Suchergebnisse

As one of the most popular destinations for international tourists, Bali has attracted a sizeable and growing labor force in the tourism sector of the economy. This fact has triggered Balinese labor force to participate in such service industry. As a supplier of tourism labor force Bali has been increasingly successful in promoting the number of workers to be employed on cruise ships. The participation rate of Balinese women in cruise industry over the last four years has dramatically increased. The Balinese women's participation in cruise ship employment has brought major implications for their life and culture. Generally, the present study aimed to provide an overview of Balinese women employed on board of a cruise ship. More specifically, it examined (1) the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats faced by Balinese women working in cruise industry, (2) factors influencing them to work in the industry, and (3) the implications brought by such employment for their life and society. The present study used quantitative and qualitative data collected through economic, social, and cultural approach. The sample was comprised of 200 respondents selected using accidental sampling method. To answer the research questions, data collection was conducted through observation, interviews, as well as focus group discussion (FGD). The data on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats faced by Balinese women on board of a cruise ship were analyzed using SWOT analysis, whereas the data on the factors influencing them to work in the cruise industry were analyzed using factor analysis. Finally, qualitative analysis was employed to analyze the data on the economic, social, and cultural implications for their life. The analysis showed that: (1) Balinese women were employed on board of a cruise linerpredominantly as support staff. The strengths of Balinese women cruise ship workers included being friendly, always smiling, being honest, being loyal, being responsible, and being highly skilled. Their weaknesses included having low motivation to get a high position, having low English proficiency level, and having insufficient self-confidence. The job opportunities were still high since women were generally reluctant to work in the cruise industry. The threats they faced included the lack of concern on the part of the government, agents providing poor services and unjustly treating applicants. (2) The factors influencing Balinese women to work in the cruise industry were of economic, social, and cultural. (3) The implications brought by the cruise ship employment for Balinese women were divided into three: economic implication, social implication, and cultural implication. Economic implication refers to their ability to help increase their family income. (b) Social implication refers to the fact that through employment in the cruise industry they could elevate their and their family social status. Lastly, (3) cultural implication refers to their contribution to the preservation of their own culture (i.e. Balinese culture).

Latin America is a diverse region that exhibits a high environmental, cultural and social wealth, likewise, this region presents a variety of ways according to their agricultural production conditions, cultures, practices and cultural, economic and political factors; this wide variety of factors influence the levels of agricultural productivity and hence competitiveness capacity of the region. The seed sector is different in each country and includes features, activities, dynamics and norms according to their local contexts, even within the same country coexist differences between seed crops sectors and / or regions. Considering that each system has its own characteristics, actors and interactions, it is necessary to propose studies to address knowledge through which the state of development of the sector in each country is determined.In this study a literature review and search for available data on seed systems in Brazil, Guatemala, Peru and Colombia is done to present factors and conditions on the state and development of the seed system in each of these countries. Overall, Brazil system shows an evolved system according to the Douglas (1982) classification criteria system. Colombia and Peru, have more developed systems for some crops than others, the most developed systems correspond to crops with higher economic interest while other cultures rely on informal systems such as self-sufficiency. In Guatemala, the supply of seeds is largely dependent on the farmers' own production and public organizations through programs aimed at support-ing small farmers. ; América Latina es una región que posee una gran riqueza ambiental, cultural y social, con sistemas variables de agricultura según sus condiciones de producción, cultivos, y factores culturales, económicos y políticos. Esta amplia diversidad de factores influye en los niveles de productividad agrícola y en la capacidad competitividad de la región. El sector de semillas es diferente en cada país y posee características, dinámicas y normas propias según sus contextos locales, incluso, dentro de un país coexisten diferencias entre los sectores semilleros entre cultivos y/o regiones. Considerando que cada sistema tiene sus propias características, actores e interacciones, se hace necesario proponer estudios para abordar su conocimiento a través de los cuales se determine el estado de desarrollo del sector en cada país. En este estudio se realiza una revisión bibliográfica y búsqueda de datos disponibles referentes a los sistemas de semillas de Brasil, Guatemala, Perú y Colombia con el fin de presentar el estado y desarrollo del sistema en cada uno de ellos. En general, el sistema en Brasil muestra un sistema evolucionado según los criterios de clasificación de Douglas (1982). Colombia y Perú presentan sistemas desarrollados para algunos cultivos, especialmente los de tipos comercial de mayor interés. En Guatemala el abastecimiento de semillas depende principalmente de la producción propia de agricultores y/u organizaciones públicas mediante programas dirigidos al apoyo de pequeños agricultores.

