Suchergebnisse

Greece is member of the EU since 1.1.1981. The accession of Greece to the European Community was signed and ratified by the Greek Parliament in 1979 with a majority of 193 votes out of 300. Article 28 of the Constitution of 1975 provided the legal basis of the incorporation of Community law into the Greek legal order. According to article 28 competencies provided by the constitution can be vested in agencies of international organizations by treaties or agreements, when this serves an important national interest and promotes co-operation with other states. European Community law has pervasive effects upon the Greek legal order and the regulations have direct applicability and effect in Greece.When required, domestic law is adapted to the provisions of Community law. In addition, Greek law belongs to the civil law tradition. The era of modern Greek law began with the National Revolution of 1821 against the Turks, which led to the creation of the Greek State in 1830. The most important codifications in Greek law are the following: Civil Code, Commercial Code, Penal Code, Code of Civil Procedure, Code of Criminal Procedure, Code of Private Maritime Law and Military Penal Code. The Greek Civil Code of 1946 was greatly influenced by Byzantine law, which was applied in Greece before the drafting of the Civil Code. The Civil Code is founded on the principles of personal autonomy, private property and freedom of contract. It also protects the institution of family, with equality between the sexes, being constitutionally proclaimed. It contains, however, general clauses, leaving space for judicial adaptation to changing circumstances aswell as for the introduction of elements of fairness . Main objective of this paper is to analyze Greece's Obligations law in a comparative view with the European law. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p127

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law by President Richard Nixon in 1970. NEPA requires federal agencies to evaluate the environmental effects of a wide range of actions, including direct federal undertakings and projects that receive federal funding or permits. Many states have since enacted similar laws of varying scope, requiring evaluation of the environmental impacts of certain state and local actions. Since climate change has emerged as a critical environmental issue, some agencies have evaluated and disclosed the projected greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributable to government actions. Government agencies have also occasionally performed a "reverse environmental impact analysis," in which the effects of climate change on a government project are considered. However, many, if not most, government agencies have failed to meaningfully consider the effects of climate change on proposed projects in connection with the environmental review process. This section briefly describes the traditional environmental impact assessment process, discusses the legal authority for using NEPA and similar state laws to address climate change adaptation, and explains how citizens can use these laws to encourage agencies and applicants to consider climate change impacts – both those caused by and those affecting a proposed project.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die rechtliche Stellung von Personen, die ihr Heimatland oder ihren gewöhnlichen Aufenthalt verlassen, aufgrund der Folgen des Klimawandels. Dabei wird eine Unterscheidung gemacht, ob man im eigenen Land bleibt (sogenannte Internal Displaced People) oder dieses verlässt. Des Weiteren wird das Phänomen Klimawandel beleuchtet und auf äußerst betroffene Regionen näher eingegangen. In den Case Studies werden verschiedene Auswirkungen des Klimawandels betrachtet: der Meeresanstieg in Tuvalu und in den Niederlanden, die Situation nach dem Hurrikan Katrina in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und die Konfliktsituationen im Sudan, die zum Teil aufgrund der Umweltdegradation stattfinden und stattgefunden haben. Die Diplomarbeit beleuchtet sehr vielschichtig mögliche rechtliche Konstellationen um Personen, die aufgrund der Auswirkungen des Klimawandels migrieren, im internationalen Recht zu erfassen. Als Ausgangspunkt werden Bemühungen auf der europäischen Ebene beleuchtet und zwei Staaten, Schweden und Finnland, die bereits in ihrem innerstaatlichen Recht Klimaflüchtlinge erfassen, näher behandelt. Weiters wird näher auf die Bereiche internationale Menschenrechte, internationales Flüchtlingsrecht und internationales Umweltrecht eingegangen. Außerdem wird die Möglichkeit einer eigenständigen Konvention, die Umweltflüchtlinge erfasst, behandelt und ausgeführt. ; This work will talk about climate induced migration, which special focus of the so called Climate Refugees. In the beginning, the focus lies in determining people who are leaving their residence or country due to environmental degradation. There will be drawn a distinction between people who crossing the borders and those who remain in their country (the so called Internally Displaced People). Furthermore there will be explained the phenomenon Climate Change, which is already a scientific established fact and there will be explained vulnerable regions, which are heavily affected by the impacts of Climate Change. These four case studies are the sea rise level in Tuvalu and the Netherlands, the situation in Sudan, where part of the current and past conflicts stem from the fact of environmental degradation and the situation after the Hurricane Katrina, an extreme weather event in the United States. There is no legal definition of Climate Refugees and there is no legal binding instrument in International Law. Beginning with the efforts of the European Union, there will also explained shortly national laws, as those from Sweden and Finland, which are already covering Climate Refugees. Furthermore, by exploring different ways in different fields, such as International Refugee Law, International Human Rights Law and International Environmental Law there will be explained how they can be covered in International Law. Furthermore there will be discussed a further possibility of creating a completely new Convention regarding Climate Refugees. ; verfasst von Weberhofer Katharina ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2010 ; (VLID)213504

The nature and purpose of the corporation in law -- The 'state duty to protect' model -- The 'indirect application' model -- The 'expanding the state' model -- The 'direct obligations' model -- The justification for and contours of a multi-factoral approach -- A balancing act - proportionality in the corporate sphere -- The multi-factoral model and positive obligations for corporations -- Embedding the multi-factoral model in corporations : the role of corporate law -- Corporate obligations in a global world : the role of international mechanisms.

For most of its history, the International Journal of Legal Information has been published by the International Association of Law Libraries. Volumes 3–5 (1975–1977) were published by Verlag Dokumentation, and volumes 17–23 (1989–1995) by or in association with the International Institute for Legal Information. Since volume 25 (1997), the Journal has been printed and distributed for the Association by Thomson-West.

Tony Blair promised to control crime during his first term, but the results have been mixed. The New Labour government has reformed the prison system, with an emphasis on rehabilitation, & has taken steps to protect victims & vulnerable witnesses. On the other hand, it has not changed the old Tory Criminal Justice & Public Order Act, because, Blair contends, the Act has many liberal elements that should be kept. The government is not researching reasons for the rise in prison populations, nor taking steps to stop the trend. New Labour had the chance to effect radical change in regard to crime during its first term, but did not, & there is little evidence that it will in the second term. R. Larsen