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This guide accompanies the following article: The Animal Rights Movement in Theory and Practice: A Review of the Sociological Literature, Compass 6/2 (2012): pp. 166–181, 10.1111/j.1751‐9020.2011.00440.xAuthor's introductionThe animal rights movement has been described as one of the most neglected and misunderstood social movements of our era. However, social movement scholars are beginning to realise the political and moral significance of the world wide animal protection movement at a time when nature itself has been included in the specialist field of environmental sociology. Just as people are beginning to see that nature matters and is not separate from society, nonhuman animals (hereafter animals) too are increasingly perceived as worthy of our respect and consideration. The long‐running animal protection movement which began in England in the 18th century is today better known as the animal rights movement. It is the men and women of this movement who, atypically for a social movement, are campaigning for a species that is not their own. The movement's theories and practices are important for what they do for animals and also because of what the animal rights controversy reveals about human beings.Author recommendsGarner, Robert. 1998. Political Animals: Animal Protection Policies in Britain and the United States. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.The book describes the progress made by the animal protection movement in the two countries where animal rights protests have been most prominent. The author presents a comprehensive examination of animal welfare policies in Britain and the US thus providing an informative comparative study of the movement's relationship with the state in these two countries. Garner's focus on policy networks corresponds to the sociologist's concept of social movement organizations. More than fifty such organizations balanced evenly between animal protectionists and animal‐user industries are discussed in the book. Political Animals provides an excellent introduction to the politics of animal rights, although missing in the accounts are the voices of the animal activists and their opponents. In the final analysis, it is the meaning activists attribute to their cause that drives the movement, a fact which Garner tacitly acknowledges.Imhoff, Daniel (ed) 2010. The CAFO Reader: The Tragedy of Industrial Animal Factories. Published by the Foundation for Deep Ecology with Watershed Media, Berkeley, LA: University of California Press.The Reader's subject – concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO) – covers most of the topics relevant to factory farmed animals and is divided into seven parts: (1) The pathological mindset of the CAFO; (2) Myths of the CAFO; (3) Inside the CAFO; (4) The loss of diversity; (5) Hidden costs of CAFO; (6) Technological takeover; (7) Putting the CAFO out to pasture. The acronym CAFO suggests a bland, mundane practice and is therefore a name which the editor believes should be replaced by the more accurate label "animal concentration camps". The chapter titles indicate what is in store for the reader but the content is perhaps less confronting than the book's companion photo‐format volume of the same name. The reader is a very comprehensive survey of how living creatures are subjected to inhumane practices for their body parts by "corporate food purveyors" and is essential reading for anyone who cares about the future survival of all of the earth's species.Kean, Hilda. 1998. Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800. London: Reaktion Books Ltd.In this attractive book, the historian Hilda Kean provides one of the most comprehensive and interesting surveys of the early animal protection movement in England, the birthplace of animal rights. Kean tells a compelling story of how and why people's attitudes and practices involving animals changed over the past two centuries. She attributes these changes largely to the seemingly simple idea of "sight", or how people were influenced by seeing for themselves how animals such as horses and dogs were ill treated in public spaces such as in streets and markets. Animals "out of sight" in vivisection laboratories and in abattoirs also came to the attention of the early animal protectionists, most of whom were women. The sight and spectacle of animal abuse turned hearts and stomachs once a light was shone on these everyday cruelties by the pioneers of animal rights in England. Kean's book is nicely illustrated in keeping with the theme of seeing animals in their various relationships with humans.Munro, Lyle. 2005. Confronting Cruelty: Moral Orthodoxy and the Challenge of the Animal Rights Movement. Leiden & Boston: Brill.For most people animal cruelty is understood as unspeakable acts perpetrated by warped individuals mostly against dogs, cats, birds and sometimes horses. The animal rights movement seeks to broaden the issue of animal cruelty to include the vast numbers of animals that suffer and die in "the animal industrial complex" of intensive farming, recreational hunting and animal research and experimentation. The book draws on social movement theory to explain how and why an increasing number of people in the UK, US and Australia have taken up the cause of animals in campaigning against the exploitative practices of the animal‐user industries. Essentially, the thesis is that animal abuse is constructed by the animal rights movement as a social problem (speciesism) on a par with sexism and racism. This is the first book in the Human and Animal Studies Series which currently lists about a dozen monographs published by Brill under the editorship of Kenneth Shapiro of the Society & Animals Institute in the US.Noske, Barbara. 1989. Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology. London: Pluto Press.As an anthropologist, Noske brings a different perspective to our relationship with nature, especially in the long process of animal domestication. Her chapter on "the animal industrial complex" shows how both human and nonhuman animals suffer within this structure of domination; for example, slaughterhouse work takes a heavy toll on the meat workers while the animals experience atrocious pain and misery on the assembly line of mass execution. Noske's book is valuable for its broad treatment of animal‐human relations in which she describes cultural, historical, structural and sociological aspects of these relations particularly in America and Australia.Wilkie, Rhoda and Inglis David (eds.) 2007. The Social Scientific Study of Nonhuman Animals: A Five‐volume Collection–Animals and Society: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences. (Vols 1–5), London: Routledge.This is a collection of 90 previously published articles and book chapters in approximately 2,000 pages on the social‐scientific study of animals. The papers range from the earliest in 1928 on "the culture of canines" to the latest in 2006 on "religion and animals." Three quarters of the papers were published in the last two decades and are derived from anthropology, sociology, psychology, geography, philosophy and feminist studies.Because Animals and Society is based mostly on work derived from more than 12 different specialist journals, it has a claim to comprehensiveness; however, the editors mention topics that are not covered in the collection:
 Ethical issues;
 Animal welfare;
 The characteristics of animal protectionists;
 "Wilderness";
 The role of animals in the lives of children; and
 The animal rights movement.
The main topics included in the collection provide a hint of its value to researchers:Vol I. Representing the animal (Introduction and critical concepts in the social sciences)Vol II. Social science perspectives on human‐animal interactions (I):
 Anthropology.
 Geography.
 Feminist studies.
Vol III. Social science perspectives on human‐animal interactions (II):
 Sociology.
 Psychology.
Vol IV. Forms of human‐animal relations and animal death – the dynamics of domestication:
 Human‐pet relationships.
 Human‐livestock relations.
 Animal abuse and animal death.
Vol V. Boundaries and quandaries in human‐animal relations:
 Border troubles: are humans unique and what is an animal?
 The legal, ethical and moral status of animals.
 "The Frankenstein syndrome": animals, genetic engineering, and ethical dilemmas.
NB. The above is a shorter version of my review in Society & Animals, 16. 91–93, 2008. I thank the journal for publishing the original review and for permission to include the above version in Sociology Compass.Online materialshttp://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2007/s2159904.htmThis is the story of a protest against the live animal export trade from Australia to the Middle East. The 7.30 Report of 11 February 2008, was one of several media stories on the cruelty involved in the transport and slaughter of cattle, goats and sheep which outraged thousands of Australians when they witnessed footage shot by animal activists. The four minute video recording provides commentary and images that explain why the live animal export trade is a "hot cognition" issue in Australia and the UK. More recently, in June 2012, the callous treatment of cattle in a number of Indonesian abattoirs became a major media story that prompted public outrage and calls for an immediate and permanent ban on the trade.http://www.sharkwater.com/For many people, sharks are the most feared of all creatures and also the most misunderstood. They have been called "the mother of otherness" and as a result when they are hunted and killed there is very little concern for their welfare. This groundbreaking film explains the importance of sharks to the ocean and seeks to dispel the main stereotype of the shark as the creature from hell. The film is the work of Rob Stewart whose lifelong fascination with sharks was the catalyst for his mission to save the great predator from extinction.http://www.wspa‐international.org/Regular internet users will probably have come across the advertisements from the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA), particularly its campaign against the cruelty involved in bear dancing. The WSPA, as an international animal welfare organization, is one of a very select few animal and environmental organizations recognized by the United Nations. Another campaign which is featured on their website is "The Red Collar Campaign", the motto for which is "Collars not Cruelty". Viewers are warned that the two and a half minute video clip contains some confronting images of cruelty to dogs suspected of being infected by rabies. WSPA's objective is to end the brutality inflicted unnecessarily on thousands of dogs perceived as a human health and safety risk; its solution to the problem of rabies is simple, cheap and effective.http://www.awionline.orgThe Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) is one of the most effective animal protection societies in the US. Its founder, the late Christine Stevens, worked most of her life as an advocate and lobbyist for animals. The AWI's attractive website provides many useful features such as the AWI Quarterly and details of its seminal campaigns which include research animals, companion animals, farm animals, marine animals and wildlife. Since it was established in 1951, the AWI has had access to the US Congress and in gaining the attention of powerbrokers, the organization has succeeded in securing animal welfare improvements that are legislated in law, which owes much to the work of Christine Stevens.http://www.league.org.ukHunting is a controversial issue in England which has developed into what is actually a class war between the aristocratic class and the "great unwashed". Founded in 1924, the League is virtually a household name in England. Its website contains some revealing film clips about the cruelty involved in the hunting of foxes, deer, rabbits and other animals in the English countryside. There is a great deal of information contained in the blogs and its FAQs as well as elsewhere on its website. Mention is also made of one of the latest hunting fads, "trophy hunting" which is apparently gaining popularity in some parts of the USA.Topics for lectures & discussionPart I: introduction and overviewWhat is the animal rights movement? Why do people campaign on behalf of a species that is not their own? How do individuals and social movements make their claims on behalf of nonhuman animals? These are some of the questions that would traditionally be posed in introducing the animal rights movement.ReadingMunro, Lyle. 2012. 'The Animal Rights Movement in Theory and Practice: A Review of the Sociological Literature'. Sociology Compass6(2): 166–81.Waldau's recent book is a good introduction to what the movement is all about:Waldau, Paul. 2011. Animal Rights: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.There are three main discourses on animal rights which provide insights into our constructions of "the animal": (1) Animals in this discourse are constructed as social problems (see Irvine, 2003 below for an example); (2) in this second discourse, animal defenders are demonised with labels ranging from "sentimental animal lovers" to "extremists" and even "terrorists" (see Munro, 1999 below for an example); (3) finally, the animal rights movement constructs our cruel treatment of animals as morally wrong and therefore deserving of the strongest condemnation (see Shapiro, 1994 below for an example). How and why people campaign against the exploitation of animals are issues explored in the following papers:Irvine, Leslie. 2003. 'The Problem of Unwanted Pets; A Case Study in How Institutions 'Think' About Clients' Needs'. Social Problems50: 550–66.Munro, Lyle. 1999. 'Contesting Moral Capital in Campaigns Against Animal Liberation'. Society & Animals7: 35–53.Shapiro, Kenneth. 1994. 'The Caring Sleuth: Portrait of an Animal Rights Activist'. Society & Animals2: 145–65.Part II: animal crueltyThis section includes some important contributions to explaining cruelty to animals.Agnew, Robert. 1998. 'The Causes of Animal Abuse: A Social‐psychological Analysis'. Theoretical Criminology2: 177–209.Munro, Lyle. 1997. 'Framing Cruelty: The Construction of Duck‐Shooting as a Social Problem'. Society & Animals5: 137–54.D'Silva, Joyce and John Webster. 2010. The Meat Crisis: Developing More Sustainable Production and Consumption. London and Washington: Earthscan.Merz‐Perez, Linda and Kathleen Heide. 2004. Animal Cruelty: Pathway to Violence Against People. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Ltd.Ascione, Frank. 2008. 'Children Who Are Cruel to Animals: A Survey of Research and Implications for Developmental Psychology.' Pp. 171–89 in Social Creatures: A Human‐Animals Studies Reader, edited by Clifton, Flynn. New York: Lantern Books.Winders, Bill and David Nibert. 2009. 'Expanding "Meat" Consumption and Animal Oppression.' Pp. 183–9 in Between the Species: Readings in Human‐Animal Relations, edited by Arnold, Arluke and Clinton Sanders. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc.Part III: social movement theory and animalsThere is a large literature on social movement theory with relatively little that refers to nonhuman animals. Some of those which do take up the issue are included below along with the following books that provide a general introduction to the study of social movements.Lowe, Brian and Caryn Ginsberg. 2002. 'Animal Rights as a Post‐Citizenship Movement'. Society & Animals10: 203–15.Jasper, James. 2007. 'The Emotions of Protest: Affective and Reactive Emotions in and around Social Movements.' Volume 4 Pp. 585–612 in Social Movements: Critical Concepts in Sociology Volumes 1–4, edited by Jeff, Goodwin and James Jasper. London and New York: Routledge.Buechler, Steven. 2011. Understanding Social Movements: Theories from the Classical Era to the Present. Boulder and London: Paradigm Publishers.Cochrane, Alasdair. 2010. Chapter 6 'Marxism and Animals.' Pp. 93–114 in An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, edited by Cochrane's. Basingstoke Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.Einwohner, Rachel. 2002. 'Bringing the Outsiders in: Opponents' Claims and the Construction of Animal Rights Activists' Identity'. Mobilization7: 253–68.Part IV: animal advocacy and activism: strategy and tacticsThe above readings reveal to some extent at least why people campaign against animal cruelty. In this section's readings, the focus is on how animal activists run their campaigns in the streets (grassroots activism) and in the suites (organizational advocacy).Carrie Freeman Packwood. 2010. 'Framing Animal Rights in the "Go Veg" Campaigns of US Animal Rights Organizations'. Society & Animals18: 163–82.Paul, Elizabeth. 1995. 'Scientists' and Animal Rights Campaigners' Views of the Animal Experimentation Debate'. Society & Animals3: 1–21.Upton, Andrew. 2010. 'Contingent Communication in a Hybrid Multi‐Media World: Analysing the Campaigning Strategies of SHAC'. New Media & Society13: 96–113.Munro, Lyle. 2001. Compassionate Beasts: The Quest for Animal Rights. Westport, CT: Praeger.Munro, Lyle. 2002. 'The Animal Activism of Henry Spira (1927–1998).'Society & Animals10: 173–91.Munro, Lyle. 2005. 'Strategies, Action Repertoires and DIY Activism in the Animal Rights Movement.'Social Movement Studies4: 75–94.Jasper, James. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Singer, Peter. 1998. Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement. Lanham MD: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers Inc.Part V: academic/activist collaborationShould academic teachers collaborate with activists in their campaigns? Like the church/state relations debate this is a controversial question since there are arguments both for and against academic involvement in political and social movements. Most of the readings in the original Compass article and below tend to see more benefits than costs to collaboration; however, higher education administrators don't like dissent and it is hard to imagine an academic holding down his or her job if they were seen to be working with animal activists on a particularly controversial campaign. It might be seen as acceptable if the collaboration was with the SPCA in the US or the RSPCA in Britain but not if the activists were affiliated with members of a radical animal liberation group. Furthermore, an academic‐animal activist who campaigned say against the practice of animal experimentation at his or her university would surely be dismissed or at least threatened with dismissal unless they cut their ties with outside activists.Burnett, Cathleen. 2003. 'Passion through the Profession: Being Both Activist and Academic.'Social Justice30: 135–50.Kleidman, Robert. 1994. 'Volunteer Activism and Professionalism in Social Movement Organizations.'Social Problems41: 257–76.Focus questions
 Is the animal rights movement a genuine social movement when nonhuman animals are widely understood not to belong to society as it is generally understood?
 How would you respond to the claim that cruelty to animals is our worst vice.
 From your experience of seeing animal rights protests either on television or as the real thing, what do you think are the dominant emotions exhibited by the campaigners and their opponents?
 From what you've read or heard or seen of social movement protests, do you believe the most effective strategy is non‐violence or violence; and which of these two strategies do you think is more acceptable for the animal protection movement to follow and why?
 Should academics who lecture on social movements practice what they preach? What are some of the main benefits and problems associated with academic analysts of social movements collaborating with grassroots activists?
 The animal rights movement has been described as one of the fastest‐growing social movements in the West – and one of the most controversial. What evidence is there for these claims?
Seminar/project ideaPlease suggest an exercise to help bring the subject to life, appropriate either for undergraduate or graduate students, e.g. an assessment, a presentation, or other practical assignment.Project idea or presentation
 Compare and contrast the website of an animal welfare organization and an animal rights group in relation to (a) their objectives; (b) their most important campaign; and (c) their preferred overall strategies and tactics. Which of these organizations has the most potential in attracting new supporters and why? What advice would you give to these two organizations on how they might enhance their communicative effectiveness with the general public? (see Munro's Compass article for some clues).
 Do an oral presentation on a radical animal liberation group such as the Animal Liberation Front or SHAC in which you describe its stated objectives, its seminal campaigns, its preferred tactics and its communication strategy as indicated by the group's website. Explain how effective the group is in terms of improving the lives of animals and how the activists justify the use of violence in their campaigns.