This dissertation examines the making of modernity in the late Ottoman Empire by tracing the connections between sports, the body, male subject formation, nation building, and communal and imperial identity. It focuses on the development of a shared Ottoman physical culture amongst upper and middle-class Muslim, Christian, and Jewish men of Istanbul from the 1870s until World War I. My research draws from a diverse array of archives and primary sources written in Ottoman-Turkish, Armenian, Armeno-Turkish, French, English, German, and Greek, such as government reports and documents, school and association records, private correspondence, periodicals, books, and pamphlets, as well as vernacular photographs, in order to present an alternative understanding of cultural transformations and the historical linkages between different ethno-religious communities of the late Ottoman Empire. The central argument of this dissertation is that Muslims, Christians, and Jews of Istanbul engaged sports as a shared civic activity that offered benefits for the individual, community, and empire. This study investigates how Ottoman physical culture was underpinned by novel understandings of the body and implicated in larger debates and processes concerning the self, gender, ethno-religious communal identity, and the nation by pursuing three principle areas of inquiry. The first area of focus is the institutionalization of Ottoman physical culture in schools, voluntary associations, and government ministries. The study begins by exploring the development of athleticism as an educational ideology in a government lycée, Mekteb-i Sultani, and a foreign missionary school, Robert College. It demonstrates that many of the leading physical culture enthusiasts first encountered discussions about the educational significance of exercise and corporeal development as students in these two schools, and went on to establish voluntary athletic associations, as private spaces, in which young men formed, negotiated, and performed novel male subjectivities and identities. Ottoman government officials in the Ministry of Public Education recognized the success of these institutions in popularizing physical culture and sought to harness its potential in order to create strong and healthy Ottoman young men. In order to achieve this, the Ottoman government created the Physical Training Inspectorate and the position of Inspector to teach physical training to Ottoman teachers and oversee the integration of physical training classes in all state schools throughout the imperial domains. The second area of inquiry is Istanbul's multilingual physical culture press, which consisted of illustrated magazines, daily newspapers, and sports periodicals. These experimental publications constituted a public forum that offered an aspiring middle-class textual and visual instructions on how to cultivate a modern male subject and community on the soccer field, in the gymnasium, and at the sports club. The final area of inquiry is the public display of sports in newly constructed urban spaces. Two spaces in particular, theatres and stadiums, served as the venues in which schools, athletic associations, and the state exhibited physical dexterity, celebrated sports as civilized activities, and redefined communal divisions separating Muslims, Christians, and Jews during the period.

