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Nigeria is a country with a centuries' long tradition of Islamic revivalism and activism. It was the impact of the activities of the 17th century scholars of Nigeria that culminated in the success of the 19th century tajdeed movement that brought about the emergence of the muslim caliphate of Sokoto. British imperialism brought an end to the caliphate in the beginning of the 20th century, the circumstances of which have been consistently challenged mainly by the ulama and their followers ever since. Some contemporary scholars such as Shaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, former Grand Qadi of Northern Nigeria, contributed significantly in the new dimension to the roles of muslim scholars in the government. Since 1999 muslim scholars have taken on new roles in the administration of states, serving as commissioners for newly established ministries for Religious Affairs, as special advisers, or directors of commissions like Hisbah, Hajj, Masjid, Moon Sighting, and other related government bodies, with full salaries and other benefits unlike ever before in the Nigerian system. This new role of ulama and its impacts in the governance of the contemporary Nigeria is what this paper intends to investigate and expound.[Nigeria merupakan sebuah negara dengan tradisi revivalisme dan aktivisme Islam selama berabad-abad. Hal itu terkait dengan upaya para ulama Nigeria abad ke-17 yang berpuncak pada keberhasilan gerakan tajdid pada abad 19 dengan munculnya kekhalifahan muslim dari Sokoto. Imperialisme Inggris mengakhiri kekhalifahan ini pada awal abad ke-20, yang terus dilawan oleh terutama para ulama secara konsisten. Beberapa ulama kontemporer seperti Syaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, mantan Grand Qadi Nigeria Utara, memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam membentuk dimensi baru peran ulama dalam pemerintahan Nigeria modern. Sejak tahun 1999 para ulama telah mengambil peran baru dalam pemerintahan, sebagai pegawai Kementerian Agama yang baru didirikan, sebagai penasihat ahli, atau direktur komisi seperti Hisbah, Haji, Masjid, Rukyah Hilal, dan badan-badan pemerintah terkait lainnya, dengan gaji penuh. Peran baru dari ulama dan pengaruhnya dalam pemerintahan Nigeria kontemporer inilah yang menjadi fokus tulisan ini.]

IN 1978, THE United States Agency for International Development (USAID) decided to assist the Government of Sri Lanka in improving the management of water in major irrigation projects in the dry zone. It was understood that this required building an adequate knowledge-base and new institutional capacities both of which take time but neither of which can be purchased 'off the shelf.' USAID and the Government of Sri Lanka recognized that a successful effort to improve water management could well take 20 years, but it would have to begin in a focused, concrete way, in a pioneering project that would begin to build up in-country knowledge and institutional capacity. In 1979, the government and USAID selected the Left Bank of the Gal Oya Irrigation System for rehabilitation. This planned change program was officially called the Gal Oya Rehabilitation and Water Management Project. The Irrigation Department (10) was appointed by the government as the project implementing agency. Technical assistance was to be obtained from the PRC Engineering consultants Inc., a U.S. engineering firm. Through a Letter of Understanding, the 10 was further assisted by the Agrarian Research and Training Institute (ARTI), which dealt with the socioeconomic components of the project. ARTI was assisted in this regard by the Rural Development Committee of Cornell University, USA. The project initially spanned 44 months (August 1979 to march 1984). The project life was subsequently extended by 21 months, until December 31,1985 as it needed more time to reach its assigned targets. With this policy objective, the Farmer Organization Program was included as one of the components of this major water management and rehabilitation project. The project assigned the establishment of farmer organizations (FOs) and the promotion of farmers' participation in these associations to ARTI. The main objective of this paper is to describe how these FOs evolved. The paper stresses that there was a cyclical trend of Fa evolution. It describes how FOs began and flourished at the initial stage of the project and the socio-administrative-climate that provided a conducive environment to such growth. Then it examines the crises and dynamics of the program's decline during its latter part.