Purpose
The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 is at the core of many sustainability initiatives on Mexican higher education institutions (HEIs). Yet, progress to SDG 13 and the entire 2030 Agenda might today appear unlikely to meet. To change this situation, it is necessary to form professionals aware of the impacts of climate change and competent to respond efficiently to its adaptation and mitigation. In this context, the purpose of this study is to reveal the beliefs and concerns about global warming of Mexican students enrolled in engineering bachelor's degrees at higher education institutes that promote sustainability.


Design/methodology/approach
In an exploratory study, engineering university students at six large public universities in Mexico answered questions regarding their beliefs and concerns regarding climate change. The study was carried out by using the Global Warming's Six Americas survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed by a research team from the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication at Yale University to identify different audiences within the American public regarding climate change. Participants were recruited via convenience/snowball techniques which provided access to a diverse sample. Those who agreed to partake in the study were directed to an online platform via Google forms. Data were collected from January to April 2021. Coding and data treatment was conducted according to the developers' codebook and SPSS scripts. After running the statistical program scripts to determine the respondents' segment, a univariate descriptive analysis was performed for each item in the questionnaire to describe general properties in each variable. Subsequently, a series of correspondence analyses was conducted to examine the existence of clusters or patterns that could indicate relationships among selected questions.


Findings
The findings of this study revealed that the majority of the Mexican engineering higher education students participating in the survey fell in the segment of alarmed, 47.3%, or the segment of concerned, 46.%. Furthermore, 78.6% of higher education students in the alarmed segment were extremely sure that global warming is happening. In addition, 98% believed that it is caused mostly by human activities. Furthermore, 89% stated that global warming would harm them personally significantly and 96% thought that future generations would be harmed considerably. About 78% believed that people in Mexico and the USA are currently being harmed by global warming. On the other hand, about 45% of students in the concerned group noted they were extremely sure. In addition, 96% of them thought that global warming is being produced mostly by anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, 39% said global warming will harm them personally to a great deal. However, nearly 80% noted that global warming would also hurt future generations. Although those students in the alarmed and concerned group show similar beliefs and concerns about global warming, the magnitude of concern was more significant for those in the alarmed segment.


Research limitations/implications
There are several limitations to the study. First, the online questionnaire did not allow for clarification or follow-up on behalf of the respondents. Therefore, it could be possible that respondents misunderstood some items. However, the research team took the following measures to limit confusion: (1) The questionnaire had been previously used in several studies. None of these studies reported problems related to confusion, so the research team took this fact as evidence of the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. (2) A face-to-face pilot test was carried out with 30 university students where no problems of comprehension were reported. (3) The target population had adequate prior knowledge of climate change, so the possibility of misunderstandings was likely low. A second limitation relates to the nature of the study. Fighting to mitigate the global climate crisis is a positive social norm. Respondents may have provided answers in line with this social norm and presented themselves as more pro-environmental than they actually are. Second, because of our selection criteria, our data may overestimate the general public's "worldviews" on climate change. Finally, this study was carried on during the COVID-19 pandemic, which could have impacted items' responses. These limitations constitute future opportunities for future research. Specifically, future research might ideally use a large-scale comprehensive study evaluating the broader Mexican public's beliefs and views about climate change. Furthermore, because our data showed that our respondents were very concerned about climate change, but did little in terms of behavioral mitigation, future research should continue to examine and explore differences in various measures of climate friendly behaviors among different segments of the population.


Practical implications
This study's findings have at least twofold implications for university authorities and sustainability practitioners in their pursuit of meeting SDG 13. The first implication is related to academic life. Undoubtedly, having a high percentage of students believing in global warming and mainly that this phenomenon is by anthropogenic activities is a strong indication of their knowledge. But, indirectly, these results validate the sustainability teaching and research efforts in their HEIs, implying the commitment to sustaining and improving the quality of their sustainability-educational initiatives in all institutional areas. The second implication of our findings is related to HEIs' future commitments to address the target of SDG 13 during the present Decade of Actions. Results also lead us to reflect on the role of Mexican HEIs as agents of change, beyond offering good instruction on climate science as an agent of socialization to encourage positive mitigation and adaptation behaviors among the general population.


Social implications
The social implication behind the environmental values of younger people found in this study is that a deeper understanding of these millennials' beliefs and concerns toward global warming will help Mexican policymakers implement policies in this regard and hopefully will be endorsed by a significant proportion of the Mexican population.


Originality/value
The originality of this study is the application of the Global Warming's Six Americas survey questionnaire in higher education settings. Therefore, the knowledge generated determines the quality of the article. As findings in this study revealed, there is apparently little disagreement among the Mexican engineering higher education students about the belief of the existence of global warming and this phenomenon is being caused mainly by human-related activities. Nevertheless, a minority of students still believe that global warming is caused naturally or not occurring. However, it is not possible to claim victory, as these achievements should not be considered, in any way, a guarantee that students will carry out behaviors in their daily lives that impact a reduction in global warming. Nevertheless, the study provides insights to allow university authorities to ensure that the current beliefs and concerns will not fade in the post-pandemic times. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic should be taken a pivotal era toward the goal of increasing the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

Editorial I am delighted to announce the successful publication of Volume 26, 2020 of our esteemed journal, Lagos Notes and Records. This current edition is made up of thirteen well-researched articles across the various disciplines of the Humanities and Social Sciences namely History, Philosophy, Creative Arts, Language Studies, Literature, Communication Studies, and Linguistics. Lynn Schler in the first article, 'The Local and the Global in African Studies: An Essay in Honour of Prof. Ayodeji Olukoju @ 60', argues that in every geographic context, African studies evolved as an intersection between local and global flows of ideas, politics and capital. She concludes that the future of African studies requires scholars to view Africa as both a singular idea and a conglomeration of vastly diverse cultural contexts. Scholars must be aware of what is distinctive in local contexts and also take cognizance of global solutions. In the second article, 'Identity and Ideological Positioning in Popular Nigerian Ethnic Jokes', 'Rotimi Taiwo and David Dontele examine the discursive constructions of selected jokes to determine their expression of attitudinal and ideological dispositions of the ethnic groups within the multilingual/multicultural context of Nigeria. They argue that ethnic jokes in Nigeria construct stereotypes about linguo-cultural signs, and that the jokes have been stripped of their stigmatizing effects owing to the ability of Nigerians to laugh collectively at their perceived prejudices and stereotypes. In a related article, 'Impression Management and Face Sensitivities in Delta State Courtroom Interactions', Olasimbo Takpor and Felix Ogoanah investigate impression management and courtroom interactions in High Court proceedings in DeltaState of Nigeria within the theoretical framework of Rapport Management Model (Spencer Oatey). They conclude that to manage face sensitivities, courtroom interactions create diverse impressions of themselves or others by deploying impression management strategies such as self-promotion, intimidation, apologies, ingratiation and conformity as determined by the peculiarities of legal procedures and cultural norms, which mediate judicial proceedings, interpretations and decisions. Felix Ajiola's 'Colonial Capitalism and the Structure of the Nigerian Cocoa Marketing Board, 1947-1960' examines the origin, structure and impact of the Nigerian Cocoa Marketing Board (NCMB) from its inauguration in 1947 up to 1960. The author argues that the NCMB served various interests and purposes, which hardly benefitted cocoa producers, but rather exploited them through intolerable taxes, harmful price regulations and unfavourable grading policies. In another article, 'The Language Factor and Internet Penetration in Nigeria: A Practical Assessment', Olushola Are examines all the unstated assumptions behind quests for more language options on the internet with specific reference to Nigeria. The author concludes that the provision of Nigerian language options online would not significantly enhance internet penetration in the country without broader adjustments to the roles and status of indigenous languages as well as greater socio-economic and political reforms to fight general social exclusion for which linguistic exclusion of any form may be merely symptomatic. In the sixth article, 'Theatrical Intervention towards "Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness"', Oluwatoyin Olokodana-James examines Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPCR) strategies. She argues that BPCR reduces the risks of complications in that it helps health practitioners to detect danger signs from both mother and the newborn early enough. Using qualitative research approach, the author employs theatre and dance as interventionist tools to educate women within Ifako-Ijaye LGA in Lagos State on the usefulness of BPCR. In a different article on 'Stress Patterning in Polysyllabic Words among Educated Yoruba Speakers of English in Lagos', Emmanuel Osifeso investigates one hundred (100) undergraduate and post-graduate students across Lagos State to underscore the role of stress patterning of polysyllabic words among educated Yoruba speakers of English in Lagos (EYSEL). He concludes that EYSEL have a propensity for shifting the main stress in English polysyllabic words rightward. Victor Ariole's article, 'Peul (Fulani) Worldview as seen in Ba's Work: A Critique', identifies the cultural integration constraints in Africa using Ba's discussion of the Peul/Fulani as a case study. He concludes that Ba's thought patterns are quite relevant in understanding the Peul's worldview which sees probity and constituents' responsibilities as inalienable with peaceful living or existence. Babatunji Adepoju in the ninth article, 'Cohesion in English Biblical Narratives: A Study of "The Prodigal Son"', examines the different methods that writers/speakers employ in making English narratives coherent. He discusses the reasons why many texts are considered disjointed/disorganised thereby making such texts lose the desired radiance. He concludes that the unity of a text is enhanced by adherence to the appropriate usage of grammatical and lexical ties in English narratives. Ayọdele Shotunde in 'A Discourse on the Nature of Crime and Punishment in the Administration of Social Justice in an African Culture' evaluates the nature of crime and punishment among the Yoruba of Nigeria. Adopting the critical and prescriptive methodology, he concludes that it is important to take an insightful look at the traditional Yoruba conception of crime and punishment given its embedded spirit of forgiveness because such has the potential of fostering better social ethics in contemporary Nigeria. In the next article, 'China-Hong Kong Dual System: Twenty-Three Years of Uncertainty and Broken Promises', Henry Ogunjewo argues that the relationship between China and Hong Kong in the last twenty-three years have been characterised by broken promises, failed covenants, unnecessary political meddling, judicial undercutting, press gagging and restrictions on freedom of expressions, leading to protests and political tension in Hong Kong. He concludes that the United Kingdom, former colonial administrator of Hong Kong, needed to bring international pressure on China to protect the interests of Hong Kong. Bisoye Eleshin's 'High-Toned Vowel Prefix in Yoruba' examines prefixation as it relates to gerund derivation in Yoruba. He uses the morpho-syntactic approach to establish the claim that there actually exists a high-toned vowel prefix i- in Yoruba and that the class of noun it derives is gerund. The last paper by Mosunmola Ogunmolaji and Oyinade Adekunle ''Madam Due Process': The Public Life of Obiageli Ezekwesili' is a biography of Obiageli Ezekwesili. The authors analyse the public life of Obiageli Ezekwesili providing insights into her lifestyle, especially the major forces that spurred her interest in politics and public administration. They conclude that Ezekwesili is an intellectual who has broken gender barriers in Nigeria. She possesses pragmatic understanding of the yearnings of Nigerians through deliberate identification of their problems, acquisition of necessary problem-solving tools, and swift responses to the problems whether or not she stepped on toes in the process. I hereby warmly recommend these articles to the academic community with the hope that scholars will find them interesting and useful. I congratulate the Editorial Team for a job well done despite the constraints of the COVID era! Professor Olufunkẹ Adeboye Dean, Faculty of Arts Editor-in-Chief