It is advisable to consider informatization of education from different sides with the application of knowledge of various sciences. The content of the theoretical and methodological foundations constitute the terms of those sciences which are able to justify the most general fundamental, essential characteristics of information, not the individual aspects of it but those which relate to the definition of methods, techniques, ways of knowledge of this complex phenomenon and its transformation. General scientific approaches: systematic, synergistic, historical-logical, cultural, cyber, being refracted to the problems of informatization of education allow to solve a specific set of tasks. There are such tasks among them as: establishment of the cause-and-effect relationships of processes related to information; identification of strategic partnerships and networks and consideration of the information process from the standpoint of integrity; definition of the boundaries of self-organization processes related to information; consideration of mechanisms of management of the process of informatization of education.The practice of cognition of objective reality shows that the true regularities of the origin and development of various phenomena and processes may be possibly established only by long observation of them. Informatization of military education, as an element of objective reality, isn't an exception of this rule. The definition of laws is possible only by analysis of real experience, which has accumulated to date enough as the research has shown.Analysis of the development of informatization of education showed that the informatization level was mainly determined by the capabilities of existing techniques and technologies (technological level), staff qualification in information technology (level information of training), the quality of information educational resources (scientific and methodological level) at the different historical stages. ; Информатизацию образования целесообразно рассматривать с разных сторон с применением знаний различных наук. Содержание теоретических и методологических основ составляют положения тех наук, которые способны обосновать наиболее общие фундаментальные, сущностные характеристики информатизации, причем не отдельные ее аспекты, а те, которые связаны с определением методов, способов, путей познания этого сложного явления и его преобразования. Общенаучные подходы: системный, синергетический, историко-логический, культурологический, кибернетический, будучи преломленными к проблемам информатизации образования, позволяют решить определенный круг задач. Среди решаемых задач такие как: установление причинно-следственных связей процессов, связанных с информатизацией; выявление системообразующих связей и отношений, рассмотрение процесса информатизации с позиций целостности; установление границ самоорганизации процессов, связанных с информатизацией; рассмотрение механизмов управления процессом информатизации образования.При этом практика познания объективной реальности показывает, что установить истинные закономерности происхождения и развития различных явлений, процессов можно только путем длительного наблюдения за ними. Не является исключением из этого правила и информатизация военного образования, как элемент объективной реальности. Установление закономерностей возможно только анализом реального опыта, а его, как показало исследование, к настоящему времени накоплено достаточно.Анализ развития информатизации образования показал, что на различных исторических этапах уровень информатизации определялся, прежде всего, возможностями имеющейся техники и технологии (технологический уровень), квалификацией персонала в области информационных технологий (уровень информационной подготовки), качеством созданных информационных образовательных ресурсов (научно-методический уровень).

Hintergrund: Bewegungsmangel und Übergewicht bei Kindern und Jugendlichen nehmen stetig zu und haben einen negativen Einfluss auf die körperliche, motorische, emotionale und kognitive Entwicklung. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie besteht darin, die Veränderungen der körperlichen Fitness sowie des psychischen Wohlbefindens bei Teilnahme an einem bewegungs-therapeutischen Interventionsprogramm (ein Jahr lang wöchentliches Judotraining) bei übergewichtigen bzw. (prä-)adipösen Kindern und Jugendlichen zu erfassen. Methode: N=26 übergewichtige und adipöse Kinder nahmen über einen Zeitraum von einem Jahr an einem Judotraining und an einer Ernährungsberatung teil. Im Durchschnitt wurden 28 Judotrainings absolviert und vier Termine für die Ernährungsberatung. Es wurden sportmedizinische (Gewicht, Körperzusammensetzung mittels BIA-Messung, S3Stabilitäscheck und Beinkraftmessung) und psychologische (Verhaltensauffälligkeiten, Depressivität, Lebensqualität und Selbstkonzept) Variablen erfasst. Die Erhebung fand sowohl zur Baseline sowie nach sechs Monaten und nach Ende der Interventionsphase statt. Ergebnisse: Im Verlauf der Interventionsphase zeigten sich signifikante Verbesserungen in der Sensomotorik (RL p<.001, VR p<.001), der Stabilität (RL p<.001, VR p<.001), der Trockenmasse (p=.001), der Beinkraft (L p=.022, R p=.019), den allgemeinen Verhaltensauffälligkeiten (p<.001) sowie in den Subskalen Verhaltensprobleme (p<.001) und Probleme mit Gleichaltrigen (p<.001). In der Tendenz war zudem eine Verbesserung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität messbar (p=.055). Es zeigte sich, dass sich die Kinder, die aus der Studie ausgeschieden sind signifikant von den Kinder, die das Judotraining beendet haben hinsichtlich des BMI (p=.018) sowie der Skala