Excitement mounts as the global health and international development communities anticipate a poliofree world. Despite substantial political and logistical hurdles, only 223 cases of wild poliovirus in three countries were reported in 2012. Down 99% from the estimated 350,000 annual cases in 125 countries in 1988dthis decline signals the imminent global eradication of polio. However, elimination of new polio cases should not also signal an end to worldwide engagement with polio. As many as 20 million continue to live with the disabling consequences of the disease. In developed countries where polio immunization became universal after dissemination of the polio vaccine in the 1950s, almost all individuals who have had polio are now above age 50. But in many developing countries where polio vaccination campaigns reached large segments of the population only after 1988, millions disabled by polio are still children or young adults. Demographically, this group is also different. After three decades of immunization efforts, those children unvaccinated in the late 1980s were more likely to be from poorer rural and slum communities and to be girlsdgroups not only harder to reach than more affluent members of the population but also individuals who, if they contract polio, are less likely to have access to medical and rehabilitation programs or education, job training, employment and social support services. The commitment to eradicate polio should not be considered complete while those living with the disabling sequelae of polio continue to live in poor health, poverty and social isolation. This paper reviews what is currently known about disabled survivors of polio and highlights areas of need in public health research, policy and programming. Based on a literature review, discussion and field observations, we identify continuing challenges posed by polio and argue that the attention, funding and commitment now being directed towards eradication be shifted to provide for the rehabilitative, medical, educational and social needs of those for whom the disabling sequelae of polio will remain a daily challenge for decades to come.

International audience ; For the past 20 years, the European context has been policy-driven by several directives to reduce pollution, one of the most important for industries being the industrial emissions directive (IED). The IED's objective is to minimise pollution from various industrial sources throughout the European Union. One means of attaining the objective is to implement techniques which have at least the same performance as reference techniques called best available techniques (BAT) given at European level. The study of existing methodologies on performance assessment of proven or emerging techniques has made it apparent that there are none taking into account the 12 criteria proposed by the Annex III of the IED to evaluate technique performances. Even if innovative techniques are not considered by the IED, support to (public or private) researchers in their development in terms of assessment methodology must be proposed. This is what we present in this article. The methodology based on a tree-structured information system (objectives, criteria, indicators) and a qualitative assessment of indicators (environmental, technical, economic and social) is an initial approach to an innovative technique assessment method considering BAT on laboratory or industrial scales. In an aim to adapt the criteria and indicators to a specific process, assessment methodologies must be adaptable. Our method allows for choosing indicators to comply perfectly with the process studied. Only the first level of the tree is fixed. The other branches could be adapted to the case studied. Performance assessment is based on a five-level scale coupled with a simple multi-criteria analysis (MCA) method. Three different applications (sludge valorisation, urban wastewater treatment, soil remediation) were carried out to validate the methodology, two of them are presented. Applications of this methodology show its usefulness in the validation of techniques for specific process and local application of the BAT concept and the performance assessment regarding BAT definition. It can then be used to detect innovative and emerging techniques to be proposed for the reviewing of the European BREF documents.

Transparent pension rules imply that workers are able to predict, a few years before they retire, the approximate amount of public pension they will receive. This predictability of the amount of pension is also a necessary condition to enable workers to make an informed decision when they choose the age at which they wish to retire. However, the several retirement reforms across the past 20 years in France may have hindered the predictability of the level of pension in the French public pension system, by modifying calculation rules for workers who were already very close to retirement ages. We quantify this impact of retirement reforms on the predictability of pension for workers aged 50 and more, by running simulations using a microsimulation model.Although there exists in all cohorts a share of workers who were not impacted by retirement reforms –and therefore enjoyed a complete predictability of their pension–, this happens to concern only a minority of workers. Among all cohorts born between 1933 and 1956, most workers actually had to face changes in calculation rules after the age of 50, and therefore could only make at that age –and also often at the age of 55– a biased prediction of their future level of public pension. However, the change in the level of pension –either negative or positive– remains small in most cases. ; Le fait que les assurés puissent connaître, quelques années avant leur départ à la retraite, le montant de pension auquel ils auront droit – en d'autres termes la prévisibilité du montant de retraite – est une condition importante de transparence du système de retraite. C'est aussi une condition nécessaire pour leur permettre de prendre leur décision de fin d'activité en toute connaissance de cause. Au cours des vingt dernières années, les nombreuses modifications de la réglementation ont toutefois pu mettre à mal cette prévisibilité, en changeant les conditions et règles de calcul de la retraite pour des assurés très proches de leur fin d'activité. Pour savoir dans quelle mesure cela ...