Objective: The present research aimed to identify which competences are desirable to the accountant from the perspective of the accounting professionals who work in the offices of the city of Vitória de Santo Antão, in Pernambuco. Methodology: A descriptive field survey research was carried out, with a quantitative approach and the use of a specific questionnaire, applied to a sample of 26 accounting firms. The study considered the classification of competencies of the standard established by the IFAC International Federation of Accountants (2012), categorized as: intellectual; technical and functional; personal; interpersonal and communication; and organizational and business management, as well as the use of the set of competencies defined by the studies of Cardoso (2006), Callado and Amorim (2017). The research data were collected in person and by email, being treated with the aid of Microsoft Excel software, enabling the construction of tables for analysis. Results: The competences of the accountant indicated by the professionals of the area working in the offices located in the city of Vitória de Santo Antão, in Pernambuco, were consistent with those provided by IFAC (HEI 3), highlighting them with the highest level of importance, among the five categories classified in that standard: ability to identify problems, acting in accordance with the legislation, acting with ethics and integrity, working in a team, knowing how to manage and organize time well. One notices a trend towards the new role of the accountant, who is no longer seen as a mere "bean counter" but as a "business partner". Study Contributions: Identifying and understanding which are the competencies required of the accounting professional can assist in the growth and development of the same in organizations, since even though there are several investigations on this subject, it is consensual the understanding that the competence of the accountant is a construct in formation, thus not consolidated. Another contribution is to present to the accounting science courses in the region what the market expects from students, so that they can organise a political pedagogic project. By recognising which competences are considered relevant from the perspectives of the professionals themselves, discussions are enabled that seek to find suggestions for improvements to their education, and also about their social role, considering changes in the political, economic and technological spheres. ; Objetivo: La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar cuáles son las competencias deseables para el contador desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de la contabilidad que trabajan en las oficinas de la ciudad de Vitória de Santo Antão, en Pernambuco. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo una encuesta de campo descriptiva con enfoque cuantitativo mediante un cuestionario específico aplicado a una muestra de 26 empresas de contabilidad. El estudio consideró la clasificación de competencias del estándar establecido por la IFAC International Federation of Accountants (2012), categorizadas como: intelectuales; técnicas y funcionales; personales; interpersonales y de comunicación; y organizativas y de gestión empresarial, así como el uso del conjunto de competencias definidas por los estudios de Cardoso (2006), Callado y Amorim (2017). Los datos de la investigación se recogieron en persona y por correo electrónico, siendo tratados con la ayuda del programa informático Microsoft Excel, lo que permitió la construcción de tablas para su análisis. Resultados: Las competencias del contador indicadas por los profesionales del área que trabajan en oficinas ubicadas en la ciudad de Vitória de Santo Antão, en Pernambuco, fueron consistentes con las proporcionadas por la IFAC (HEI 3), destacándose con el mayor nivel de importancia, entre las cinco categorías clasificadas en esa norma: capacidad de identificar problemas, actuar de acuerdo con la legislación, actuar con ética e integridad, trabajar en equipo, saber administrar y organizar bien el tiempo. Se observa una tendencia hacia un nuevo papel de los contables, que ya no se consideran meros "contadores de cuentas", sino "socios comerciales". Aportes del estudio: Identificar y comprender cuáles son las competencias requeridas para el profesional contable puede ayudar al crecimiento y desarrollo de las mismas en las organizaciones, ya que si bien existen diversas investigaciones sobre el tema, es consensual el entendimiento de que la competencia del contador es un constructo en formación, por lo tanto no consolidado. Otra contribución es presentar a los cursos de Ciencias Contables de la región lo que el mercado espera de los estudiantes, para que puedan organizar un proyecto pedagógico político. Al reconocer cuáles son las competencias que se consideran relevantes desde la perspectiva de los propios profesionales, se habilitan debates que buscan encontrar sugerencias para mejorar su formación, y también sobre su papel social, considerando los cambios en las esferas política, económica y tecnológica. ; Objetivo: A presente pesquisa objetivou identificar quais são as competências desejáveis ao contador sob a ótica dos profissionais contábeis, que trabalham nos escritórios da cidade de Vitória de Santo Antão, em Pernambuco. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma pesquisa de campo levantamento (survey), descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa e utilização de um questionário específico, aplicados a uma amostra de 26 escritórios de contabilidade. O estudo considerou a classificação de competências da norma estabelecida pelo IFAC International Federation of Accountants (2012), categorizadas como: intelectuais; técnicas e funcionais; pessoais; interpessoais e de comunicação; e organizacionais e de gerenciamento de negócio, bem como a utilização do conjunto de competências definidos pelos estudos de Cardoso (2006), Callado e Amorim (2017). Os dados da pesquisa foram coletados pessoalmente e por e-mail, sendo tratados com o auxílio do software Microsoft Excel, possibilitando a construção de tabelas para análise. Resultados: As competências do contador indicadas pelos profissionais da área atuantes nos escritórios localizados na cidade de Vitória de Santo Antão, em Pernambuco, foram consoantes com aquelas previstas pelo IFAC (IES 3), destacando-as com maior nível de importância, entre as cinco categorias classificadas na referida norma: capacidade para identificar problemas, atuação em conformidade com a legislação, agir com ética e integridade, trabalhar em equipe, saber administrar e organizar bem o tempo. Repara-se uma tendência voltada para o novo papel do contador, deixando de ser visto como um mero "contador de feijão" para um "parceiro de negócio". Contribuições do Estudo: Identificar e compreender quais são as competências requeridas ao profissional contábil pode auxiliar no crescimento e no desenvolvimento do mesmo nas organizações, visto que ainda que existem diversas investigações sobre esta temática, é consensual o entendimento de que a competência do contador é um construto em formação, sendo assim não consolidado. Outra contribuição é apresentar para os cursos de ciências contábeis da região o que o mercado espera dos discentes, podendo estes organizar um projeto político pedagógico. Ao reconhecer quais as competências consideradas relevantes nas perspectivas dos próprios profissionais atuantes, possibilita-se discussões que busquem encontrar sugestões de melhorias para sua formação, e ainda sobre o seu papel social, ponderando mudanças no âmbito político, econômico e tecnológico.

The Covid -19 pandemic has significantly affected the movement of people within the European Union, both in terms of nationals of the Member States and others. On many occasions, as an instrument to combat or contain the spread of the virus, EU Member States have made use of the possibility of temporarily reintroducing border controls in the Schengen area, or even temporarily closing their national borders. Despite the Covid -19 pandemic, the migratory pressure on the countries of the European Union has not ceased, although the scale of this phenomenon has decreased in many areas. A separate problem is also the influx of illegal migrants to the territory of European Union Member States and the effective implementation of instruments to combat this practice. The regulations in force in the European Union in the area of migration and asylum were developed under different conditions, i.e. standard migration flows, and despite many modifications (e.g. in the context of the competences and tasks of Frontex) they have not proved effective in emergency situations. Consequently, many attempts have been made to amend these regulations. In 2020, they were replaced by a new comprehensive Pact on Migration and Asylum. The aim of this paper is to present and analyze selected legal problems related to the influx of irregular migrants to the European Union in the light of current migration trends and to show, against this background, the main demands for changes contained in the submitted legislative proposals. ; University of Bialystok, Poland ; Anna Doliwa -Klepacka – Doctor of Sciences (Law), Associate Professor, Institute of European Law, Faculty of Law, University of Białystok (Poland). ; doliwa_klepacka@uwb.edu.pl ; 9 ; 21 ; 1 ; Amended legislative proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a common procedure for applications for international protection in the Union and repealing Directive 2013/32/EU (COM/2020/611 final), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ PL/TXT/?qid=1601291268538&uri=COM%3A2020%3A611%3AFIN. ; Amended legislative proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of 'Eurodac' for the comparison of biometric data for the effective application of Regulation (EU) XXX/XXX [Regulation on Asylum and Migration Management] and Regulation (EU) XXX/XXX [Regulation on Resettlement] for the purpose of identifying illegally staying third -country nationals or stateless persons and on requesting comparisons with Eurodac data by Member States' law enforcement authorities and Europol for law enforcement purposes and amending Regulations (EU) 2018/1240 and (EU) 2019/818 (COM/2020/614 final) https://eur-lex. europa.eu/legal-content/PL/TXT/?qid=1601295417610&uri=COM%3A2020%3A614%3AFIN. ; Asylum and migration in the EU: facts and figures,https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20170629STO78630/asylum-and-migration-in-the-eu-facts-and-figures. ; Asylum decision in the EU, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9747530/3–25042019-BP-EN.pdf/22635b8a-4b9c-4ba9-a5c8–934ca02de496. ; Asylum trends in the EU in 2019, https://www.easo.europa.eu/sites/default/files/easo-eu-2019-asylumtrends.pdf. ; Colombeau S.C., Crisis of Schengen? The effect of two 'migrant crises' (2011 and 2015) on the free movement of people at an internal Schengen border, "Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies", 2020, 46:11,2258–2274, DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1596787. ; Commission Guidance on the implementation of EU rules on definition and prevention of the facilitation of unauthorised entry, transit and residence (C (2020) 6470 final), https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-guidance-implementation-facilitation-unauthorised-entry_en.pdf. ; Commission recomendation (C (2020) 6469 fi nal) on an EU mechanism for Preparedness and Management of Crises related to Migration (Migration Preparedness and Crisis Blueprint) https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission_recommendation_on_an_eu_ mechanism_for_preparedness_and_management_of_crises_related_to_migration_migration_preparedness_and_crisis_blueprint_0.pdf. ; Commission recommendation (C(2020) 6467 fi nal) on legal pathways to protection in the EU: promoting resettlement, humanitarian admission and other complementary pathways, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission_recommendation_on_legal_pathways_to_protection_in_the_eu_promoting_resettlement_humanitarian_admission_and_other_complementary_pathways.pdf. ; Commission recommendation (C (2020) 6468 fi nal) on cooperation among Member States concerning operations carried out by vessels owned or operated by private entities for the purpose of search and rescue activities https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-recommendation-_cooperation-operations-vessels-private-entities_en_0.pdf. Acc. ; Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the new Pact on Migration and Asylum, COM/2020/609 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/PL/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0609&qid=1607428374739. ; Doliwa -Klepacka A., Joined Cases C-643/15 and C-647/15 Slovak Republic and Hungary v Council of the European Union, "Polish Review of International and European Law", Vol 8 No 2 (2019), p. 141–154., DOI: https://doi.org/10.21697/priel.2019.8.2.07. ; Doliwa-Klepacka A., Zdanowicz M.: The European Union Current Asylum Policy: Selected Problems in the Shadow of COVID19. "International Journal for the Semiotics of Law – Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique", doi.org/10.1007/s11196–020-09744–3, 2.07.2020. ; European Commission: Statistics on migration to Europe, https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019–2024/promoting-our-european-way-life/statistics-migration-europe_en. ; Evolution of asylum applications and refugee numbers in the EU, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/infographic/welcoming-europe/index_pl.html#fi lter=2019. ; First-time asylum applications by third-country nationals, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/asylum-and-managed-migration/visualisations. ; Kondilis E., Puchner K., Veizis A. Papatheodorou Ch., Benos A., Covid -19 and refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants in Greece, BMJ2020; 369, doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2168. ; Mitchell K, Sparke M. Hotspot geopolitics versus geosocial solidarity: Contending constructions of safe space for migrants in Europe. "Environment and Planning D: Society and Space". 2020, 38(6):1046–1066. doi:10.1177/0263775818793647. ; Non -EU28 countries (2013–2020) nor reporting country, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/migr_pop3ctb/default/table?lang=en. ; Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council introducing screening of third-country nationals at the external borders and amending Regulations (EC) No 767/2008, (EU) 2017/2226, (EU) 2018/1240 and (EU) 2019/817 (COM/2020/612 final) https://eur-lex.europa. eu/legal-content/PL/TXT/?qid=1601291190831&uri=COM%3A2020%3A612%3AFIN. ; Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on responding to emergencies and force majeure in the area of migration and asylum (COM/2020/613 final) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/PL/TXT/?qid=1601295614020&uri=COM%3A2020%3A613%3AFIN. Accessed 20 December 2020. ; Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on asylum and migration management and amending Council Directive 2003/109/EC and the proposed Regulation (EU) XXX/XXX [Asylum and Migration Fund] (COM/2020/610 final) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/ legal-content/PL/TXT/?qid=1601291110635&uri=COM%3A2020%3A610%3AFIN. ; Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 establishing criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ EN/ALL/?uri=celex:32013R0604. ; The evaluation report and the implementation report are available at: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-wedo/policies/asylum/examination-of- applicants/index_en.htm. ; 26