Verhaltensauffälligkeiten mit Gleichaltrigen aus dem SDQ (p=.004) unterscheiden. Schlussfolgerung: Nach dem Training zeigten die teilnehmenden Kinder eine Verbesserung in sportmedizinischen und psychologischen Variablen. Judo stellt eine gute Möglichkeit dar übergewichtige Kinder und Jugendliche an die Ausübung einer Sportart heranzuführen und beim Aufbau eines körperlich-aktiven Lebensstils zu unterstützen. Vor allem durch das hohe Risiko physischer und psychischer Folgen durch Übergewicht und Adipositas ist die Thematik von hoher gesellschaftspolitischer Relevanz. ; Objectives: There is an increase of inactivity and overweight in children and adolescents which has a negative impact on their physical, motoric, emotional und cognitive development. This study examines the changes in physical fitness and psychological well-being after participation in an intervention program offering a weekly professionally guided judo practice especially for overweight and obese children and adolescents.Methods: 26 overweight and obese children and adolescents (age 7-14) completed on average 28 sessions of judo training over a course of 12 month. Subjects completed a physical examination (stability, body composition, leg strength) and psychological well-being (health-related quality of life, behavioral problems, depressiveness, self-concept) was assessed via questionnaires prior to entering the study, after six month and after completion of the training. Results: We found significant changes in sensomotoric reactivity (right/left p<.001, front/back p<.001), postural stability (right/left p<.001, front/back p<.001), fat free mass (p=.001), leg strength (left p=.022, right p=.019), behavioral problems (p<.001), conduct problems (p<.001) and peer problems (p<.001) and a trend in health-related quality of life (p=.055). Children and participants that dropped out during the intervention showed a significantly higher BMI (p=.018) and higher scores in the subscale peer problems (p=.004). Conclusion: This study indicates that judo practice could have an influence on physical and psychological variables in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Judo provides a way to introduce regular physical activity among overweight and obese children and adolescents and support a more active lifestyle.

В рецензии на книгу «Solidarity in Strategy: Making Business Meaningful in American Trade Associations» («Солидарность в стратегии. Придавая смысл бизнесу в американских торговых ассоциациях») делается попытка систематизировать основные взгляды автора, Лин Спиллман, на природу американских бизнес-ассоциаций. Книга подробно рассматривает историческое развитие деловых ассоциаций и их особое место в современной экономической системе как специфической организационной формы взаимодействия агентов рынка. Следуя классическому утверждению экономической социологии об укоренённости экономического действия в социальных отношениях, Спиллман выдвигает центральный тезис книги о том, что ассоциации это «производители культуры в рамках экономического действия» («cultural producers for economic action»). Автор книги анализирует парадоксальную способность ассоциаций к выживанию, несмотря на изменения в экономической среде и на то, как из формы «обеденных клубов» они трансформировались в мощные и влиятельные организационные структуры, умеющие решать сложные задачи рынка. В рецензии затрагивается прежде всего теоретический подход к анализу бизнес-ассоциаций. Так, особое внимание уделяется оригинальной идее автора книги о компиляции концепций М. Вебера и Э. Дюркгейма. Синтезируя идеи двух классиков, Лин Спиллман удаётся пересмотреть и подвергнуть сомнению некоторые конвенциональные положения о бизнес-ассоциациях, в том числе опровергнуть утверждение о том, что ассоциации представляют собой заговор производителей, которые пытаются совместными усилиями действовать против потребителя. Цель рецензии состоит в том, чтобы представить основные положения исследования Лин Спиллман, продемонстрировать её логику, а также попытаться понять, чем и кому данная книга может быть полезна и где применима. ; Lyn Spillman's new book Solidarity in Strategy: Making Business Meaningful in American Trade Associations considers the historical development and evolution of American business associations and their role in the contemporary economic system as a special organizational form of interactions among business actors. In the broadest sense, Spillman argues that associations are "cultural producers for economic action" [Spillman: 79]. Moreover, the author pays attention to the association's ability to survive under complex economic and political conditions. Spillman analyzes the processes through which associations have transformed from unstable, redundant and limited "dinner clubs" to powerful and authoritative structures, wielding practical tools for solving complex market objectives. The book review addresses the issue of theoretical background of the book, and more precisely this review focuses on Lyn Spillman's synthesis of Weber's conception of self interest with Durkheim's view of collective action. In terms of this framework Lyn Spillman argues against a conventional statement that associations are solely a conspiracy of manufacturers who narrowly target to act against consumer. In contrast, business actors are seen to be altruistic, focusing on the collective good and group identification rather than egoistic or placing profit center stage. All in all, the aim of this book review is to represent Spillman's key ideas, analyze the author's logic and finally endeavor to grasp how and to whom this book could be beneficial and where it might be implemented.