Die Übersetzung ; durch die die Araber mit den Überlieferungen der anderen Kulturen in Kontakt kamen ; war ein wichtiger Faktor für die Entwicklung des damaligen islamisch-arabischen Imperiums in unterschiedlichen Bereichen. Sie bereicherte später die arabische Literatur mit neuen Motiven ; neuen literarischen Genres und stilistischen Merkmalen. Diese Bekanntschaft mit den anderen Kulturen gilt als der Anstoß des kulturellen Aufschwungs der arabischen Welt in den darauf folgenden Jahrhunderten. Die Übersetzungen ; zunächst noch nicht die literarischen ; stellten zu jeder Zeit ein wichtiges Medium für jeden kulturellen und geistigen Aufschwung dar. Dies hat im arabischen Kulturraum eine lange Tradition ; die sich in Wellen herauskristallisierte. Die Übersetzungstätigkeit begann durch den Kontakt mit den anderen Kulturen eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen ; insbesondere bei der Bereicherung der islamisch-arabischen Wissenschaften. Nach der Ausbreitung des islamischen Reichs war es wichtig ; ein Kommunikationsmittel zwischen der islamischen Bevölkerung multikultureller Herkunft zu schaffen. In dieser ersten Phase dominierte in erster Linie der kommunikative Aspekt der Übersetzung ; der für die Verwaltungszwecke des expandierenden Reiches notwendig war. Durch die politischen Entwicklungen und die Präsenz der beiden Kolonialmächte Frankreich und Großbritannien in der arabischen Welt verspätete sich die Rezeption der deutschen Literatur. Sie wird erst seit Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts in vielfältiger Weise rezipiert. Bis zu den 1960er Jahren wurden viele Werke deutschsprachiger Literatur übersetzerisch und literaturkritisch aufgenommen oder kreativ rezipiert ; besonders die Werke Goethes und B. Brechts. Wegen der gravierenden Unterschiede zwischen den Lebensformen und Wertvorstellungen des Orients und des Okzidents waren die Kulturbarrieren zu jener Phase der Entwicklung der arabischen Kultur größer und die arabische Kultur noch nicht in der Lage ; die in ihre Sprache übersetzten Kulturkomponenten zu übernehmen: Denn die Möglichkeit einer Übersetzung hängt nicht nur von der Reife der Übersetzungsmethode ab ; sondern auch von der Reife des Lesers ; da eine vollkommene Übersetzung sowohl einen idealen Übersetzer als auch einen idealen Leser erfordert. Aufgrund der großen kulturellen Unterschiede spielen die kulturspezifischen Textinhalte bei der literarischen Übersetzung aus dem Deutschen ins Arabische eine wichtige Rolle. Übersetzungen lassen sich in vielfältiger Weise zu den gegebenen Ausgangs- und Zielkulturen in Beziehung setzen. Wie die Produktion des Ausgangstextes ; so erfolgt die Produktion und Rezeption des Zieltextes ebenfalls in kulturellen Kommunikationszusammenhängen. Demzufolge kann der Übersetzungsprozess in einem weiteren Sinne als Kulturarbeit bezeichnet werden. Darüber hinaus besteht für die Aufgabe des Übersetzers eine transkulturelle kommunikative Herausforderung. Doch diese kommunikative Aufgabe muss unter den kulturellen ; historischen und sozio-politischen Verhältnissen der Zielkultur gelöst werden. Als besonderer Einzelfall soll dies am Hitler-Kult erläutert werden ; der durch die politischen Entwicklungen in der arabischen Welt seit dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts ; besonders wegen des arabisch-israelischen Konflikts ; auch im arabischen Kulturleben verankert ist. Diese Differenzen zwischen den einzelnen Kulturen beeinflussen die Rezeptionsbedingungen eines literarischen Werkes ; wenn es z. B. durch Hitler verursachte menschliche Leiden darstellt. Denn trotz der geringen geographischen Entfernung ist die deutsche Kultur der arabischen Leserschaft auf Grund der großen gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Unterschiede sehr fremd. Umso wichtiger ist ; dass es durch die deutsche Nachkriegs-Erzählliteratur ; deren Entwicklung und thematische Schwerpunkte ; ins besondere bei Heinrich Böll und Wolfgang Borchert ; durch die Erfahrung des Zweiten Weltkrieges und seiner Folgen beeinflusst ist ; nun auch zu seiner Neubewertung des Hitler-Kults im arabischen Kulturraum kam. Allerdings führt der zeitgeschichtliche Charakter der Nachkriegserzählungen unter dem Einfluss der ideologischen Zweckbestimmungen der arabischen Zielkultur so gut wie unausweichlich dazu ; dass die Übersetzung einer deutschen Nachkriegserzählung nicht die selbe Wirkung auf den arabischen Leser hinterlässt ; wie das Original auf den deutschen Leser. Dieser Umstand ist auf die heutigen politischen arabischen Verhältnisse zurückzuführen. Während die Nachkriegserzählungen die Grausamkeiten des Naziregimes entlarven ; wird der Hitler-Kult im arabischen Sprachraum anders bewertet.