The global environmental system is approaching a breaking point driven by human activities within the Anthropocene. Population growth and urbanisation are reshaping landscapes placing pressure on natural resources that are needed to sustain human civilisations. Global climate change compound these pressures, adding urgency and leading to unfamiliar problems. Fundamental changes are needed to successfully manage coupled social and eco logical systems. In recognition of this, policies and legislation have shifted towards a systems thinking paradigm, e.g. the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). Implementation has proven challenging where, even two decades after the WFD was enacted, results lag behind expectations especially for surface waters. This foreshadows challenges for emerging policies that have also developed their core aims within a systems thinking paradigm. It is therefore prudent to distil lessons stemming from the water resources management (WRM) domain as these findings will also be relevant more broadly. Surface water systems are beset by issues stemming from increased agricultural production and rapid urbanisation, which has created patchworks of mixed land-use composed of urban, industrial, agricultural, and natural features. These peri-urban systems present a high-level of complexity having multiple, sources of pollution while crossing boundaries of management institutions. Surface waters hold significant cultural and economic significance and become a contested resource fraught with potential conflict in connection with the multiple use interests found within peri-urban settings. Participatory modelling is an increasingly prescribed approach for addressing these social and ecological aspects of WRM concurrently. Despite widespread use and decades of learnings from empirical and experimental research settings, the success of this approach is mixed. Key challenges are time and resource intensiveness, simulation model complexity and transparency, as well as transferability of processes and models used. These factors can lead to a lack of uptake of results and/or tools that are necessary for supplementing human cognitive abilities and creating sustainable management policies. This thesis therefore aims to improve WRM by: (1) developing novel participatory process guidance for data scarce and acrimonious contexts; (2) assessing the role of frameworks in bridging across policy, science, and societal silos for sustainable policy implementation, and (3) co-developing an integrated water quantity and quality systems dynamics (SD) modelling tool with expanded potential for use within participatory WRM. Research was conducted in a South African and Danish catchment, both facing climate change adaptation challenges and high conflict potential among stakeholders. Data scarcity in the South African catchment characterises the major difference between the two catchments, with the Danish catchment benefitting from multiple online gauging stations covering indicators for both water quantity (e.g. stream depth) and quality (e.g. dissolved oxygen sensors). In the South African catchment, stakeholders included local and national water utilities, mining, and industrial companies, as well as regulation and conservation groups. A novel adaptation of established participatory methods was made, when the locally embedded approach led to recognition of the need to create an inclusive process by combining stakeholder narratives with SD conceptual diagrams. Conceptual diagrams from different sectors were refined and combined through an iterative process into a final diagram reflecting the connections among the groups. Within the same process, a semi-quantitative simulation model was developed, and together with the diagram, used as multi-interpretative and structured visual supplements to support strategic conversations regarding management options. The novel process also gave insights regarding how diverse visual tools could be leveraged to address project time and human resource constraints. A parallel monitoring and evaluation program showed successful learning outcomes for participants regarding strategies for systemic climate change adaptation and ecosystem impacts. Policy frameworks are critical to support a more rapid uptake of scientific discovery/results, seen as essential for solving complex social ecological system challenges, because due to their role in organising, and facilitating communication of challenges and solutions. The long-standing, Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR), was chosen for analysis due to its history of use in an operational and reporting framework. A case-study approach was taken that included the South African case, policies for greening in China, and regulation of nanosilver and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the EU. This was done by first synthesizing lessons of three previous DPSIR reviews, situating lessons within the most recent literature. This led to the identification of implicit properties of the framework and the recommendation of five key elements which should be made explicit: 1) iteration; 2) risk, uncertainty, and analytical bias; 3) flexible integration; 4) use of quantitative methods, and; 5) clear and standard definitions for DPSIR. The case studies were analysed using the lens of this proposed next generation DPSIR. The successes and pitfalls of the case studies were characterised using the updated framework, showing its versatility across scales and topics while providing a roadmap for next generation DPSIR application. The co-development of a novel tool, the Dynamic Aquatic Simulation Hub (DASH) was motivated by insights from the first two objectives, including experiences in the South African catchment. SD simulation approaches were used because it is shown to be a preferred method for engaging with stakeholders and is gaining in use within WRM. It was built as an integrated water quantity and quality model, using a lowland, peri-urban Danish catchment as a blueprint, to provide insights in both data scarce and data rich catchments. Data rich application could demonstrate its ability to capture spatiotemporal dynamics found in water quality and quantity data. Data scarce application showed the importance of the SD structural modelling approach which gave insight into the importance of anthropogenic controls on key water resource indicators. Its fast simulation time allows rapid iterative testing of model structural and parameter assumptions, which can be refined with stakeholder input. The software used for DASH can extend these iterations to broader stakeholder groups via visual user interfaces, which gives new potential for the structured use of multi-interpretative elements within participatory modelling processes. Data rich application furthermore showed the importance of dynamic flow contributions, providing evidence for negative consequences for water quality caused by consolidation of and reduction of urban flow contributions, driven by green transition goals. The importance of integrating quality and quantity was highlighted by findings that high summer temperatures fluctuations have outsized impacts due to low flows during the same period. This was shown to have negative consequences for dissolved oxygen levels, which may be further impacted by nutrient releases brought on by these conditions. The modular design of DASH makes it readily transferable, responding to broader challenges related to WRM. It is anticipated that this will allow resources within participatory modelling processes to be used more efficiently. In summary, this PhD thesis has demonstrated the role of system dynamics modelling tools to support participatory processes. The need to develop more operational frameworks to improve WRM has been shown by different case studies and experiences. These results can improve future WRM and learnings can hopefully be transferred to broader sustainability challenges globally.

It was highlighted the process and was analysed the reasons pf spreading Russian language and narrowing the sphere of the using Ukrainian language in Ukraine in the second part of the 1940s-1980-s. On the materials of Dnipropetrovs'k region, one of the most developed region of the republic in the agrarian and agricultural sphere, it was shown that it was caused by the politics of the highest state-party leadership of the URSR and the most powerful agricultural construction in the first afterwardecade in the region's towns/cities during that the wide-involvement of the significant mass of people happened from different territories of the Soviet state and their subsidence on the permanent residence in the cities that made the using of Russian language objectively acceptable as the language of the international communication. The combination of these two factors contributed the large-scale deterioration of the Russian language in all spheres of production , administrative and managerial, cultural, everyday life and in the production, was identified the russification of the high, secondary special and professional education, general schools, nursery schools. Russian language became the language of the everyday life for the majority of the urban population. It was detected that the same tendencies started to appear in the village environment. It was analysed the forms and methods of its russification. The attention is focused on the factors that was promoted the wide-spreading and the fixing of the Russian language in the region. The serious influence on this situation had the policy that began to do in the USRS after the ending of the World War II on the initiative of the secretary of the CPSU Zhdanov A. It was called «zhdanivshchyna». The new outbreak of repression was happened during this period that was directed against scientific and creative intelligence. It was happened under the slogan of the struggle with "crawl" in front of west with "the rootless cosmopolitanism", "nationalism", the departure from marxism-leninism doctrine in science, culture, art. It is indicated that, as a result of such policy of the state, the region evolved from monolingual to bilingual. It's known that the situation with permanent ringing of the using of Ukrainian language didn't wick the negative among the population of the region. This position was based on the socially-economic factors (the best security of the industrial and grocery goods, higher salary compared to non-industrial regions, and the level and quality of life). The narrowing of the language sphere of the most Ukrainian ethnic region testified about the inorganic nature of the processes of the language policy in the Republic and the great role of the party-stare leadership in a sphere of the region russification. It's assigned that the process of russification supervised by the manifestations of anger up to the national history, culture, the perception of everything Ukrainian as less valuable. It's shown the demographic intertance of the carried out policy. ; Освещен процесс и проанализированы причины распространения русского языка и сужения сферы применения украинского языка в Украине во второй половине 1940-х‒1980-х гг. На материалах Днепропетровской области, одной из самых аграрно и промышленно развитых областей Украины, показано, что вызвано это было политикой высшего государственно-партийного руководства СССР и мощным промышленным строительством в первые послевоенные десятилетия в городах области, в ходе которого происходило широкое привлечение значительных людских масс из разных территорий Советского государства и оседание их на постоянное место проживания в регіоне, что делало естественным использование русского языка как языка межнационального общения. Показано, что сочетание этих двух факторов способствовало масштабному распространению русского языка во всех сферах производственного, административно-управленческого, культурного, повседневной жизни области, межличностного общения в быту и на производстве, определило русификацию заведений высшего, среднего специального и профессионального образования, общеобразовательной школы, детских дошкольных учреждений. Русский стал для большинства городского населения области языком повседневного общения. Выявлено, что аналогичные тенденции начали проявляться и в сельской среде. Проанализированы формы и методы ее русификации. Внимание сосредоточено на факторах, способствовавших широкому распространению и закреплению в области русского языка. Серьезное влияние на такую ситуацию оказала политика, осуществлявшаяся в СССР по инициативе секретаря ЦК ВКП (б) А. Жданова. В ходе ее в республике произошел новый подъем репрессий, вследствие которых наиболее пострадала научная и творческая интеллигенция. Проводилась она под лозунгами борьбы с «поклонением» перед Западом, с «безродным космополитизмом», «национализмом», «уходом» от марксистско-ленинского учения в науке, культуре, искусстве. Отмечается, что в результате такой политики государства область постепенно эволюционировала от преимущественно монолингвистической к билингвистической. Показано, что ситуация с перманентным сужением использования украинского языка не вызывала негатива у населения области. В основе такой его позиции лежали социально-экономические факторы (лучше обеспеченность региона промышленными и продуктовыми товарами, выше, по сравнению с непромышленными регионами, заработная плата, уровень и качество жизни). Сужение языковой среды украинского этнического большинства области свидетельствовало о неорганичности процессов языковой политики в республике и значительной роли партийно-государственного руководства всех уровней в русификации региона. Отмечено, что процесс русификации сопровождался проявлениями пренебрежения к национальной истории, культуре, восприятием всего украинского как неполноценного. Показано демографические последствия проводимой политики. ; Висвітлено процес і проаналізовано причини поширення російської мови і звуження сфери вживання ‒ української в Україні у другій половині 1940-х–1980-х рр. На матеріалах Дніпропетровської області, однієї з найбільш аграрно і промислово розвинутих областей республіки, показано, що викликано це було політикою вищого державно-партійного керівництва СРСР та потужним промисловим будівництвом у перші повоєнні десятиліття у містах області, в ході якого відбувалося широке залучення значних людських мас з різних територій Радянської держави та осідання їх на постійне проживання у містах, що робило об'єктивно прийнятним використання російської мови як мови міжнаціонального спілкування. Поєднання цих двох факторів сприяло масштабному поширенню російської мови у всіх сферах виробничого, адміністративно-управлінського, культурного, повсякденного життя області, міжособистісного спілкування у побуті і на виробництві, визначило русифікацію закладів вищої, середньої спеціальної та професійної освіти, загальноосвітньої школи, дитячих дошкільних закладів. Російська стала для більшості міського населення області мовою повсякденного спілкування. Виявлено, що аналогічні тенденції почали проявлятися і в сільському середовищі. Проаналізовано форми і методи його русифікації. Зосереджено увагу на факторах, що сприяли впродовж зазначеного періоду широкому поширенню і закріпленню в області російської мови. Серйозний вплив на таку ситуацію мала політика, що почала здійснюватися в СССР після закінчення Другої світової війни за ініціативи секретаря ЦК ВКП(б) А. Жданова. У ході її у республіці відбувся новий спалах репресій, спрямований проти наукової і творчої інтелігенції. Відбувалася вона під гаслами боротьби з «плазуванням» перед Заходом, з «безрідним космополітизмом», «націоналізмом», «відходом» від марксистсько-ленінського вчення в науці, культурі, мистецтві. Зазначається, що внаслідок такої політики держави область поступово еволюціонувала від переважно монолінгвістичної до білінгвістичної. Показано, що ситуація з перманентним звуженням використання української мови не викликала негативу у населення області. В основі такої його позиції лежали соціально-економічні фактори (краща забезпеченість регіону промисловими і продуктовими товарами, вищі, порівняно з непромисловими регіонами заробітна плата та рівень і якість життя). Звуження мовного середовища української етнічної більшості області свідчило про неорганічність процесів мовної політики у республіці та велику роль партійно-державного керівництва у напрямку саме русифікації регіону. Зазначено, що процес русифікації супроводжувався проявами зневаги до національної історії, культури, сприйняттям всього українського як меншовартісного. Показано демографічні наслідки здійснюваної політики.

