Suchergebnisse

"Chapter 1 A Poisonous Brew While organized crime is not a new phenomenon today, some governments find their authority besieged at home and their foreign policy interests imperiled abroad. Drug trafficking, links between drug traffickers and terrorists, smuggling of illegal aliens, massive financial and bank fraud, arms smuggling, potential involvement in the theft and sale of nuclear material, political intimidation, and corruption all constitute a poisonous brew--a mixture potentially as deadly as what we faced during the Cold War : R. James Woolsey Former Director, CIA Al Qaeda works with the mafia. The mafia works with outlaw motorcycle gangs. Biker gangs work with white supremacists. Surprised? Ten years ago, when I wrote my first book on this subject, the number of experts who would acknowledge that a nexus may exist between terrorists and criminals could be counted on one hand. In fact, Mr. Woolsey's statement above was made in 1994, long before most people heard of al Qaeda, human trafficking and loose nukes. Unfortunately, the "poisonous brew" is becoming more toxic with time. Transnational organized crime is escalating, the cartels are global and undeterred, and the list of State Department Foreign Terrorist Organizations continues to grow. Transnational crime is a growing U.S. national security concern, and it threatens us in new, provoking ways. For example, Americans formerly viewed drug use as a law enforcement or health issue. Only very recently has drug trafficking been established as a global crime with a corresponding national security threat"--

It has been suggested that British intellectuals were either indifferent to decolonisation or sought to downplay its impact. As a consequence, historians of international thought have overlooked the extensive debates that occurred among scholars and intellectuals concerned with British foreign policy and international relations. This article addresses those debates, examining the responses of internationalist, Whig, realist, and radical thinkers to decolonization and to what they thought to be the changes it brought about in contemporary world politics. It argues that far from being indifferent to decolonisation, many British students of international relations were deeply worried about what some called 'the revolt against the West', and that those concerned helped shape the distinctive character of British international thought in the formative period of the discipline of International Relations (IR).

The 'War on Terror' differs distinctly from the major security challenges that characterized the 20th century, particularly as it is defined by asymmetric warfare, where non-state actors challenge state security. ISIS and Boko Haram are two prominent jihadist groups involved in this conflict. In March 2015, Boko Haram in Nigeria became a branch of ISIS in the West Africa Region. Boko Haram has carried out a number of attacks in Central and West region of Africa against Nigeria, Chad, Niger and Cameroon, making it an international agent. Some queries are raised about the presence and the lack of control by the competent state authorities. Thus Nigeria is considered by some scholars as an incubator of global terror. This claim is also challenged by those who argue there is no clear link between failed or failing states and international terrorism. The aim of this research is to find the relationship between failed or failing states and transnational terrorism. This study will contribute to the scholarly debate on international security. Thus, the topic aims to enrich the discussion on failed states and terrorism in international relations. The findings would seek to contribute to practitioner knowledge regarding potential failed state governments and the dangers these present to the international community as a whole. Keywords: Failed states, Failing states, International terrorism, Nigeria ; ÖZ: 'Teröre Karşı Savaş', 20. yüzyıla damgasını vuran başlıca güvenlik zorluklarından, özellikle de devlet dışı aktörlerin devlet güvenliğine meydan okuduğu asimetrik savaş ile tanımlandığı gibi belirgin biçimde farklılık göstermektedir. DEAŞ ve Boko Haram, bu çatışmada yer alan önde gelen iki cihat grubudur. Mart 2015'te Nijerya'daki Boko Haram, Batı Afrika Bölgesi'nde DEAŞ'ın şubesi hükmünde olmuştur. Boko Haram, Afrika'nın Orta ve Batı bölgesinde Nijerya, Çad, Nijer ve Kamerun'a karşı bir dizi saldırı düzenlemiş ve cihatçı terörün uluslararası bir temsilcisi haline gelmiştir. Yetkili devlet makamlarının varlıkları ve kontrol eksiklikleri hakkında bazı sorular/sorunlar gündeme getirilmiştir. Böylece Nijerya, bazı araştırmacılar/akademisyenler tarafından küresel teröre karşı bir kuluçka kaynağı olarak düşünülür. Bu iddia, başarısız veya başaramayan devletler ile uluslararası terörizm arasında net bir bağlantı olmadığını iddia edenler tarafından da gündeme getirilmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, başarısız veya başaramayan devletler ile ulus aşırı/sınır aşırı terörizm arasındaki ilişkiyi bulmaktır. Bu çalışma, uluslararası güvenlik konusundaki akademik tartışmalara katkıda bulunacaktır. Böylece, konu uluslararası ilişkilerde başarısız devletler ve terörizm üzerine tartışmayı zenginleştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, potansiyel başarısız devlet hükümetlerine münhasır uygulayıcı bilgiye katkıda bulunmak ve bu müşahhas tehditlerin bir bütün olarak uluslararası topluma sunulması niyetindedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Başarısız durum, Başarısız devlet, Uluslararası terörizm, Nijerya. ; Master of Arts in International Relations. Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of International Relations, 2017. Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. John Turner.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- FIRST REVIEW UNDER THE EXTENDED ARRANGEMENT -- A. Fiscal Policy -- B. Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy -- C. Financial Sector Policy -- D. Structural Issues -- E. Program Issues -- ARTICLE IV DISCUSSIONS: REDUCING VULNERABILITIES AND INCREASING POTENTIAL GROWTH -- A. Reducing vulnerabilities -- B. Increasing Potential Growth and Inclusiveness -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Policies since the 2012 Article IV Consultation -- 2. Spillovers from Global and Regional Developments to Armenia -- 3. Constraints to Potential Growth -- FIGURES -- 1. Labor Market -- TABLES -- 1. Armenia: Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 2009-16 -- 2. Balance of Payments, 2009-19 -- 3. Monetary Accounts, 2009-15 -- 4. Financial Soundness Indicators for the Banking Sector, 2009-14 -- 5. Central Government Operations, 2009-16, (In percent of GDP) -- 6. Central Government Operations, 2009-16, (In billions of dram) -- 7. Medium-Term Macroeconomic Framework, 2009-19 -- 8. Indicators of Capacity to Repay the Fund, 2011-19 -- 9. External Financing Requirements and Sources, 2013-17 -- 10. Fund Disbursements and Timing of Review Under a 38-Month Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility -- APPENDICES -- I. Letter of Intent -- Attachment I. Technical Memorandum of Understanding -- ANNEXES -- I. Armenia's Accession to the Eurasian Economic Union -- II. Pension Reform: Recent Developments and Changes -- III. Reserve Metrics and External Stability Assessment -- IV. Public Debt Sustainability Analysis -- V. Real Exchange Rate Assessment -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- WORLD BANK AND IMF COLLABORATIONS-JMAP IMPLEMENTATION -- RELATIONS WITH THE EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (EBRD) -- RELATIONS WITH THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (ASDB) -- STATISTICAL ISSUES