The patients of the Charité Psychiatry and Neurology clinic (East-Berlin, GDR) during the 1960s are at the center of this study. While taking into account the interpretation provided by the medical discourse, this research aims at reconstructing the experiences and the trajectories of these individuals by inscribing them in the context of the socialist society. Relying on patients' records – these records being the main source of this study – the goal of this research is to reach a better understanding of underlying tensions in the socialist society in relation to the political and ideological context. As these sources show, when they talk to the therapist, patients can speak according to rules which differ from the rules implemented in the socialist society. Because they may contain traces of speeches that would usually be silenced as a result of censorship or self-censorship, or of the unspeakable, shameful or delirious nature of this speech, the patients' records prove to be a valuable source for the historian. From marital tensions caused by ideological disagreements to the inner conflicts of an "ardent marxist", from the pain triggered by the exclusion from the party to the pain caused by the construction of the Berlin Wall, from the "reuniting delirium" to the delusions according to which the West appears as a threat, the individual and singular experiences of the patients allow to reconstruct, through a microhistorical approach, certain tensions inherent to the working of the socialist society. ; Au centre de cette étude se trouvent les patients de la clinique psychiatrique et neurologique de la Charité (Berlin-Est, RDA), durant la période des années 1960. Tout en prenant en compte l'interprétation qui en est faite par le discours médical, ce travail vise à reconstituer les expériences et les trajectoires de ces individus, en les inscrivant dans le contexte de la société socialiste. À partir des dossiers de patients – qui constituent le principal matériau archivistique de cette étude –, il s'agit de saisir certaines des tensions qui traversent la société est-allemande, en relation avec le contexte politique et idéologique. Comme en attestent ces sources, dans le cadre de l'échange thérapeutique, les patients peuvent prendre la parole selon des règles qui diffèrent de celles habituellement en vigueur au sein de la société socialiste. Parce qu'ils peuvent contenir les traces d'une parole ordinairement mise sous silence, du fait de la censure ou de l'auto-censure, de son caractère indicible, inavouable ou délirant, les dossiers de patients apparaissent comme une source précieuse pour l'historien. Des tensions conjugales provoquées par des dissensions idéologiques aux conflits intérieurs d'une « fervente marxiste », de la douleur suscitée par la radiation du parti à celle née de la construction du Mur, des « délires réunificateurs » à ceux faisant de l'Ouest une source de menaces, les expériences individuelles et singulières des patients permettent de reconstituer, selon une approche micro- historique, certaines tensions inhérentes au fonctionnement de la société socialiste.