Introduction: The Corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic caused, among others, the need for colleges and universities managers around the world to reinvent new ways of providing education preserving its good quality at the same time. With the new ordinances of the Ministry of Education and Health, all courses can use remote methodologies for the continuity on the current school year. With new challenges and paradigms emerging from this methodological proposal: provide for the user the feeling of immersion, of being in the class room, from the navigation and interaction in this virtual environment, at the same time that the educator, respecting the educational principles and the pedagogical approach that he believes, does not transform this moment into a simple distance education. Objective: to describe the state of the art on nursing education and the challenges of using remote technologies in the time of Corona virus pandemic. Methods: this is a reflective study based on secondary sources of literature relevant to the theme, considering articles from national and international journals and recent productions on education, health training, remote technologies, COVId-19 and public health. Results: it is evident that experiencing the effects of the corona virus pandemic (COVID-19) in the health educational sector, especially in the field of nursing, goes beyond a structural reorganization of courses. It implies change attitude of managers, teachers and students to reformulate educational practices (sometimes with traditional tools), with innovative practices preserving a methodology that provides to the student criticality reflection, dialogue, bonding and interaction; elements that are part of a training aimed at transformation, empowerment and not just the transmission of knowledge. In this context, the COVID-19 pandemic caused paradigm shifts perhaps not yet overcome by health science institutions , because when they perceived themselves within a reality that generated changes in the political, economic, cultural and social aspects at a global level, they had to reinvent and insert new ways of teaching in their work process; they had to discuss different educational approaches and, given the needs to readjust health teaching methods, they inserted remote technologies as essential tools to meet the real need for continuity of classes in non-face-to-face model. For many, it is a challenge, as it currently permeates a reflection on the attention of distance learning in the field of nursing and other courses in the health area. However, as it opened up to discussions about new ways of teaching mediated by innovation, it can be said that this will be one of the greatest impact of the pandemic in benefit the education: the contribution of new information and communication technologies in the teaching-learning process for training in health, as well as the reflection on distance education and its concepts, differentiating it from the concepts of remote methodology and the use of technologies. Conclusion: In nursing education, the discussion related to the use of remote technologies in the classroom has always been a point of debate. However, with the need to include these tools for the continuity of classes in the non-face-to-face model resulting from the social isolation strategy motivated by the pandemic of COVID-19, it can provide an opportunity to have a new look on the subject and perhaps there is an opportunity to expand the debate on the use of remote methodologies in health education, seeking a reflection on their interaction with the other teaching methods already implemented. ; Introdução: A pandemia do Corona vírus (COVID-19) provocou em caráter emergencial a necessidade dos gestores das faculdades e universidades de todo mundo de reinventar novas formas de prover o ensino preservando a qualidade dele. Com as novas portarias do Ministério da Educação e Saúde, houve uma abertura para que todos os cursos utilizassem de metodologias remotas para continuidade do ano letivo, surgindo novos desafios e paradigmas com essa proposta metodológica: prover para o usuário, a sensação de imersão, de estar dentro do ambiente, a partir da navegação e interação nesse meio virtual, ao mesmo tempo que o educador, respeitando os princípios educacionais e a abordagem pedagógica que acredita, não transformar esse momento em uma simples educação à distância. Objetivo: descrever o estado da arte sobre o ensino de enfermagem e os desafios do uso de tecnologias remotas em época de pandemia do Corona vírus. Método: trata-se de estudo reflexivo consubstanciado por fontes secundárias da literatura pertinente à temática, considerando artigos de periódicos nacionais e internacionais e produções recentes sobre educação, formação em saúde, tecnologias remotas, o COVId-19 e saúde pública. Resultados: evidencia-se que vivenciar os efeitos da pandemia de corona vírus (COVID-19) no setor educacional na formação em saúde, em especial no campo da enfermagem, vai além de uma reorganização estrutural dos cursos, pois implica em mudança atitudinal dos gestores, docentes e discentes para que reformulem as práticas de ensino (por vezes com ferramentas tradicionais), em práticas inovadoras preservando um ensino que propicie ao estudante a criticidade, reflexão, diálogo, vínculo e interação; elementos que fazem parte de uma formação que visa a transformação, o empoderamento e não apenas a transmissão do conhecimento. Nesse contexto, a pandemia do COVID-19 provocou mudanças de paradigmas talvez ainda não superados pelas instituições na área da saúde, pois ao se perceberem dentro de uma realidade em que gerou mudanças nos aspectos políticos, econômicos, culturais e sociais em nível mundial, estas tiveram que se reinventar e inserir no seu processo de trabalho as novas formas de ensinar; tiveram que discutir sobre as diferentes abordagens educacionais e diante das necessidades do readequar os métodos de ensino em saúde, inseriram as tecnologias remotas como ferramentas essenciais para atender a real necessidade da continuidade das aulas no formato não presencial. Para muitos um desafio, pois permeia atualmente uma reflexão sobre o cuidado do ensino à distância no campo da enfermagem e demais cursos da área da saúde. Entretanto, à medida que se abriu para discussões sobre novas formas de ensinar mediadas pela inovação, pode-se dizer que esse será o maior impacto da pandemia para o ensino: a contribuição das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação no processo ensino aprendizagem para formação em saúde, assim como a reflexão sobre a educação à distância e seus conceitos, diferenciando-a dos conceitos de metodologia remota e o uso das tecnologias. Conclusão: No ensino da enfermagem, a discussão relacionada ao uso de tecnologias remotas em sala de aula sempre foi um ponto de debate. Entretanto, com a necessidade da inclusão dessas ferramentas para a continuidade de aulas no formato não presencial decorrente da estratégia do isolamento social motivada pela pandemia do COVID-19, pode oportunizar a se ter um novo olhar sobre o assunto e que talvez com esse momento vivido se haja oportunidade de ampliar o debate sobre uso dessas metodologias remotas no ensino em saúde, buscando uma reflexão sobre a interação destas com os demais métodos de ensino já implementados.

Problem setting. The legal framework for regulating the ethnic and national sphere determines the influence of state authorities on the current ethnic and national model of interaction between the titular Ukrainian ethnic group and national minorities. An objective factor in the ethnic and national modeling of Ukraine's development is the Ukrainian political nation, whose potential readiness for state-national self-determination is determined by the level of national and regional identity, whose research is extremely in demand in modern science, which begins with the state and determines how it affects poly-ethnic society.Recent research and publications analysis. In the context of the topic under study, the fundamental works of domestic and foreign scholars were used to substantiate the idea of the ethnic core of the nation (A.D. Smith), which constitutes the "foundation" of any ethnic and national model of the state; such ethno-national models are defined: "parallel segmentation" (J. Rothschild), "clan democracy" (O. Kucherenko, O. Lisnichuk), "crossed grid", which is transformed into "mosaic concept" (S.P. Huntington), "universal democracy" (A. Lijphart), the "cosmopolitan" model of democracy (D. Held), "racial democracy"(P. Mancini), as well as the works of P. Van den Berg, O. Kartunov, O. Kryukov, O. Kucherenko, O. Mayborody, Y. Rimarenko, L. Shklyar and others. In the scientific works of A. Andreev, A. Royce, Y. Bromley, M. Weber, G. Nodi, K. Popper, A. Smith, E. Jan, and others. main stages of ethnic and national development of states are analyzed.Paper objective.The author of the article considers the European experience on protecting national minorities' rights and possibility of its application in the Ukrainian legislation and sees it as a basis for the ethnic and national modeling of Ukraine development.Paper main body.Author emphasizes that the European Legislation does not ensure the right to self-determination to ethnic and national minorities. Therefore, effective Constitutional and legal security for the national minorities is provided only in case of their getting the citizenship of the country they live in. Besides, their rights do not exceed the range of rights enjoying by all the citizens of the country they reside and the peculiarities of certain ethnic groups (their needs to preserve national identity, traditions, language, cultural heritage etc.) are not reflected in the legislation of the country of their residence.As a subject of the International Law and the equal participant of international communication, Ukraine ratified the majority of conventions and agreements in the field of human rights protection.The crucial issue of Ukrainian society in the legislative adjustment of ethnic and national sphere is its endeavor to respond to the European legal standards. To use the terms "ethnic groups" would be more adequate for both the genuine Ukrainians and the untitled ethnic groups. Application of the terms "native people" or "autochthonal people" could be disputable as for Tatars or Caraims, who are in fact the "pieces" of some other large communities lived in the past. The same situation is in the issue of language functioning. The EU countries' language policy is carried out in the conditions, which differ from the Ukrainian ones: non-dominant languages in the EU community enjoy protection rights. On the contrary, in Ukraine the language of the titled nation needs every possible support. In this respect, nowadays every attempt to approach the issue of peculiarity of language policy in Ukraine can be criticized by the EU community, which may cause Ukrainian language discrimination.Therefore, just imitating both EU experience and EU legislation in the national issue is not acceptable for development of ethnic and national policy in Ukraine, where there are certain peculiarities.Objective reality of polyethnizm existence in Ukraine as well as some specific national conditions require critical and constructive application of various approaches to interethnic relationships regulation in which EU countries have already been a success. And in Particular, we mean consultative and authority bodies, where national minorities are represented, especially in education, cultural and religious organizations; legislative and executive bodies (formed in the result of free and equal elections); self-government of national minorities as for their authenticity in conditions when territorial autonomy is not provided; bi-lateral and multi-lateral agreements regarding national minorities; ensuring the right of national minorities representatives to be educated on different educational levels in their native language; to create state research centers to improve legislation and spreading information as for their non-discrimination; creation of permanent boards to be in touch with the appropriate border-line areas. Application of all-round approaches mentioned above in conjunction with the peculiarities of ethnic and national modeling of state development must favor harmonization of relationships between the Ukrainian title ethnos and national minorities.Conclusions of the research.The research on regulatory and juridical principles of the valid ethnic and national state building model (title ethnos and national minorities) gives grounds to conclude that all the citizens of Ukraine are equally protected by the state. As for the assuring the human rights of national minorities representatives, the state bases on the fact that this law is an integral part of the generally acknowledged Law on human rights.For the Constitution of Ukraine stipulations' realization and establishing the procedures of implementation of the abovementioned regulatory Acts, the author proposes to adopt the set of laws, which would regulate not only the status of national minorities, but also the status of the Ukrainian nation as a title nation. In particular, we mean preambles to the Articles 10, 11, 12 of the Constitution of Ukraine, which are fragmentarily accomplished now in the legislative Acts. In order to achieve it, we need to systematize and make codification of the Ukrainian legislation. ; Рассматривается европейский опыт защиты прав национальных меньшинств и его воплощение в украинском законодательстве как основание для этнонационального моделирования развития Украины. Подчеркивается, что европейское право отказывает этническим, национальным меньшинствам в праве на самоопределение; эффективное правовое обеспечение прав национальных меньшинств возможно лишь при условии, что их статус предоставляется только гражданам государства, в котором они проживают; специфические права национальных меньшинств (то есть права, отличные от прав большинства других граждан) ‑ это их права в тех сферах, где они проявляют себя как особая этническая группа (сохранение идентичности, традиций, языка, культурного наследия). ; Розглядається європейський досвід захисту прав національних меншин та його втілення в українському законодавстві як підставу для етнонаціонального моделювання розвитку України. Підкреслюється, що європейське право відмовляє етнічним, національним меншинам у праві на самовизначення; ефективне правове забезпечення прав національних меншин можливе лише за умови, коли їх статус надається лише громадянам держави, в якій вони проживають; специфічні права національних меншин (тобто права, відмінні від прав більшості інших громадян) – це їх права у тих сферах, де вони проявляють себе як особлива етнічна група (збереження ідентичності, традицій, мови, культурної спадщини).