Los denominados Territorios Nacionales en los que se dividía el sur de la Argentina desde 1884 fueron provincializados recién en la década de 1950. Al producirse este cambio de estatus, cinco ciudades fueron capitalizadas. Ello las convirtió en sedes de las respectivas burocracias provinciales, planteándose la necesidad de un equipamiento arquitectónico capaz de albergarlas. El presente trabajo se propone iniciar el estudio de la cuestión de la «capitalidad» en estas ciudades e investigar sobre que núcleos descansa la carga emblemática de dicho estatus. Se apunta a construir un mapa problemático para el análisis de estas nuevas capitales, articulando así una variedad de cuestiones. Por un lado, se atenderá a los modelos que históricamente gravitaron sobre la construcción de las capitales en Argentina. Por otro lado, importará atender a la liquidación de los modos «clásicos » sobre los que se fundaba la visibilización del poder político en los espacios y construcciones de las ciudades capitales. Por último, interesará estudiar las transformaciones urbano-arquitectónicas a la luz de un contexto político afectado por la inestabilidad institucional y la crisis de representatividad derivada de la proscripción del peronismo. ; The present paper focuses on five cities of the Argentine South which became provincial capitals during the 1950's. The consequent formation of local bureaucracies led to the construction of a large number of public buildings in strategically located areas of these cities. The aim of the paper is to study how the question of capital representation was addressed by both urban and architectural transformations derived from this new political status. The cases analysed include: Santa Rosa, Neuquén, Viedma, Rawson and Rio Gallegos. In this first approach to the subject, we will deal with the following issues: the ideas and models that influenced the construction of capital cities in Argentina during the 19 th and 20 th centuries; the abandonment of the consecrated ways of power representation in architecture as a consequence of the crisis of Classical tradition; and finally, a conflictive political context characterized by a series of military governments and the proscription of Peronism. ; Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo

BACKGROUND: The 4-year (2007 2011) Revitalizing Health for All international research program (http://www. globalhealthequity.ca/projects/proj_revitalizing/index.shtml) supported 20 research teams located in 15 lowand middle-income countries to explore the strengths and weaknesses of comprehensive primary health care (CPHC) initiatives at their local or national levels. Teams were organized in a triad comprised of a senior researcher, a new researcher, and a 'research user' from government, health services, or other organizations with the authority or capacity to apply the research findings. Multiple regional and global team capacityenhancement meetings were organized to refine methods and to discuss and assess cross-case findings. OBJECTIVE: Most research projects used mixed methods, incorporating analyses of qualitative data (interviews and focus groups), secondary data, and key policy and program documents. Some incorporated historical case study analyses, and a few undertook new surveys. The synthesis of findings in this report was derived through qualitative analysis of final project reports undertaken by three different reviewers. RESULTS: Evidence of comprehensiveness (defined in this research program as efforts to improve equity in access, community empowerment and participation, social and environmental health determinants, and intersectoral action) was found in many of the cases. CONCLUSION: Despite the important contextual differences amongst the different country studies, the similarity of many of their findings, often generated using mixed methods, attests to certain transferable health systems characteristics to create and sustain CPHC practices. These include: 1. Well-trained and supported community health workers (CHWs) able to work effectively with marginalized communities 2. Effective mechanisms for community participation, both informal (through participation in projects and programs, and meaningful consultation) and formal (though program management structures) 3. Co-partnership models in program and policy development (in which financial and knowledge supports from governments or institutions are provided to communities, which retain decision-making powers in program design and implementation) 4. Support for community advocacy and engagement in health and social systems decision making These characteristics, in turn, require a political context that supports state responsibilities for redistributive health and social protection measures. ; ISI

