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The primary purpose of this handbook is to clearly describe the current state of theories of systems sciences and to support their use and practice. There are many ways in which systems sciences can be described. This handbook takes a multifaceted view of systems sciences and describes them in terms of a relatively large number of dimensions, from natural and engineering science to social science and systems management perspectives. It is not the authors' intent, however, to produce a catalog of systems science concepts, methodologies, tools, or products. Instead, the focus is on the structural network of a variety of topics. Special emphasis is given to a cyclic–interrelated view; for example, when a theory of systems sciences is described, there is also discussion of how and why the theory is relevant to modeling or practice in reality. Such an interrelationship between theory and practice is also illustrated when an applied research field in systems sciences is explained. The chapters in the handbook present definitive discussions of systems sciences from a wide array of perspectives. The needs of practitioners in industry and government as well as students aspiring to careers in systems sciences provide the motivation for the majority of the chapters. The handbook begins with a comprehensive introduction to the coverage that follows. It provides not only an introduction to systems sciences but also a brief overview and integration of the succeeding chapters in terms of a knowledge map. The introduction is intended to be used as a field guide that indicates why, when, and how to use the materials or topics contained in the handbook.

This article investigates the theoretical and empirical relationships between organisational punishment and productivity. We do so by highlighting the contributions of two academic fields to this topic: management and economics. We underscore the many common theoretical and empirical grounds across management and economics. We heighten, in particular, how motivation and learning theories have contributed to the development of both theoretical and empirical research on this topic. This article also argues that this debate could be significantly advanced if insights stemming from industrial relations and labour process theory were also considered, as these disciplines have traditionally focused on macro-issues such as how changes in the economic/institutional contexts may affect the likelihood that organisations will resort to punishment. In order to foster future research on this topic, three research themes were developed: (a) freedom of choice and the role of contract completeness; (b) perception of punishment, monitoring and productivity; and (c) punishment, productivity and exogenous variables.

International audience ; This paper studies the economic and social thought of Friedrich Hayek, a leading figure of contemporary liberalism. Our goal is to present the broad lines of hayekian liberalism to describe its position on a specific question: that of the role of democracy in the determination of what constitutes a good society. By society, we mean, according to Hayek, the institutions – rules of conduct/constitution – which men, as social beings, can consider in their reciprocal relationships. The goal is thus one of knowing the place Hayek grants to democracy in the definition of good social rules i.e.: Is Hayek in favor of constitutional democracy? Our answer is no. In contrast to James Buchanan and Viktor Vanberg, Hayek challenges citizen sovereignty on constitutional matters. And this, because he considers that this field concerns scientific analysis rather than democratic choice. ; Cet article étudie la pensée économique et sociale de Friedrich Hayek, figure majeure du libéralisme contemporain. Notre but est de présenter les grandes lignes du libéralisme hayékien pour en éclairer la position sur : le rôle de la démocratie dans la détermination d'une bonne société. Par société, comme Hayek, nous entendons les institutions-règles de conduite/constitution-que les hommes, en tant qu'êtres sociaux, peuvent envisager dans leurs rapports réciproques. L'enjeu est de savoir quelle place Hayek accorde à la démocratie dans la définition de bonnes règles sociales ou encore : Hayek est-il favorable à la démocratie constitutionnelle ? Notre réponse est négative. Contrairement à James Buchanan et Viktor Vanberg, Hayek récuse la souveraineté des citoyens en matière constitutionnelle. Et ce, parce qu'il estime que ce domaine relève de l'expertise scientifique plutôt que du choix démocratique.

International audience ; This paper studies the economic and social thought of Friedrich Hayek, a leading figure of contemporary liberalism. Our goal is to present the broad lines of hayekian liberalism to describe its position on a specific question: that of the role of democracy in the determination of what constitutes a good society. By society, we mean, according to Hayek, the institutions – rules of conduct/constitution – which men, as social beings, can consider in their reciprocal relationships. The goal is thus one of knowing the place Hayek grants to democracy in the definition of good social rules i.e.: Is Hayek in favor of constitutional democracy? Our answer is no. In contrast to James Buchanan and Viktor Vanberg, Hayek challenges citizen sovereignty on constitutional matters. And this, because he considers that this field concerns scientific analysis rather than democratic choice. ; Cet article étudie la pensée économique et sociale de Friedrich Hayek, figure majeure du libéralisme contemporain. Notre but est de présenter les grandes lignes du libéralisme hayékien pour en éclairer la position sur : le rôle de la démocratie dans la détermination d'une bonne société. Par société, comme Hayek, nous entendons les institutions-règles de conduite/constitution-que les hommes, en tant qu'êtres sociaux, peuvent envisager dans leurs rapports réciproques. L'enjeu est de savoir quelle place Hayek accorde à la démocratie dans la définition de bonnes règles sociales ou encore : Hayek est-il favorable à la démocratie constitutionnelle ? Notre réponse est négative. Contrairement à James Buchanan et Viktor Vanberg, Hayek récuse la souveraineté des citoyens en matière constitutionnelle. Et ce, parce qu'il estime que ce domaine relève de l'expertise scientifique plutôt que du choix démocratique.