Der Autor stellt die zentrale Hypothese auf, dass konflikt- bzw. katastrophen- oder kriseninduzierte Ereignisse und Vorgänge zu transnationalen Kommunikationsverdichtungen führen können, die aus der Perspektive verschiedener nationaler Medienarenen als zeitgleiche Thematisierung gleicher Bezugsprobleme operationalisierbar sind. Um diese Argumentation zu entfalten, wird zunächst an die Globalisierungsthese sich ausdifferenzierender transnationaler Rechtsräume angeknüpft und die Institutionalisierung gemeinsam geteilter Bezugsprobleme wird am Fall der internationalen Steuerpolitik illustriert. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden internationale Politikprozesse als Themenkarrieren (Issue-Attention-Cycle) reformuliert und es wird der Begriff der "Kommunikationsverdichtung" eingeführt. Im Anschluss an Modelle einer europäischen Öffentlichkeit wird die These entwickelt, dass transnationale Kommunikationsverdichtungen die notwendige Bedingung für die Emergenz transnationaler Öffentlichkeiten sind. Die Hypothesen werden am Beispiel des Politikprozesses "Internationale Steuerpolitik im EU- und OECD-Raum" geprüft und es wird geklärt, warum im einen Fall eine transnationale Öffentlichkeit im deliberativen Sinn emergiert und im anderen Fall nicht. (ICI2)

The termination of right, which is based on the implementation of legal facts, is determined by the fact that it will facilitate the realization of processes of changing the subject composition of a legal entity. As a result of this, the definition of structural legislation regarding the quality of the legal structure for the implementation of the termination of right becomes relevant. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that termination of right is defined as the most problematic area of implementation in national legislation. This becomes a rather complicated legal phenomenon when it comes to block formations. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that, for the first time in the literature, aspects of the development of the system of termination of right in an integrated and furthermore national system of law are shown on the example of the European Union. The authors determine the need for the formation of the indicated topics as exemplified by the analysis of the main interstate and fundamental documents that form the common legal field in integration and block associations. The study gains practical significance in the event that it becomes necessary to distinguish the interaction between counterparties outside the integration association and the domestic legal field. This aspect should also be considered in globalization processes. The analysis also has its application for the socio-economic development of territories ; https://astrasalvensis.eu/blog/mdocs-posts/10-anatoliy-v-kostruba-valentyna-a-vasylyeva-international-regulation-of-termination-of-rights-in-the-field-of-civil-and-intersubjective-state-relations/