Copyright The Authors ; New Zealand's electricity infrastructure was designed to support the flow of energy from large centralised power stations toward end users, including households and businesses. However, a shift to a more distributed supply may be beginning with the growing interest in small-scale photovoltaic (PV) solar generation. In the last 2 years alone the quantity of grid-connected small-scale PV systems in NZ has grown by at least 330%. . Although PV installations to date are relatively few, such that the current installed capacity is about one-tenth that of Meridian's West Wind power station near Wellington, a continuation of the growth that can be seen in this market (Figure 1) could have substantial impact. While the current installed PV capacity per capita is still relatively low compared to some other countries3 (most likely due to the subsidies through attractive feed-in tariffs), the rate of uptake is of great interest given the absence of Government incentives for small-scale PV installations, along with the relatively high cost to implement4. It is important to understand the drivers of PV uptake (i.e. the reasons for the rapid increase in PV installations), and whether PV is likely to remain niche or become even more widespread. To investigate these issues we have undertaken three separate research streams. We have carried out interviews5 with people who have already purchased (or who have a strong interest to purchase) PV systems both nationally (20 people) and within Blueskin Bay (18 people), a small region of the country with relatively high interest in PV. We have run an online questionnaire and choice modelling experiment6 with 2000 people (1000 of whom we questioned about PV), and we have responses to a national household energy survey of 2700 households around New Zealand. This report draws from all three studies to provide an update of our high-level findings to date. This is an early-stage report and further detailed analysis and reporting will follow.

Context Since the introduction of fallow deer (Dama dama) to Tasmania in the early 1830s, the management of the species has been conflicted; the species is partially protected as a recreational hunting resource, yet simultaneously recognised as an invasive species because of its environmental impact and the biosecurity risk that it poses. The range and abundance of fallow deer in Tasmania has evidently increased over the past three decades. In the 1970s, it was estimated that ~7000–8000 deer were distributed in three distinct subpopulations occupying a region of ~400 000 ha (generally centred around the original introduction sites). By the early 2000s, the estimated population size had more than tripled to ~20 000–30 000 deer occupying 2.1 million ha. No study has attempted to predict what further growth in this population is likely. Aims The purpose of our study was to provide a preliminary estimate of the future population range and abundance of fallow deer in Tasmania under different management scenarios. Methods We developed a spatially explicit, deterministic population model for fallow deer in Tasmania, based on estimates of demographic parameters linked to a species distribution model. Spatial variation in abundance was incorporated into the model by setting carrying capacity as a function of climate suitability. Key results On the basis of a conservative estimate of population growth for the species, and without active management beyond the current policy of hunting and crop protection permits, abundance of fallow deer is estimated to increase substantially in the next 10 years. Uncontrolled, the population could exceed 1 million animals by the middle of the 21st century. This potential increase is a function both of local increase in abundance and extension of range. Conclusions Our results identify areas at high risk of impact from fallow deer in the near future, including ecologically sensitive areas of Tasmania (e.g. the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area). Implications The research approach and results are presented as a contribution to debate and decisions about the management of fallow deer in Tasmania. In particular, they provide a considered basis for anticipating future impacts of deer in Tasmania and prioritising management to mitigate impact in ecologically sensitive areas.