Languages played a crucial role in the nation-building processes of the 19th century. It is impossible to investigate these processes not taking into consideration the imperial phenomenon. The aim of this article is to analyze and compare peculiarities of language and educational practices that characterized the development of the Jewish and Polish communities in what is referred to as the «Western outskirts» of the Russian Empire. The elimination of the Polish educational institutions was accompanied by the elaboration of options for including the Polish youth into the common imperial context through the educational system, and through the system of higher education in the first place. However, the Polish language maintained the status of the language of record keeping, court proceedings, and daily communication until the November Uprising (1830-1831), which significantly complicated the task of the local Poles' assimilation.The article hypothesizes that competitive surrounding that was created by the Hebrew and Yiddish supporters, who were aligned with the followers of the Russian language oriented assimilation project, fostered the crystallization and norm introduction of both Jewish languages, which was happening with simultaneous development of their literary standards. The project on the establishment of the Jewish teacher training institutions with elements of secular education, the Russian language and the Russian management proved to be inviable as it failed to conform to Jewish traditional religious education.The methodology of the research: the article uses the comparative method to draw comparisons between language and educational practices of the representatives of the Polish and Jewish communities of the Southwestern and Northwestern territories during «the long 19th century», the elements of constructionist methodology enables the author to investigate the role of language marker in the implementation of the Polish and Jewish national projects. Instrumentarium of a so-called «new empire history» allows considering a destructive influence on national languages development in the nation-building process. The outlined methodology also testifies the presence of the novelty elements in the suggested material. Starting from the middle of the 19th century the communicative dominance in the Russian empire was given to the Russian language. Other languages occupied their local niches, which largely limited their usage and functioning. The efforts of the authorities to reduce the communicative area of the national languages usage and to diminish their status had the perverse effect. The oppression only encouraged the creators of national «projects» to make every effort to standardize, expand the spheres of language usage, to actively use them as languages of literature and science. Questions related to the consolidation of the status of state languages in the newly created nation-states after the destruction of one empire and under new political circumstances in the context of another empire need further studies. ; Мовам належала одна із ключових ролей в націотворчих процесах ХІХ ст. Дослідження цих процесів в окреслений період неможливо поза межами імперського. Головним завданням запропонованої статті є аналіз та порівняння особливостей освіти та мовних практик, які характеризували розвиток єврейських та польських громад на так званих «західних окраїнах» Російської імперії. Ліквідація польських за характером навчальних закладів супроводжувалась розробкою варіантів включення польської молоді до загальноімперського контексту через систему освіти, й перш за все, вищу. Однак, збереження за польською статусу мови діловодства, судочинства, щоденного спілкування до Листопадового повстання 1830-1831 рр. значно ускладнило завдання асиміляції місцевих поляків. Висловлюється припущення, що конкуруюче середовище, що було створене прихильниками використання івриту та їдишу, до яких долучались симпатики асимілітаційного проекту з орієнтацією на російську мову, сприяло кристалізації та унормуванню кожної єврейської мови із одночасним розвитком їх літературних стандартів. Проект зі створення єврейських вчительських інститутів з елементами світської освіти, російською мовою та російським керівництвом виявився нежиттєздатним через неможливість досягти їх узгодження з єврейською традиційно-релігійною освітою. Методологія: у статті використано компаративний метод для порівняння мовних та освітніх практик представників польських та єврейських громад Південно-Західного та Північно-Західного краю протягом «довгого ХІХ ст.», елементи конструктивістської методології дозволили дослідити роль мовного маркеру в реалізації польського та єврейського національних проектів. Інструментарій так званої «нової імперської історії» дозволив розглянути не лише деструктивний вплив на розвиток національних мов в націотворенні. Окреслена методологія засвідчує й наявність елементу новизни в запропонованому матеріалі. В Російській імперії від середини XIX ст. комунікативне домінування поступово закріплюється за російською мовою. Іншим мовам відводилися свої, локальні ніші, які значною мірою обмежували їх вживання та використання. намагання влади скоротити комунікативний простір використання національних мов та принизити їх статус мали цілком зворотній ефект. Їх утиски лише стимулювали творців національних «проєктів» докладати максимум зусиль для унормування, розширення сфер вжитку, активного використання в якості мов літератури та науки. Подальших досліджень потребують питання, пов'язані із закріпленням статусів державних мов у новостворених національних державах після руйнації однієї імперії та нових політичних обставин в умовах іншої. ; Językam należała jedna z kluczowych ról w procesie budowania społeczeństwa w XIX wieku. Niemożliwe jest badanie tych procesów poza okresem imperialnym. Głównym celem proponowanego artykułu jest analiza i porównanie cech edukacji i praktyk językowych, które charakteryzowały rozwój społeczności żydowskiej i polskiej na tzw. "zachodnich peryferiach" Imperium Rosyjskiego. Likwidacji polskich instytucji edukacyjnych towarzyszył rozwój wariantów włączenia polskiej młodzieży w kontekst imperialny poprzez system edukacji, a przede wszystkim, szkoły wyższe. Jednak, utrzymanie języka polskiego jako języka dokumentów, sądownictwa, codziennej komunikacji aż do powstania listopadowego w latach 1830-1831 znacznie skomplikowało zadanie asymilacji lokalnych Polaków.Przypuszcza się, że środowisko konkurencyjne stworzone przez zwolenników używania języka hebrajskiego i jidysz, w które dołączyli się sympatyzatorzy projektu asymilacyjnego (na język rosyjski), sprzyjało krystalizacji i unormowaniu każdego języka żydowskiego, jednocześnie rozwijając ich standardy literackie. Projekt stworzenia żydowskich instytutów nauczycielskich z elementami świeckiej edukacji, w języku rosyjskim i pod rosyjskim kierownictwem okazał się nierealnym z powodu niemożliwości osiągnięcia zgody z tradycyjną żydowską edukacją religijną.Metodologia: W artykule wykorzystano metodę porównawczą dla porównania praktyk językowych i edukacyjnych przedstawicieli społeczności polskiej i żydowskiej z terytoriów południowo-zachodnich i północno-zachodnich regionów w "długim XIX wieku". Elementy metodologii konstruktywistycznej pozwoliły zbadać rolę znacznika języka w realizacji polskiego i żydowskiego projektów narodowych. Zestaw narzędzi tak zwanej "nowej historii imperium" umożliwił rozważenie nie tylko destrukcyjnego wpływu na rozwój języków narodowych w tworzeniu narodu. Przedstawiona metodologia potwierdza również obecność elementu nowości w proponowanym materiale.W Imperium Rosyjskim od połowy XIX wieku dominacja komunikacyjna stopniowo przechodzi do języka rosyjskiego. Inne języki zostały przeniesione do ich własnych nisz, co w dużej mierze ograniczyło ich użycie i wykorzystanie. Próby władz ograniczyć przestrzeń komunikacyjną w zakresie używania języków narodowych i zmniejszenia ich statusu przyniosły odwrotny skutek. Ich ucisk tylko zachęcił twórców narodowych "projektów" do podjęcia wszelkich wysiłków w celu standartyzacji, rozszerzenia dziedzin ich zastosowia, aktywnego wykorzystywania ich jako języków literatury i nauki. Dalsze badania wymagają pytań związanych z wzmocnieniem statusu języków państwowych w nowo utworzonych państwach narodowych po zniszczeniu całego imperium i nowych warunków politycznych w kontekście tych państw.

Problem setting. The legal framework for regulating the ethnic and national sphere determines the influence of state authorities on the current ethnic and national model of interaction between the titular Ukrainian ethnic group and national minorities. An objective factor in the ethnic and national modeling of Ukraine's development is the Ukrainian political nation, whose potential readiness for state-national self-determination is determined by the level of national and regional identity, whose research is extremely in demand in modern science, which begins with the state and determines how it affects poly-ethnic society.Recent research and publications analysis. In the context of the topic under study, the fundamental works of domestic and foreign scholars were used to substantiate the idea of the ethnic core of the nation (A.D. Smith), which constitutes the "foundation" of any ethnic and national model of the state; such ethno-national models are defined: "parallel segmentation" (J. Rothschild), "clan democracy" (O. Kucherenko, O. Lisnichuk), "crossed grid", which is transformed into "mosaic concept" (S.P. Huntington), "universal democracy" (A. Lijphart), the "cosmopolitan" model of democracy (D. Held), "racial democracy"(P. Mancini), as well as the works of P. Van den Berg, O. Kartunov, O. Kryukov, O. Kucherenko, O. Mayborody, Y. Rimarenko, L. Shklyar and others. In the scientific works of A. Andreev, A. Royce, Y. Bromley, M. Weber, G. Nodi, K. Popper, A. Smith, E. Jan, and others. main stages of ethnic and national development of states are analyzed.Paper objective.The author of the article considers the European experience on protecting national minorities' rights and possibility of its application in the Ukrainian legislation and sees it as a basis for the ethnic and national modeling of Ukraine development.Paper main body.Author emphasizes that the European Legislation does not ensure the right to self-determination to ethnic and national minorities. Therefore, effective Constitutional and legal security for the national minorities is provided only in case of their getting the citizenship of the country they live in. Besides, their rights do not exceed the range of rights enjoying by all the citizens of the country they reside and the peculiarities of certain ethnic groups (their needs to preserve national identity, traditions, language, cultural heritage etc.) are not reflected in the legislation of the country of their residence.As a subject of the International Law and the equal participant of international communication, Ukraine ratified the majority of conventions and agreements in the field of human rights protection.The crucial issue of Ukrainian society in the legislative adjustment of ethnic and national sphere is its endeavor to respond to the European legal standards. To use the terms "ethnic groups" would be more adequate for both the genuine Ukrainians and the untitled ethnic groups. Application of the terms "native people" or "autochthonal people" could be disputable as for Tatars or Caraims, who are in fact the "pieces" of some other large communities lived in the past. The same situation is in the issue of language functioning. The EU countries' language policy is carried out in the conditions, which differ from the Ukrainian ones: non-dominant languages in the EU community enjoy protection rights. On the contrary, in Ukraine the language of the titled nation needs every possible support. In this respect, nowadays every attempt to approach the issue of peculiarity of language policy in Ukraine can be criticized by the EU community, which may cause Ukrainian language discrimination.Therefore, just imitating both EU experience and EU legislation in the national issue is not acceptable for development of ethnic and national policy in Ukraine, where there are certain peculiarities.Objective reality of polyethnizm existence in Ukraine as well as some specific national conditions require critical and constructive application of various approaches to interethnic relationships regulation in which EU countries have already been a success. And in Particular, we mean consultative and authority bodies, where national minorities are represented, especially in education, cultural and religious organizations; legislative and executive bodies (formed in the result of free and equal elections); self-government of national minorities as for their authenticity in conditions when territorial autonomy is not provided; bi-lateral and multi-lateral agreements regarding national minorities; ensuring the right of national minorities representatives to be educated on different educational levels in their native language; to create state research centers to improve legislation and spreading information as for their non-discrimination; creation of permanent boards to be in touch with the appropriate border-line areas. Application of all-round approaches mentioned above in conjunction with the peculiarities of ethnic and national modeling of state development must favor harmonization of relationships between the Ukrainian title ethnos and national minorities.Conclusions of the research.The research on regulatory and juridical principles of the valid ethnic and national state building model (title ethnos and national minorities) gives grounds to conclude that all the citizens of Ukraine are equally protected by the state. As for the assuring the human rights of national minorities representatives, the state bases on the fact that this law is an integral part of the generally acknowledged Law on human rights.For the Constitution of Ukraine stipulations' realization and establishing the procedures of implementation of the abovementioned regulatory Acts, the author proposes to adopt the set of laws, which would regulate not only the status of national minorities, but also the status of the Ukrainian nation as a title nation. In particular, we mean preambles to the Articles 10, 11, 12 of the Constitution of Ukraine, which are fragmentarily accomplished now in the legislative Acts. In order to achieve it, we need to systematize and make codification of the Ukrainian legislation. ; Рассматривается европейский опыт защиты прав национальных меньшинств и его воплощение в украинском законодательстве как основание для этнонационального моделирования развития Украины. Подчеркивается, что европейское право отказывает этническим, национальным меньшинствам в праве на самоопределение; эффективное правовое обеспечение прав национальных меньшинств возможно лишь при условии, что их статус предоставляется только гражданам государства, в котором они проживают; специфические права национальных меньшинств (то есть права, отличные от прав большинства других граждан) ‑ это их права в тех сферах, где они проявляют себя как особая этническая группа (сохранение идентичности, традиций, языка, культурного наследия). ; Розглядається європейський досвід захисту прав національних меншин та його втілення в українському законодавстві як підставу для етнонаціонального моделювання розвитку України. Підкреслюється, що європейське право відмовляє етнічним, національним меншинам у праві на самовизначення; ефективне правове забезпечення прав національних меншин можливе лише за умови, коли їх статус надається лише громадянам держави, в якій вони проживають; специфічні права національних меншин (тобто права, відмінні від прав більшості інших громадян) – це їх права у тих сферах, де вони проявляють себе як особлива етнічна група (збереження ідентичності, традицій, мови, культурної спадщини).