How do we understand the sciences and discourses about them? Aspects of philosophical dialogue are highlighted and considered in ways that reveal distinct domains of enquiry relating to culture, science and mathematics. This analysis serves to contextualize the nature and content of the papers selected for the collection.

In a relatively short period of time, Romanian political science has made considerable progress, moving from virtual obscurity to unchallenged local prominence. This article examines the efforts to date to institutionalize political science as a separate teaching and research discipline by presenting recently established political science university-level programs, the major groups of authors carrying out research on political phenomena and the recurrent themes emerging from relevant literature. Though the present article is concerned mainly with current developments, occasional references to the political science's position during the communist period are also made. (European Journal of Political Research / FUB)

A trip down memory lane and a lesson on scientific integrity.
The post How not to science first appeared on RealClimate.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Part One From Economics to Science Studies -- Introduction: Cracks, Hidden Passageways, and False Bottoms: The Economics of Science and Social Studies of Economics -- 1 Confessions of an Aging Enfant Terrible -- Part Two Science as an Economic Phenomenon -- 2 On Playing the Economics Card in the Philosophy of Science: Why It Didn't Work for Michael Polanyi -- 3 Economics, Science, and Knowledge: Polanyi versus Hayek -- 4 What's Kuhn Got to Do with It? -- 5 The Economic Consequences of Philip Kitcher -- 6 Re-engineering Scientific Credit in the Era of the Globalized Information Economy -- Part Three Rigorous Quantitative Measurement as a Social Phenomenon -- 7 Looking for Those Natural Numbers: Dimensionless Constants and the Idea of Natural Measurement -- 8 A Visible Hand in the Marketplace of Ideas: Precision Measurement as Arbitrage -- Part Four Is Econometrics an Empirical Endeavor? -- 9 Brewing, Betting, and Rationality in London, 1822-1844: What Econometrics Can and Cannot Tell Us about Historical Actors -- 10 Why Econometricians Don't Replicate (Although They Do Reproduce) -- 11 From Mandelbrot to Chaos in Economic Theory -- 12 Mandelbrot's Economics after a Quarter-Century -- Part Five Episodes from the History of the "Laws of Supply and Demand" -- 13 The Collected Economic Works of William Thomas Thornton: An Introduction and Justification -- 14 Smooth Operator: How Marshall's Demand and Supply Curves Made Neoclassicism Safe for Public Consumption but Unfit for Science -- 15 Problems in the Paternity of Econometrics: Henry Ludwell Moore -- 16 Refusing the Gift -- Notes -- References -- Index

In Bolivia, after 1920 and until the restoration of democracy in 1982, there are no major jobs attributable to the rationalist, democratic and liberal course; after 1982, new thinkers emerged, turning to liberal-democratic thinking, mentioning thinkers such as H.F. Mansilla, Jorge Lazarte, Roberto Laserna, Fernando Molina and René Mayorga among others. Illiberal democracy characterised Bolivian political and cultural history over a long period of the 20th century, also affecting Marxist thinking. The renaissance of Bolivian liberal, democratic and rational thinking in the last decades of the 20th century can be attributed to the decline of socialist models, the loss of prestige of philosophical systems with universal claims, and the considerable increase in the philosophical significance of the country's social sciences. ; En Bolivia, después de 1920 y hasta la restauración de la democracia en 1982, no se registran trabajos importantes atribuibles a la corriente racionalista, democrática y liberal; después de 1982, aparecen nuevos pensadores que van dando un giro al pensamiento liberal-democrático, mencionando a pensadores como H.F. Mansilla, Jorge Lazarte, Roberto Laserna, Fernando Molina y René Mayorga entre otros. La democracia antiliberal caracterizó la historia política y cultural boliviana durante un largo período del pasado siglo XX afectando también al pensamiento marxista. El renacimiento del pensamiento liberal, democrático y racionalista boliviano, en las últimas décadas del siglo XX puede ser atribuible a la declinación de los modelos socialistas, la pérdida de prestigio de los sistemas filosóficos con pretensiones universales, el considerable aumento de la significación filosófica de las Ciencias Sociales de este país.

A science without an object ? To find out what is the specificity of history as a scientific object is hardly a matter of debate among the historians for the present. Michèle Alten shows that it is nevertheless urgent to tackle the problem if one wants to avoid the stagnation of historical science.