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Social media is playing a growing role within public administration, and with it, there is an increasing need to understand the connection between social media research and what actually takes place in government and nonprofit agencies. Most of the existing books on the topic are scholarly in nature, ignoring the vital theory-practice connection. This book bridges that gap, explaining how the effectiveness of social media can be maximized in the public sector.

ABSTRACT The South African government, like other countries, has put in place a variety of support measures to aid potential entrepreneurs and existing entrepreneurs to expand their operations. It is unclear, to what extent understanding of these support measures impacts individual entrepreneurial orientation propensities (IEO). The study objective was to investigate the impact of government policy on IEO propensities of risk-taking, innovativeness and proactiveness to engage in entrepreneurial activity, from a systems analysis perspective. The research was carried out using mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative data). The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) from Smart PLS 3.0 software was employed to analyse the data. The study was limited to 235 entrepreneurs from various towns, cities, and settlements in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa who were present at Minara Chamber of Commerce Women's Conference. The findings showed that government policy impact IEO propensities to engage in entrepreneurial activities.

The research presented here adopts an organizational approach to develop three regression models that examine why local governments accumulate slack in the form of unreserved fund balances, and what is the impact of slack resources on local governments' short‐term fiscal conditions and decisions about spending and revenues. Using data on Chicago suburban municipalities and their governments, the first model estimates the effects of long‐term and short‐term conditions (fiscal and governing) on unreserved fund balances. The second and third models examine the impact of slack resources and other factors on year‐end deficits or surpluses and changes in spending and own‐source revenues. The results show that ending balances, expenditures (size), and long‐term fiscal conditions have the greatest effect on fund balances, and that slack and current fiscal conditions have the greatest effect on ending balances and changes in revenues and spending.

One in five national governments tried to intimidate or kill exiles in recent years.

Baker reviews 'Police and Government: Histories of Policing in Australia' by Mark Finnane.

The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) by local governments is widespread and meant to improve managerial effectiveness and public engagement. ICTs are commonly used by governments to collaborate and communicate with stakeholders. Yet, the use of ICTs increases local governments exposure to cyberthreats. Cyberthreats are increasing and local governments are often under-resourced and underprepared for them. While many organizations combat cyberthreats with technological solutions, it is well known that social aspects—including manager vigilance and buy-in—are critical in reducing cyber incidents. Thus, governments require both social and technical solutions to cyberthreats. This research takes a sociotechnical perspective to examine the relationships between social (e.g., values and perceptions) and technical factors (e.g., design and capacity) and cyber incidents in local government. We use data from a 2018 national survey of public managers in 500 U.S. cities, data from city government websites, and the U.S. Census. The results indicate that manager buy-in and perceptions interact with technical aspects to explain reported cyber incidents in government. The findings expand our understanding of how social and technical factors are associated with cyberthreats in government, particularly manager.

Entrepreneurs are playing very important role in the Indian economy. They identify the needs of the business, purchase the factors of production, coordinate them for some productive purposes, satisfy the needs of consumers, and result in increase the standard of Indian economy. They are the innovators, researchers and risk takers of the company. Entrepreneurship development is important aspect in women empowerment. They face various problems in day to day work. A women needs encouraged to start a business in order to improve their economic standards as well as to improve their overall status in the economy. Women constitute half of the world's population accomplish two third of its working hours, receive one tenth of the world's income. They face many challenges and problems such as lack of family support, lack of capital, lack of self confidence, unaware of incentives and schemes laid down by the government. To overcome all these problems through the government various banks offer specialized loans exclusively for women that aim at promoting and easing out the process for them. A Present study is based on review of earlier studies and focuses on various government schemes to develop rural women entrepreneurship. Key words: Women Entrepreneur, Steps taken by the government to develop women entrepreneurs in India, Various schemes offered by Banks

This article tries to describe government policies toward pesantren, as the Islamic intistitution, which has been existing from the early Independence of Indonesia period to present times, and its implications on the progresses of pesantren. This study uses library research on related documents of government policies and the result shows that the government policies tend to indicate to be a positive development. In the beginning of old and new orders, government policies were simply in form of unofficial claim above the role of pesantren in accelerating the nation intelligence. Since the release of decree of UU No. 2/1989 pesantren has been approved and legitimated as the subsystem of national education, though, pesantren keeps and maintains its characterisitc. As UU No. 20/2003 legitimated and followed by relating policies –especilally PP No. 55/1997, PMA No. 13/2014, and PMA No. 18/2014 – pesantren has been totally awarded as part of national educational system, in turn, such of the institution has more freedom in portraying Islamic values by enhancing its characteristic as the institution focusing on tafaqquh fî al-dîn (an attempt to a totally Islamic understandings) and developing the other competences based on the characteristic of each pesantren.Copyright (c) 2015 by KARSA. All right reservedDOI: 10.19105/karsa.v23i2.724

This article tries to describe government policies toward pesantren, as the Islamic intistitution, which has been existing from the early Independence of Indonesia period to present times, and its implications on the progresses of pesantren. This study uses library research on related documents of government policies and the result shows that the government policies tend to indicate to be a positive development. In the beginning of old and new orders, government policies were simply in form of unofficial claim above the role of pesantren in accelerating the nation intelligence. Since the release of decree of UU No. 2/1989 pesantren has been approved and legitimated as the subsystem of national education, though, pesantren keeps and maintains its characterisitc. As UU No. 20/2003 legitimated and followed by relating policies –especilally PP No. 55/1997, PMA No. 13/2014, and PMA No. 18/2014 – pesantren has been totally awarded as part of national educational system, in turn, such of the institution has more freedom in portraying Islamic values by enhancing its characteristic as the institution focusing on tafaqquh fî al-dîn (an attempt to a totally Islamic understandings) and developing the other competences based on the characteristic of each pesantren.Copyright (c) 2015 by KARSA. All right reservedDOI: 10.19105/karsa.v23i2.724

The government of Ethiopia have been trying to create a good environment for investors and exporters of non-traditional product by providing different export and investment incentives. Among these are the Export Trade Duty Incentives and Export Credit Guarantee Scheme. This study investigates the impact of these schemes on export. A Difference -in-Difference methodology was used to estimate effects of the two export incentives adopted in Ethiopia. With data for individual exporters of the year 2000and 2002 , the DID estimation shows significant impact of export incentives on export .But this should not be over emphasised ,one has to look at the costs for the government either in terms of foreign exchange or opportunity cost of the funds to the country. The government have been providing substantial amount of support to exporter up on their demand to hit the intended target with out no cross checking of whether the subsidy have been used properly or not as long as the firm export the targeted amount. Hence thinking of what this funds could do in other sector or areas of investment. As well thinking of how little variation of export is explained by subsidy as it shown in the DID methodology. The government should consider the cost of subsidy hand in hand with the gain from this subsidy.