Languages played a crucial role in the nation-building processes of the 19th century. It is impossible to investigate these processes not taking into consideration the imperial phenomenon. The aim of this article is to analyze and compare peculiarities of language and educational practices that characterized the development of the Jewish and Polish communities in what is referred to as the «Western outskirts» of the Russian Empire. The elimination of the Polish educational institutions was accompanied by the elaboration of options for including the Polish youth into the common imperial context through the educational system, and through the system of higher education in the first place. However, the Polish language maintained the status of the language of record keeping, court proceedings, and daily communication until the November Uprising (1830-1831), which significantly complicated the task of the local Poles' assimilation.The article hypothesizes that competitive surrounding that was created by the Hebrew and Yiddish supporters, who were aligned with the followers of the Russian language oriented assimilation project, fostered the crystallization and norm introduction of both Jewish languages, which was happening with simultaneous development of their literary standards. The project on the establishment of the Jewish teacher training institutions with elements of secular education, the Russian language and the Russian management proved to be inviable as it failed to conform to Jewish traditional religious education.The methodology of the research: the article uses the comparative method to draw comparisons between language and educational practices of the representatives of the Polish and Jewish communities of the Southwestern and Northwestern territories during «the long 19th century», the elements of constructionist methodology enables the author to investigate the role of language marker in the implementation of the Polish and Jewish national projects. Instrumentarium of a so-called «new empire history» allows considering a destructive influence on national languages development in the nation-building process. The outlined methodology also testifies the presence of the novelty elements in the suggested material. Starting from the middle of the 19th century the communicative dominance in the Russian empire was given to the Russian language. Other languages occupied their local niches, which largely limited their usage and functioning. The efforts of the authorities to reduce the communicative area of the national languages usage and to diminish their status had the perverse effect. The oppression only encouraged the creators of national «projects» to make every effort to standardize, expand the spheres of language usage, to actively use them as languages of literature and science. Questions related to the consolidation of the status of state languages in the newly created nation-states after the destruction of one empire and under new political circumstances in the context of another empire need further studies. ; Мовам належала одна із ключових ролей в націотворчих процесах ХІХ ст. Дослідження цих процесів в окреслений період неможливо поза межами імперського. Головним завданням запропонованої статті є аналіз та порівняння особливостей освіти та мовних практик, які характеризували розвиток єврейських та польських громад на так званих «західних окраїнах» Російської імперії. Ліквідація польських за характером навчальних закладів супроводжувалась розробкою варіантів включення польської молоді до загальноімперського контексту через систему освіти, й перш за все, вищу. Однак, збереження за польською статусу мови діловодства, судочинства, щоденного спілкування до Листопадового повстання 1830-1831 рр. значно ускладнило завдання асиміляції місцевих поляків. Висловлюється припущення, що конкуруюче середовище, що було створене прихильниками використання івриту та їдишу, до яких долучались симпатики асимілітаційного проекту з орієнтацією на російську мову, сприяло кристалізації та унормуванню кожної єврейської мови із одночасним розвитком їх літературних стандартів. Проект зі створення єврейських вчительських інститутів з елементами світської освіти, російською мовою та російським керівництвом виявився нежиттєздатним через неможливість досягти їх узгодження з єврейською традиційно-релігійною освітою. Методологія: у статті використано компаративний метод для порівняння мовних та освітніх практик представників польських та єврейських громад Південно-Західного та Північно-Західного краю протягом «довгого ХІХ ст.», елементи конструктивістської методології дозволили дослідити роль мовного маркеру в реалізації польського та єврейського національних проектів. Інструментарій так званої «нової імперської історії» дозволив розглянути не лише деструктивний вплив на розвиток національних мов в націотворенні. Окреслена методологія засвідчує й наявність елементу новизни в запропонованому матеріалі. В Російській імперії від середини XIX ст. комунікативне домінування поступово закріплюється за російською мовою. Іншим мовам відводилися свої, локальні ніші, які значною мірою обмежували їх вживання та використання. намагання влади скоротити комунікативний простір використання національних мов та принизити їх статус мали цілком зворотній ефект. Їх утиски лише стимулювали творців національних «проєктів» докладати максимум зусиль для унормування, розширення сфер вжитку, активного використання в якості мов літератури та науки. Подальших досліджень потребують питання, пов'язані із закріпленням статусів державних мов у новостворених національних державах після руйнації однієї імперії та нових політичних обставин в умовах іншої. ; Językam należała jedna z kluczowych ról w procesie budowania społeczeństwa w XIX wieku. Niemożliwe jest badanie tych procesów poza okresem imperialnym. Głównym celem proponowanego artykułu jest analiza i porównanie cech edukacji i praktyk językowych, które charakteryzowały rozwój społeczności żydowskiej i polskiej na tzw. "zachodnich peryferiach" Imperium Rosyjskiego. Likwidacji polskich instytucji edukacyjnych towarzyszył rozwój wariantów włączenia polskiej młodzieży w kontekst imperialny poprzez system edukacji, a przede wszystkim, szkoły wyższe. Jednak, utrzymanie języka polskiego jako języka dokumentów, sądownictwa, codziennej komunikacji aż do powstania listopadowego w latach 1830-1831 znacznie skomplikowało zadanie asymilacji lokalnych Polaków.Przypuszcza się, że środowisko konkurencyjne stworzone przez zwolenników używania języka hebrajskiego i jidysz, w które dołączyli się sympatyzatorzy projektu asymilacyjnego (na język rosyjski), sprzyjało krystalizacji i unormowaniu każdego języka żydowskiego, jednocześnie rozwijając ich standardy literackie. Projekt stworzenia żydowskich instytutów nauczycielskich z elementami świeckiej edukacji, w języku rosyjskim i pod rosyjskim kierownictwem okazał się nierealnym z powodu niemożliwości osiągnięcia zgody z tradycyjną żydowską edukacją religijną.Metodologia: W artykule wykorzystano metodę porównawczą dla porównania praktyk językowych i edukacyjnych przedstawicieli społeczności polskiej i żydowskiej z terytoriów południowo-zachodnich i północno-zachodnich regionów w "długim XIX wieku". Elementy metodologii konstruktywistycznej pozwoliły zbadać rolę znacznika języka w realizacji polskiego i żydowskiego projektów narodowych. Zestaw narzędzi tak zwanej "nowej historii imperium" umożliwił rozważenie nie tylko destrukcyjnego wpływu na rozwój języków narodowych w tworzeniu narodu. Przedstawiona metodologia potwierdza również obecność elementu nowości w proponowanym materiale.W Imperium Rosyjskim od połowy XIX wieku dominacja komunikacyjna stopniowo przechodzi do języka rosyjskiego. Inne języki zostały przeniesione do ich własnych nisz, co w dużej mierze ograniczyło ich użycie i wykorzystanie. Próby władz ograniczyć przestrzeń komunikacyjną w zakresie używania języków narodowych i zmniejszenia ich statusu przyniosły odwrotny skutek. Ich ucisk tylko zachęcił twórców narodowych "projektów" do podjęcia wszelkich wysiłków w celu standartyzacji, rozszerzenia dziedzin ich zastosowia, aktywnego wykorzystywania ich jako języków literatury i nauki. Dalsze badania wymagają pytań związanych z wzmocnieniem statusu języków państwowych w nowo utworzonych państwach narodowych po zniszczeniu całego imperium i nowych warunków politycznych w kontekście tych państw.

Розкрито суспільне, художнє, моральне значення щорічних Міжнародних Пасхальних асамблей, їх сутність і своєрідність, виражені в гаслі «Духовність єднає Україну», зокрема особливості ювілейної Х Асамблеї – 2018. Докладно розглянуто зміст її заходів – музичних діалогів; концертів, присвячених ювілеям видатних композиторів і виконавців; Першого конкурсу скрипалів імені Богодара Которовича; благодійної програми «Вірою, надією єдині»; охарактеризовано їх програми, творчий шлях колективів та окремих виконавців, які взяли участь у цих заходах. Х Міжнародна Пасхальна асамблея – 2018 «Духовність єднає Україну» справді стала грандіозним святом духовності та єднання українського суспільства. У цьому переконують творчі виступи, концерти не лише в концертних залах Києва, а й у Софії Київській, Михайлівському Золотоверхому Соборі, Успенському соборі Києво-Печерської Лаври, Патріаршому соборі Воскресіння Христового, у Храмі Василя Великого. У цих заходах виявилося прагнення людей жити в мирі і злагоді. Український політикум усе більше переконується в тому, що краще неспокійний мир, ніж жахи воєнного лихоліття. Це має стати нормою для України! Висока гуманістична ідея Пасхальних асамблей спрямована на утвердження стабільності, миру і благополуччя в нашій країні. ; Relevance of research. In the twenty-first century some profound socio-political, economic, and spiritual shifts have become the realities of life both in Ukraine and the world. They not only open up perspectives for the socio-cultural progress of mankind, but also create crises in all spheres of life. State activity in the field of spirituality as well as artistic and aesthetic integrity of Ukrainian society should be aimed at overcoming destructive processes of stagnation and instability, humanization of universal moral and spiritual values, revival of Ukrainian national culture. An important role in this is related to the annual International Easter Assembly "Spirituality unites Ukraine".The purpose of the research is to reveal the social, artistic, and moral significance of the annual International Easter Assemblies, their essence and peculiarity, expressed in the slogan "Spirituality unites Ukraine". Particularly it has been pointed out the properties of this event from the point of view of its jubilee Tenth Assembly-2018. The author has described in detail the content of its events, expressed by musical dialogues, concerts devoted to the anniversaries of prominent composers and performers. The first Bogodar Kotorovych Contest of violinists, the charity program "Unity in faith and hope" were characterized with a detailed description of the program, the creative path of the teams and individual performers who took part in these events.The methodology of the study provides an analytical review of the main activities that took place during the jubilee Tenth Assembly-2018. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that it first characterized the performances of leading performing groups that took part in this international event. Their creative peculiarity has been revealed in connection with the embodiment of the author's design. The importance of musical dialogues introduced with the assistance of Embassies of foreign states accredited in Ukraine has been emphasized. This is a quite new form of international cultural cooperation, the purpose of which is the spiritual rapprochement of nations and nationalities, the popularization of the cultures of different peoples. During the Tenth International Easter Assembly in 2018, ten dialogues were held with the participation of performers from Italy, Hungary, the USA, Lithuania, France, Israel, Germany and other countries. There were creative performances, concerts not only in the concert halls of Kiev, but also in Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, St. Michael's Cathedral, the Assumption Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, the Patriarchal Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ, at the Church of Basil the Great.The tradition of the Easter assemblies has become a honoring of prominent figures of musical culture. On April 17, 2018, a jubilee concert by Georgiy Agrathin "Musician-Magician" took place in the Great Hall of the Academy on his 70th anniversary with the participation of the National Orchestra of Folk Instruments of Ukraine (headed by V. Gutsal).The concluding Gala Concert of the winners of the 8th All-Ukrainian Television Children's Song Festival-Competition "Solovyenko of Ukraine" was the bright event of the Assembly. On 22nd April 2018, the First All-Ukrainian Bogodar Kotorovych Violinist Competition also has begun. The organizers of the contest are Petro Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine with the support of the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine, the National Union of Composers of Ukraine, and the All-Ukrainian Foundation for International Communication "Ukrainian National Embassy", the National All-Ukrainian Music Union. The jury consists of well-known violinists from Ukraine, France, Poland, and Great Britain – students of the outstanding Maestro.The Grand Concert "Opera in the Academy" was dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Opera Studio of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. P. I. Tchaikovsky. This is a unique creative unit for the preparation of musicians of the world level. There is a spectator hall for 800 seats with a technically equipped stage, it has all the necessary theatrical workshops (decorative, lighting, sound, dressing room, engineering, costume, etc.), artistic, rehearsal and auxiliary premises. The artistic level of performances is provided by the constantly functioning choir, orchestra, ballet and mimic corpses; the production group – conductors, directors, artists, chormeisters, choreographers, concertmasters, who are outstanding persons of the musical theater. Academy educators and talented youth, winners of national and international artistic competitions and festivals constantly take part in all the productions and performances of the Opera Studio.The Opera Studio is not only an important academic unit of the Academy, but also a worldclass artistic center. On its scene there were many all-Ukrainian and international festivals and contests aimed at solving not only creative, artistic, but also social tasks, in particular to overcome confrontations and discord, spiritual impoverishment, depreciation of artistic heritage, national history. Among them there are international festivals "Vivat, Academia", "Italian Baroque in Ukraine", All-Ukrainian competitions of choral conductors and pianists of the firm "C. Bechstein", International Easter Assembly "Spirituality unites Ukraine".Findings and Conclusions. The Tenth International Easter Assembly-2018 "Spirituality unites Ukraine" has indeed become a grand holiday of spirituality and unity of Ukrainian society. It has revealed the desire of people to live in peace and harmony. ; Раскрыто общественное, художественное, моральное значение ежегодных Международных Пасхальных ассамблей, их сущность и своеобразие, выраженные в месседже «Духовность объединяет Украину», а также особенности юбилейной Х Ассамблеи-2018. Детально рассмотрено содержание её многообразных мероприятий – музыкальных диалогов, концертов, посвящённых юбилеям видающихся композиторов и исполнителей, Первого конкурса скрипачей имени Богодара Которовича, благотворительной программы «Верой, надеждой едины», охарактеризованы их программы, творческий путь коллективов и отдельных исполнителей, принявших участие в этих мероприятиях. Х Международная Пасхальная ассамблея-2018 «Духовность объединяет Украину» действительно стала грандиозным праздником духовности и единения украинского общества. В этом убеждают творческие выступления, концерты не только в концертных залах Киева, но и в Софии Киевской, Михайловском Золотоглавом Соборе, Успенском соборе Киево-Печерской Лавры, Патриаршем соборе Воскресения Христового, в Храме Василия Великого. В этих мероприятиях нашло своё выражение стремление людей жить в мире и согласии. Украинский политикум все больше убеждается в том, что лучше неспокойный мир, нежели ужасы войны. Это должно стать нормой для Украины! Высокая гуманистическая идея Пасхальных ассамблей направлена на утверждение стабильности, мира и благоденствия в нашей стране.

