Suchergebnisse

Mit einen rationalistischen theoretischen Ansatz wird die internationale Sozialisation Mittel- und Osteuropas hin zur Akzeptanz liberaler Menschenrechte und demokratischer Normen erklärt. Hierbei besteht Sozialisation in der Abwägung internationaler und nationaler Kosten bei Befolgung internationaler Regeln über eine längere Zeitperiode. So hatten die Aufnahmebedingungen mittel- und osteuropäischer Staaten in die EU und NATO unmittelbare Auswirkungen auf deren Verhalten bezüglich der Verletzung liberaler Normen in ihren eigenen Ländern. Bei politisch liberalen und gemischt liberalen Parteikonstellationen in den Zielländern hatte Konditionalität nachhaltige liberalisierende Auswirkungen. Unter antiliberalen politischen Parteikonstellationen verfehlte Konditionalität ihr Ziel. Die Entwicklung der Slowakischen Republik und Lettlands werden als Beispiele für die Sozialisation liberaler Demokratien empirisch untersucht. (SWP-Bmt)

This is an open access book. The 3rd International Conference on Communication, Language, Education and Social Sciences (CLESS 2022) will be held on 25-27 July 2022. This year's conference will be a part of the bigger Digital Future Congress (DIFCON) comprising of various other conferences in different fields and will be held online. CLESS 2022 is unique in which it combines communication, language, education, and social science in an international academic conference. The aim of CLESS 2022 is to offer a platform for both local and international academics, educators, researchers and other professionals to meet, share and discuss latest research, trends, ideas and innovation in the field of communication, language, education, psychology and social sciences. The conference is aimed to provide a platform for young researchers as well as to support and encourage other researchers to present their research, to network within the international community of researchers and to share and seek the insight and advice of successful senior researchers all over the world during the conference.

Este artigo faz uma breve revisão de quase um século de pensamento académico em Relações Internacionais (RI) relativamente à Paz e Conflito e suas ligações às abordagens de Resolução de Conflitos. O quadro de análise é baseado na definição de ciência, o que se estuda e como se estuda, que delimita a análise pelos quatro debates em RI: desde 1919 até à década de 1940, o debate entre o idealismo e o realismo; na década de 1950 e 1960, o debate entre o tradicionalismo e o behaviorismo; na década de 1970 e 1980, o debate inter-paradigmático, e; desde a década de 1990, o debate entre racionalistas e reflexivistas. O artigo identifica como a concepção clássica de segurança focada no estado, no sector militar e nas ameaças externas é ampliado para incluir outros actores (indivíduos, grupos, sociedades, civilizações), outros sectores (económico, político, social, ambiental) e ameaças internas. Simultaneamente, identifica os desafios epistemológicos e por vezes ontológicos ao positivismo e racionalismo característico das teorias (Neo) Realistas, (Neo) Liberais e Marxistas, protagonizado por um conjunto de teorias ou abordagens pós-positivistas e reflexivas, como é o caso da Segurança Humana, do Feminismo, do Pós-estruturalismo, do Construtivismo, do Póscolonialismo, dos Estudos Críticos ou da Escola de Copenhaga. O surgimento e desenvolvimento de todas estas teorias e abordagens é contextualizado historicamente juntamente com os desenvolvimentos ocorridos nas abordagens de Resolução de Conflitos. ; This paper provides a brief review of almost one century of academic research within the discipline of International Relations with a focus on the thinking about Peace and Conflict and its links to approaches in Conflict Resolution. The framework of analysis is based on the definition of science, what is studied and how it is studied, which delimits the analysis into the four debates in IR: between 1919 and the 1940s, the idealist versus realist debate; in the 1950s and 1960s, the traditionalist versus behaviourist debate; in the 1970s and 1980s, the inter-paradigm debate, and, since the 1990s, the rationalist versus reflectivist debate. This paper identifies how the classical conception of security centred on the state, the military and external threats was broadened by different approaches to include other actors (individuals, groups, societies, civilizations), other sectors (economic, political, social, environmental) and internal threats. In tandem, it maps the epistemological and sometimes ontological challenges to positivism and rationalism found in (Neo) Realism, (Neo) Liberalism and Marxism, by a set of post-positivist and reflective theories or approaches, such as the cases of Human Security, Feminism, Post-structuralism, Constructivism, Post-Colonialism, Critical Studies, and the Copenhagen School. The emergence and development of all these theories and approaches are historically contextualized alongside developments of Conflict Resolution approaches.