Research with the title: "Analysis of Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior Warung Lesehan in Yogyakarta", aims to investigate the characteristics of consumers shop Lesbian and to determine the factors that influence consumer behavior lesehan food, when seen from the income factor, location, service , hygiene, recreation, price and location or a shop selling lesehan, as well as to determine the most dominant influence on consumer behavior lesehan food. In this study the factors thought to influence consumer behavior is limited in six factors: income, service, hygiene, recreation, price and location / place to sell. Analyzers in this study consisted of two kinds: First analysis of descriptive is to kengetahui consumer characteristics seen from the gender (male, female), national origin (DIY, outdoor DIY), age (less than 20 years old, 20-30 years, 30-40 years, 40-50 years above 50 years), education (junior high, high school, PT), employment (Private employees, civil servants, Self Employed, Military / Police, Student), obtained the following results: a) Based on the sex of the respondents , 90 respondents or 60 % are female, and male gender, the number of 60 respondents or 40%. b) Based on the age of respondents, mostly aged 20-30 years is 66 respondents (44 %), second younger than 20 years as many as 30 respondents (20%), were the least respondents aged greater than 50 years is 14 or 9,3%. c) By level of education, most high school education is 72 respondents or 48% then higher education as much as 38 or 25.3%, while the least no school/SD by 10 or 6.7%. d) The work is based on a student/students as many as 68 respondents, or 45.3%, followed by the order to two civil servants as much as 34 or 22.7% and the smallest farmers as much as 6 respondents or only 4%. e) By region of origin, from the outside DIY as many as 104 or 69.3% while the DIY as much as 46 or 30.7%. Medium to find out if there is a significant relationship between the factors that influence consumer behavior (itensitas purchases) using Chi Square. From 150 responden as samples, taken from 10 stalls lesehan with acidental sampling method, the results are as follows: a) X2 is based on the analysis of all factors (revenue, location, taste, hygiene, recreation/entertainment and price) of all effect/no relationship to consumer behavior Lesbian stalls in the city of Yogyakarta. b) Factors most powerful influence on consumer behavior is a recreation/entertainment, shows that the stall lesehan seen not merely a place to eat but has become an arena/place amuse yourself/recreation for consumers, while the population is all consumers shop cross-legged in the city of Yogyakarta. This research is expected to generate outputs in the form of Scientific Publication in the Journal of Air ISSN and local seminars.

Метою статті є розкрити зміст проектування педагогічної технології науково-організаційної діяльності аспірантів у системі вищої військової освіти. Методологія дослідження полягає в застосуванні аналітичного методу. Результатом дослідження стала спроектована педагогічна технологія науково-організаційної діяльності аспірантів. Педагогічна технологія призначена розвивати методологічну компетентність аспірантів у контексті їх професійної підготовки. Практичне значення дослідження полягає в поданому описі педагогічної технології, що представлена за певною структурою та є готовою до застосування. Це дозволяє розкрити всі основні характеристики та можливості для масового відтворення на практиці. Новизна роботи полягає в тому, що автором уперше запропоновано поняття педагогічної технології науково-організаційної діяльності аспірантів та механізм її проектування. ; The article is aimed at revealing the content of the design of educational technology of research and organizational activities of graduate students in higher military education. Research methodology is to use the analytical method. The result of the study is a designed educational technology of research and organizational activities of graduate students. Educational technology is designed to develop methodological competence in the context of their postgraduate training. The practical significance of the study is the description of educational technology that represented a certain structure and was ready for use. This allows to uncover all the main characteristics and is possible for mass reproduction in practice. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the author first proposed the concept of educational technology of research and organizational activities of graduate students and the mechanism of its design. The conceptual basis of the technology is in providing post-graduate students with practical experience of research and organizational activities by simulating the organization of activities of a smaller constituent order in the context of the dissertation research. This means that the process of writing a thesis can be represented as a set of organizations of activities from creative activity to public approbation. When a post-graduate student conducts dissertation research in the framework of the research school, all post-graduate students form a temporary research team. Technology here acts as a main contractor of the thesis throughout the entire period. Technology contributes to positive development of social skills of PhD students. The process of target setting and orientation is described, namely: to develop skills in planning and organizing research based on the methodological activities; occasional monitoring of the timeliness of these types of operations of a post-graduate student at the control points; constant self-control by the student over the timeliness of performing these types of operations; formation of labor discipline among the post-graduate students in the process of implementation stages and report the results of checkpoint supervisor, as well as the meeting of the Department (laboratory) at the dates of the annual reporting (attestation). The position of a post-graduate student in the educational process is defined, namely: the organizer of dissertation research; the chief executive (similar to the procedure of the research).

