics of Soviet steel.".

SummaryIn countries where age at parenthood has shifted to older ages, a necessary precondition for fertility recuperation is that women having their first child later in life (after age 30) will also eventually achieve a higher completed fertility, compared with the previous cohorts. This study analysed the changes in age-at-first-child-conditional fertility rates in Western Europe through three birth cohorts (1936–1940, 1946–1950 and 1956–1960). It was found that generations where recuperation is first evident (1956–1960 cohort) are characterized by comparatively higher fertility of late age-at-first-child women. This characteristic is not found in Eastern Europe, where ages at first birth and cohort fertility remained fairly constant across the cohorts analysed.

The first English-language monograph that describes seasonal and permanent Late Bronze Age settlements in the Russian steppes, this is the final report of the Samara Valley Project, a U.S.-Russian archaeological investigation conducted between 1995 and 2002. It explores the changing organization and subsistence resources of pastoral steppe economies from the Eneolithic (4500 BC) through the Late Bronze Age (1900–1200 BC) across a steppe-and-river valley landscape in the middle Volga region, with particular attention to the role of agriculture during the unusual episode of sedentary, settled pastoralism that spread across the Eurasian steppes with the Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures (1900–1200 BC). Three astonishing discoveries were made by the SVP archaeologists: agriculture played no role in the LBA diet across the region, a surprise given the settled residential pattern; a unique winter ritual was practiced at Krasnosamarskoe involving dog and wolf sacrifices, possibly related to male initiation ceremonies; and overlapping spheres of obligation, cooperation, and affiliation operated at different scales to integrate groups defined by politics, economics, and ritual behaviors.

At around age 60, people are approaching late adulthood and are typically going through or anticipating life transitions such as grandparenthood, retirement, or changes in health and functioning. The timing and perception of transitions are individual and based on current circumstances and earlier life history and may link to well-being. The TRAILS (Developmental Psychological Perspectives on Transitions at Age 60: Individuals Navigating Across the Lifespan) study, which is presented in the current article, examines the diversity and underlying factors of different transitions at around age 60 and how they associate with mental well-being. It also investigates whether these transitions link to personality characteristics, contextual resources, and/or societal challenges. The role of earlier life history in the studied associations requires a prospective multiwave design where the same participants are followed over time. Only a few longitudinal studies have examined the developmental pathways from childhood to the beginning of late adulthood.
The TRAILS study continues the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (JYLS). The JYLS was initiated in 1968 and includes earlier data collected from ages 8 to 50. At age 61, in 2020–21, 206 of the JYLS participants (of the initial 369 children) took part in TRAILS. The data collection included a Life Situation Questionnaire, a psychological interview, self-report inventories, a health examination and physical activity surveillance covering major areas of adult life. TRAILS extends the JYLS study to over 52 years of follow-up time and provides unique opportunities for studying individual development throughout the lifespan.