This paper presents experimental research of the effects of training students in the principles of light refraction to succeed in hitting the target in the water. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the veracity of the conclusions reached by Judd in 1908, since this experiment has been crucial in educational psychology - it represents the experimental basis of the generalized theory of transfers. Namely, Judd demonstrated that general experience (not identical elements) is transferred in the process of transfer. There were two groups in the research: the experimental and the control group. The following variables were controlled: hitting the target in the air; the knowledge of the refraction of light, age, gender, and number. Unlike the control group, the experimental group received training in the principles of light reflection. Having completed the training of the experimental group, the hitting of the target in the water was performed, firstly at the depth of 50 cm and then at the depth of 20 cm. The sample included two classes of eighth - grade students from the elementary school in Pečenjevac (the experimental group) and Razgojna (the control group). The research was conducted at the beginning of the school year (1975/76). In the process, there were errors in hitting the target. For the processing of data, the analyses of variance and measures of statistical descriptions have shown the following: 1) the success of the experimental group in hitting the targets at the first depth of water is significantly better than the success of the control group F (1,102) = 5.240 , p <0.05; 2) the experimental group has achieved significantly better results than the control group when hitting the targets at the altered depth of water F (1,102) = 27.767 , p <0.01); 3) when comparing the progresses of groups or differences of differences showed that the experimental group was significantly better than the control group F (1,192)=9,5300, p<0.01). Even though this experiment differs from Judd's experiment in terms of methodology, it essentially confirms his findings.

IntroductionDespite the knowledge that men who have sex with men (MSM) are more likely to be infected with HIV across settings, there has been little investigation of the experiences of MSM who are living with HIV in sub‐Saharan Africa. Using the framework of positive health, dignity and prevention, we explored the experiences and HIV prevention, care and treatment needs of MSM who are living with HIV in Swaziland.MethodsWe conducted 40 in‐depth interviews with 20 HIV‐positive MSM, 16 interviews with key informants and three focus groups with MSM community members. Qualitative analysis was iterative and included debriefing sessions with a study staff, a stakeholders' workshop and coding for key themes using Atlas.ti.ResultsThe predominant theme was the significant and multiple forms of stigma and discrimination faced by MSM living with HIV in this setting due to both their sexual identity and HIV status. Dual stigma led to selective disclosure or lack of disclosure of both identities, and consequently a lack of social support for care‐seeking and medication adherence. Perceived and experienced stigma from healthcare settings, particularly around sexual identity, also led to delayed care‐seeking, travel to more distant clinics and missed opportunities for appropriate services. Participants described experiences of violence and lack of police protection as well as mental health challenges. Key informants, however, reflected on their duty to provide non‐discriminatory services to all Swazis regardless of personal beliefs.ConclusionsIntersectionality provides a framework for understanding the experiences of dual stigma and discrimination faced by MSM living with HIV in Swaziland and highlights how programmes and policies should consider the specific needs of this population when designing HIV prevention, care and treatment services. In Swaziland, the health sector should consider providing specialized training for healthcare providers, distributing condoms and lubricants and engaging MSM as peer outreach workers or expert clients. Interventions to reduce stigma, discrimination and violence against MSM and people living with HIV are also needed for both healthcare workers and the general population. Finally, research on experiences and needs of MSM living with HIV globally can help inform comprehensive HIV services for this population.

Purpose– An important characteristic of Fair Trade products is that a fair price is paid to the producer. At the same time the Fair Trade system is accused of being inefficient with respect to the distribution of the price premium paid by consumers along the supply chain. This study aims to focus in particular on consumers' perceptions of fair pricing. Besides, the paper seeks to assess the extent to which consumers' expectations are somehow anchored in or in accordance with reality in Germany in 2007.Design/methodology/approach– To get insights into German consumers' perception of Fair Trade a consumer survey based on face-to-face interviews withn=484 participants was conducted in 2008. To approach the profit distribution along the Fair Trade coffee chain a web-based market investigation was performed.Findings– One important result is that most of the consumers actually narrow Fair Trade down to the issue of paying fair prices to farmers. The comparison of the efficiency of the Fair Trade system that is requested by the study participants (measured as the share of an additional euro paid for a Fair Trade product) and the point of sale calculations (revealing the percentage of the retail price going to the producer) indicates that for 60 percent of the respondents a calculated share of 50 percent reaching the producer would not be high enough. Results reveal that 10 percent of the respondents require a minimum share of 90 percent of the retail price to reach the producer. A total of 23 percent are satisfied with 80 percent; 60 percent of the respondents want that more than 50 percent of an additional euro spent reaches the producer. Only 4 percent of the participants are willing to accept an efficiency of less than 20 percent.Originality/value– This is the first paper not only investigating how much of the price premium paid by consumers reaches the Fair Trade producers but also delivering insights regarding how much of the price premium paid in the retail store for Fair Trade coffee consumers do request to reach the Fair Trade producer.

