Suchergebnisse

Governments in more than 55 countries have signed the international Open Gov-ernment Partnership and are currently implementing open government initia-tives, aiming to make governments and public sectors more collaborative, participatory, transparent, and technology-driven. If successfully implemented, such open government initiatives can improve democracy, efficiency, and innovation. As history demonstrates, it is hard to build sustainable online participation. Merely 25% of online communities gather more than 1,000 members in their lifetime. Most of the other 75 % fail due to lack of participation. Many open gov-ernment communities have shared or are likely to share the same destiny. Giving citizens, companies, and non-governmental organizations the chance to participate in government does not necessarily mean they will do it. Consequently, open government communities face a participation challenge. Current research shows that the design of the community plays a critical role in participation. Some design patterns foster participation while other patterns discourage it. Existing research also demonstrates that insights from the social sciences can be translated into design ideas and thereby help solve the participation problem.

The current economic crises that became apparent more than a year and a half ago is still a primary concern of the media, governments, and the social and economic analysts. This paper deals with measures to overcome the crisis taken by the governments of the affected countries. We predict that 2010 could be marked by the end of the crisis, as illustrated by estimated GDP changes. The estimates are limited by factors related to high unemployment rates and budget deficits of most developed countries. The paper also discusses the well known and less well-known elements of the economic crisis. An overview of measures taken by governments in the monetary and real sector is also provided, together with a commentary of the measures taken by governments in our country: Council of Ministers, Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Government of the Republic of Srpska. Potential sources of funds are also identified that may be used to accelerate the social and economic growth in our country. The final part deals with the relationship of economists and economic crises in general. ; ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????, ????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????. ? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ?????????? ?? ?? ?? 2010. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? GDP-?. ??????????? ?? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ? ???? ??? ? ????? ?????, ? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????, ? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????; ?????? ?????????, ????? ???? ? ????? ??. ??????????? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????-????????? ?????? ??? ???. ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ? ?????.

Since the 1980s, neoliberal ideas have determined economic policies around the world. The, perhaps, main principle of neo-liberalism is that interference of government in the economy should be minimal. According to Johanna Bockman: "neo-liberalism is grounded on the assumption that governments cannot create economic growth or provide social welfare; rather by trying to help, governments make the world worse for everyone, including the poor". Those able to generate growth and welfare are, instead, markets, private companies, and individuals. Many politicians and economists thus believe that the role of government should be limited to a market correction.

Børre Nylehn's article "Strategy in Local Government" is an exciting and thought provoking discussion of strategic management in local government. However, his observations can be discussed, both theoretically and empirically. It has been documented that politicians resist attempts to introduce strategic management systems in the form of Management by Objective, especially in small municipalities, but Nylehn's conclusion that strategic management is not used in local government organizations, that it is inappropriate, inadequate and even harmful is too hasty. I will argue that there may be good reasons to use strategic thinking in local government, but more research is needed to document the costs and benefits.

The study of government popularity functions has been popular among political scientists since the pioneering work of the early 1970s. Most of the studies have concentrated on data from the United States or from Great Britain. The reason for this has probably been the availability of data over long periods of time in these countries, and the fact that in two-party systems the effects of economic changes on government popularity seem to be stronger than in countries with multi-party government coalitions. However, some studies have also shown that in countries with multi-party governments the effects of economic conditions are similar, although possibly slightly less strong.

The major changes to the supplementary benefits scheme introduced by the Conservative Government under the provisions of the Social Security Act 1980 emanated from a review of the scheme set up by the previous Labour Administration. The article examines how the structure and approach adopted for the SB review allowed the policy making process to survive a change of Government. In particular, the article examines why it was decided to carry out the review as 'an exercise in open government'; what 'open government' meant in practice and finally the extent to which participants in the exercise were able to affect the nature of the changes which were introduced.

The theory of fiscal federalism asserts that fiscal decentralization increases government effectiveness, reduces government budgets, and reduces corruption when used as a means of government reform. However, counter-arguments have been made that such an approach has diverging effects according to the level of national development. We have attempted herein to carry out an empirical analysis to examine these theories. Data from 17 developed and 17 developing states were obtained in order to conduct a regression analysis of various indicators. The results revealed that fiscal decentralization reduced government effectiveness in developed countries. Important determinants for government effectiveness were the quality of regulation and the rule of law. When responsibility for expenditure and revenue were devolved, budgets expanded in both developed and developing countries. Fiscal decentralization deterred corruption in advanced states, whereas greater autonomy in spending increased malfeasance in the developing world. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractThis paper gives an overview of e‐government development in Estonia. The analysis incorporates both public sector initiatives and private sector developments which have contributed to the evolution of e‐government. Private sector agents are seen as endogenous, not exogenous, in explaining e‐government performance. Ultimately, the development of Internet banking by the private sector was fundamental in enabling the government to launch interactive online services. The findings reveal that the implementation of Estonian e‐government is considerably more heterogeneous than previous studies have indicated. Basic service delivery and platforms for participation vary significantly across functional areas. Some ministries have provided innovative online services for the last ten years while others still struggle in making basic information available online. The availability of innovative platforms for online political participation has delivered remarkable outcomes in the last elections, while they have consistently failed to engage the public in the legislative process.

THIS ARTICLE IS A REVIEW OF THE THREE ESSAYS FOLLOWING IT IN THE PUBLICATION "GOVERNANCE". THE ESSAYS ARE: "COALITION GOVERNMENTS, DIVIDED GOVERNMENTS, AND ELECTORAL THEORY" BY MORRIS FIORINA; "DIVIDED GOVERNMENT: AMERICA IS NOT EXCEPTIONAL", BY MICHAEL LAVER AND KENNETH SHEPSLE; AND "THE EXECUTIVE DIVIDED AGAINST ITSELF: COHABITATION IN FRANCE, 1986-1988" BY ROY PIERCE. THIS ARTICLE ATTEMPTS TO FURTHER ENRICH THE OFFERING TO READERS BY COMMENTING ON THE CONCEPT OF DIVIDED GOVERNMENT AS IT EMERGES IN THESE THREE THOUGHT-PROVOKING PAPERS. THE ADVANTAGE AND THE DISADVANTAGE OF TAKING A FAMILIAR CONCEPT OUTSIDE THE BOUNDS OF A WELL-DEVELOPED RESEARCH TRADITION IS THAT IT MUST BE ADAPTED TO NEW SITUATIONS AND EMBEDDED IN NEW CONTEXTS THEORY. THE THREE ESSAYS TAKE "DIVIDED GOVERNMENT" IN A VERY DIFFERENT DIRECTION: THEY ATTEMPT TO LOOSEN THE CONCEPT FROM ITS AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL AND PARTY MOORINGS AND STUDY EUROPEAN MULTI-PARTY AND PARLIAMENTARY POLITICS.