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh Word Of Mouth dan Inovasi Produk Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Pada Produk Es Krim (Studi Kasus Pada Es Krim Aice Terhadap Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Universitas Tanjungpura). Jenis Penelitian ini adalah penelitian Explanatory dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh mahasiswa yang berstatus kuliah di Fakultas Ekonomi Dan Bisnis di Universitas Tanjungpura Kota Pontianak yang pernah mengkonsumsi produk es krim Aice. Jumlah sampel sebesar 100 responden dipilih dengan cara purposive sampling, selanjutnya pengolahan data menggunakan analisis regresi berganda.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel word of mouth dan inovasi produk berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian. Kemampuan kedua variabel tersebut dalam menjelaskan pengaruhnya terhadap keputusan pembelian adalah sebesar 61,2% sedangkan sisanya sebesar 38,8% dijelaskan oleh faktor lain di luar model penelitian. Kata kunci: word of mouth, inovasi produk, dan keputusan pembelianDAFTAR PUSTAKAAleiyya, I. L., Waluyo, H. D., & Widayanto. (2014). Pengaruh Inovasi Produk Baru, Citra Merek dan Harga Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian PC Tablet Apple Ipad (Studi Kasus Pada Mahasiswa Pengguna Ipad di FISIP UNDIP Semarang). Diponegoro Journal Of Social And Politic, halaman 1-8.Andari, R., & Napu, D. M. (2015). Pengaruh Word Of Mouth Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Tiket Maskapai Penerbangan Domestik di Davina Tour And Travel Gorontalo. Journal Tourism And Hospitality Essentials (THE), Vol. VI, No. 1.2016-1013.Andy, Sernovitz. (2009). Word of Mouth Marketing: How Smart Companies Get People Talking (Revised Edition). New York: Kaplan Publishing.Azwar, S. (2009). Metode Penelitian. 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(2006). Manajemen Jasa Edisi Pertama. Yogyakarta: Andi.Trihendradi, C. (2013). Step By Step IBM SPSS 21 : Analisis Data Statistik. Yogyakarta: CV.Andi Offset.Voyer, P. A., & Ranaweera, C. (2015). The Impact Of Word Of Mouth On Service Purchase Decisions. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, Vol. 25 Iss 5 pp. 636-656. Yunita, A., & Haryanto, J. O. (2012). Pengaruh Word Of Mouth, Iklan dan Atribut Produk Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian dan Loyalitas Konsumen. Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi, Vol. 11 Nomer 1 2012.Yusmita, A. (2016). Pengaruh Inovasi Produk, Kualitas Produk, Harga, Diferensiasi Produk dan Citra Merek Terhadap Pengambilan Keputusan Pembelian Oli Top 1 Di Semarang. Skripsi, Universitas Dian Nuswantoro Semarang. DAFTAR PUSTAKA DARI INTERNETData Jumlah Penduduk Kota Pontianak Tahun 2017. http://disdukcapil.pontianakkota.go.id/news.php?readmore=13. Diakses pada 2018.Data Makanan Ter-Viral 2016. https://food.idntimes.com/dining-guide/erina-wardoyo/10-makanan-ini-jadi-viral-di-2016-anak-hits-pasti-pernah-coba-1/full. Di akses pada 2018.Es Krim Aice Menang Excellenct Brand Award. (2017). http://www.jajanbeken.com/es-krim-aice-menjadi-peringkat-pertama-di-industri-es-krim/Latief, N. (2017). Informasi Terkait Es Krim Aice. https://checkinjakarta.id/read/melirik-produk-aice-ice-cream-yang-murah-namun-tetap-berkualitas. Diakses tanggal 01 Agustus 2017.Wina, R. F (2018). Es Krim Aice Ikut Majukan Perekonomian. 2018. https://www.ukmriau.com/dunia-ukm/es-krim-aice-ikut-majukan-perekonomiaan-ukm/. Di akses tanggal 01 Januari 2018.http://www.aiceicecream.com/2016/12/harga-promo-aice-ice-cream-di-pasaran.htmlhttps://agenaicejogjapotorono.wordpress.com/tag/keuntungan-berjualan-ice-cream-aice/https://id.scribd.com/doc/227662673/Pengertian-Inovasi-Menurut-Para-Ahlihttps://food.idntimes.com/dining-guide/birgitta-angie-merek-/7es-krim-terfavorit/full.2017https://marketing.co.id/word-mouth-efek-dari-kepuasan-atau-ketidakpuasan/https://tirto.id/es-krim-murah-aice-menggandeng-para-seleb-mengabaikan-hak-buruh-cA7ihttps://tirto.id/eksploitasi-kerja-di-pabrik-es-krim-aice-sponsor-asian-games-2018-cA7h.https://www.aice.co.id/yuk-rileks-dengan-es-krim/https://waralabakan.com/info-id/peluang-usaha/item/467-peluang-bisnis-es-krim-aice-ice-cream-indonesia.html. 2017

Перед економікою України постали складні й важливі проблеми, від вирішення яких залежить майбутнє держави: які функції повинна виконувати держава, які форми і методи регулювання вона має для цього застосовувати, якою має бути специфіка управління розвитком соціально-економічних процесів в аграрному секторі, особливо щодо розвитку сільських територій. У сукупності це свідчить про те, що основні проблеми змінили вектор у бік сфери управління і, зокрема, в площину її економічних методів на цифровихзасадах.У середині 1990-х років, із розвитком технологій, виник термін «цифрова економіка». Він покликаний пояснити систему економічних відносин, що виникли, та були засновані на використанні цифрових інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій. Сьогодні ініціативою Євро­пейсь­кого Союзу є запровадження цифрової економіки, що є надзвичайно важливим для соціального розвитку, традиційних секторів економіки та сфери державного управління країни і є сферою з нереалізованим потен­ціалом як в Євросоюзі, так і в Україні. Перспективним є створення Цифрового співтовариства із поєднанням комунікаційних ринків 28 країн-членів ЄС та країн не-членів ЄС задля спрощення процесу обміну інформацією, підвищення надійності захисту систем та даних, розширення бізнес-можливостей країн-учасниць цифрової спільноти. У статті визначено зміст та складові цифрової економіки, досліджено та проаналізовано передумови її запровадження в Україні. Узагальнено характерні особливості та показники рівня розвитку та проникнення інформаційно-телекомунікаційних технологій, зокрема в аграрній сфері економіки.Наголошено на можливості реалізації прискореного сценарію цифрового розвитку, як найбільш релевантного для України з точки зору викликів, потреб та можливостей. Визначені складові сценарію, передусім, зменшення асиметрії можливостей доступу до інтернету на усій території. Сьогодні Україна знаходиться на унікальному етапі розвитку, коли це можливо ще здійснити, при креативній культурі та вмінні генерувати ідеї, про що свідчать високі показники у рейтингу Global Innovation Index.Ключові слова: цифрова економіка, інфокомунікації, цифрові технології, цифровий розвиток, цифровий ринок, інформація, IT-компанії, цифровізація, кіберфізичний простір ; Introduction. The rapid development of digital infrastructures as well as the European Union's initiative have contributed to the implementation of the digital economy, which is extremely important for the social development of the traditional sectors of the economy and public administration sphere, and is an area with unrealized potential both in the European Union and Ukraine. The Concept for the Development of the Digital Economy and Society of Ukraine for 2018-2020 has recently been approved and a plan of measures for its implementation has been ratified. The prospect is to create a digital community with a combination of communication markets of EU member states and non-EU countries in order to simplify the process of information exchange, improve the reliability of systems and data protection, and expand the business capabilities of the participating countries of the digital communityPurpose. Theoretical substantiation of the content and components of the digital economy, to study and analyze the preconditions for its implementation inUkraine. To generalize the characteristic features and indicators of the level of development and penetration of information and telecommunication technologies, in particular in the agrarian sector of the economy. To highlight issues related to the competitiveness of the digital economy inEurope. Identify the main goals and directions of the digital development of the economy and priorities of the agrosphere. To argue that digital technology is both a huge market and industry as well as a platform for the efficiency and competitiveness of all other markets and industries.Methods. System analysisResults. The main factor in the introduction of the digital economy in 2001, according to T. Messenburg and in the scenario of accelerated digitalization ofUkraine, is the development of digital technology infrastructure in all sectors of the economy and public life.An important component of the formation of the information society and digital economy inUkraineis the use of opportunities of modern information and telecommunication technologies for the creation of information and new knowledge, as well as goods and services, and effective exchange of them. Information and telecommunication technologies in the conditions of intensive development of market relations is one of the most important elements of the strategy of development of the agrarian sphere ofUkraine.Special attention in the Concept for the Development of the Digital Economy and Society of Ukraine for 2018-2020 is given to the areas of digital development of the agrarian sector, which will have a positive effect on the digitalization of rural infrastructure, in particular, with the connection of villages to high-speed Internet access networks. The level of development of information and telecommunication technologies is the basis of implementation of projects of digital economy. The state and prospects ofUkraineand the agrarian sector of the capital region regarding the readiness for introduction of the digital economy by the National system of indicators for assessing the level of development of the information society have been analyzed.Taking into account the analysis of the Ukrainian economy in terms of attracting information and telecommunication technologies, the unevenness of "informatization" was determined depending on industries and sectors. Thus, the financial sector is most developed in this direction, and, for example, the governmental sector lag far behind. Separate digital solutions inUkrainehave been operating for a long time. However, they are concentrated mainly in large cities. And only where there is a high-quality Internet coverage. Therefore, the digital gap inUkraineis, first of all, in unequal access to the Internet throughout the territory.In accordance with the strategy of development of the agrarian sector, the task is to reorganize the management system of such a sector of the economy as the agrarian sector in terms of its content and form, with the use of more effective methods of economic regulation in the market conditions and the democratic influence of the state on the development of agro-industrial production, using the latest information technologies, in particular the digital economy.Undoubtedly, the digital economy opens up new opportunities both in creating a product and in representing its potential buyer. Moreover, the competitive advantages in this area receive new forms of cooperation - the so-called "technological platforms". Bright examples of such platforms are international Alibaba, Amazon, eBay or domestic olx, rabota.ua. and pokupon. Discussion. The Concept for the Development of the Digital Economy and Society of Ukraine for 2017-2020 ("Digital Agenda") is the first step towards stimulating domestic markets for consumption, introduction and production of digital technologies. The opportunity to implement an accelerated digital development scenario, as the most relevant forUkraine in terms of challenges, needs and opportunities, is emphasized. Identified components of the script, first of all, to reduce the asymmetry of access to the Internet throughout the territory. Today,Ukraine is at a unique stage of development, when it is still possible to do so, with creative culture and the ability to generate ideas, as highlighted by the Global Innovation Index.The connection of Ukrainian scientific digital infrastructures to the European cloud of open science and European data infrastructure will give an impulse to solving urgent Ukrainian scientific problems with minimal use of state resources.Keywords: digital economy, infocommunications, digital technologies, digital development, digital market, information, IT companies, digitalization, cyber-physics space