Abstract. Extreme ocean waves in the Caribbean Sea are commonly related to the effects of storms and hurricanes during the months of June through November. The collapse of 200 m of the Puerto Colombia pier in March 2009 revealed the effects of meteorological phenomena other than storms and hurricanes that may be influencing the extreme wave regime in the Colombian Caribbean. The marked seasonality of these atmospheric fronts was established by analyzing the meteorological–marine reports of the Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales of Colombia (IDEAM, based on its initials in Spanish) and the Centro de Investigación en Oceanografía y Meteorología of Colombia (CIOH, based on its initials in Spanish) during the last 16 yr. The highest number of cold fronts was observed during the months of January, February, and March, with 6 fronts occurring per year. An annual trend was observed and the highest number of fronts occurred in 2010 (20 in total); moreover, an annual strong relationship between the maximum average wave values and the cold fronts in the central zone of the Colombian Caribbean during the first three months of the year was established. In addition, the maximum values of the significant height produced by the passage of cold fronts during the last 16 yr were identified. Although the Colombian Caribbean has been affected by storms and hurricanes in the past, this research allows us to conclude that there is a strong relationship between cold fronts and the largest waves in the Colombian Caribbean during the last 16 yr, which have caused damage to coastal infrastructure. We verified that the passage of a cold front corresponded to the most significant extreme wave event of the last two decades in the Colombian Caribbean, which caused the structural collapse of the Puerto Colombia pier, located near the city of Barranquilla, between 5 and 10 March 2009. This information is invaluable when evaluating average and extreme wave regimes for the purpose of informing the design of structures in this region of the Caribbean.

O texto colige três pequenos textos do pensador norueguês das relações internacionais Johan Galtung, que abordam seus recidivos temas da paz, da pesquisa sobre a paz e dos direitos humanos. O primeiro texto trata de uma homenagem pelos 20 anos da morte do estadista social-democrata alemão Willy Brandt (1913-1992), por cuja política para com o Leste Europeu no final dos anos 1960 (Ostpolitik), que levara à distensão com aqueles países, e futuramente à unificação alemã, recebera o prêmio Nobel da Paz em 1971. O segundo texto apresenta o projeto Hexágono TRANSCEND, cujo objetivo é estudar a geopolítica hexagonal contemporânea, considerando que os grandes polos geopolíticos do mundo atual seriam os EUA, a UE, a Rússia, a China, a Índia e a OMC, todos os quais possuidores de aspectos negativos e positivos, cujo estudo deverá se basear no método triádico diagnóstico-prognóstico-terapia. O terceiro texto foi escrito para o 6º Fórum Social, dedicado à discussão dos 10 artigos da Declaração das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito ao Desenvolvimento (1986), focado no tema dos direitos humanos. Abstract: This paper group three short texts wrote by the Norwegian international relations thinker Johan Galtung, who brought up the peace theme, researching peace and human rights. The first text is about a tribute to the 20th death anniversary of Willy Brandt (1913-1992), German social-democrat statesman, whose policy for the east Europe in the end of 60s (Ostopolitik), which brought dissention to east European countries, and, in time to come, the German unification, received the Nobel prize in 1971. The second text presents the hexagon project TRANSCEND, whose objective is study the contemporary hexagonal geopolitics, considering that the world's great geopolitics core would be USA, UE, Russia, China, India and the WTO, all bearers of positive and negative aspects, based on diagnoses-prognoses-therapy triadic method. The third text was written to the 6th Social Forum, meeting dedicated to discuss the 10 articles of the United Nations Declaration on the right to development (1986), focusing the human rights theme