El sector agrícola colombiano desconoce la demanda de la papa criolla en los mercados internacionales, como con-secuencia de la insuficiente investigación de mercados. En la última década, el gobierno de Colombia ha generado interés en la apertura de mercados internacionales y en la consecución de oportunidades de negocio, para productos agrícolas. Mediante la utilización de los sistemas de informa-ción geográfica (SIG), en el estado de la Florida, se evaluó la ubicación geográfica óptima, rentable y sostenible, para analizar la factibilidad comercial de la papa criolla. Medianteesta herramienta, la investigación generó un panorama me-todológico de evaluación en la toma de decisión gerencial, con relación a obtener un beneficio en la cadena productiva. El geomarketing ayuda a las empresas en la planeación de políticas de mercadeo, la toma de decisiones y la ejecuciónde planes exportadores más competitivos en el mercado ex-terno. Mediante un trabajo de campo de la cadena produc-tiva de la papa criolla, en el municipio de Usme, Cundina-marca, integrada por los productores y comercializadores, se diagnosticó el sector, identificando debilidades comerciales. La información obtenida por instituciones gubernamentales americanas, como la Oficina del Censo, agrupó una serie de datos basados en la auto-identificación de la población y puntos focales de distribución y de comercialización del producto, evaluando la probabilidad de implementar planes exportadores en mercados nostálgicos geo-referenciados. Los resultados encontrados permiten analizar información relacionada con la planificación y la ejecución de las activi-dades de marketing, para fortalecer la toma de decisiones empresariales, a un nivel competitivo en los micromercados. ; The Colombian agricultural sector ignores the creole potato demand in the international markets due to the insufficient market research. In the last decade the government of Colombia has generated interest in the opening of international markets and achieving business opportunities for agriculturalproducts. Using geographic information systems (GIS) in the state of Florida the optimal, profitable and sustainable geographical location to analyze the commercial feasibilitythe creole potato was evaluated. Through this tool, the research produced a methodological overview of evaluationin managerial decision making related to obtain a profit inthe supply chain. Geomarketing helps companies in planningmarketing policy, decision making and implementation of export plans to be more competitive in foreign markets.Through a field study of the production chain of creole potato at the municipality of Usme, Cundinamarca, composed of producers and traders, the sector was diagnosed by identifying commercial weaknesses. The Information obtained by American governmental institutions such as the Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget, grouped a series of self-identification based on the population and focal point distribution and marketing of the product, evaluating the possibility to implement export plans on nostalgic markets geo-referenced. The final results allowto analyze information related to the planning and execution of marketing activities, to strengthen business decisions at a competitive level into micromarkets. ; Incluye referencias bibliográficas

La regulación de la Hacienda local en la Constitución de 1978 es una consecuencia lógica de la organización territorial que en ella se diseña, un Estado descentralizado, con tres niveles de gobierno, estatal, autonómico y local. Ello debe conectarse con los principios constitucionales, que se erigirían como los principios rectores de las Haciendas locales que se recogen en el artículo 137 CE, que proclama la "autonomía para la gestión de sus respectivos intereses" de Municipios, Provincias y CCAA y artículo 140, donde se reconoce autonomía para los Municipios y de otro lado, en el artículo 142 CE, donde se garantiza la suficiencia financiera, al declarar que "Las Haciendas locales deberán disponer de los medios suficientes para el desempeño de las funciones que la ley atribuye a las Corporaciones respectivas…". La conjunción e interacción de estos preceptos definen el modelo de financiación local, que deriva de la Norma Fundamental. Un sistema de financiación mixto, que estará integrado por medios propios y medios ajenos, a fin de garantizar la suficiencia de recursos. Todas las cuestiones citadas despiertan nuestro interés en el estudio del nivel local de gobierno, y más concretamente de su sistema de financiación local, por medio del análisis de la normativa que lo ha regulado. Centrando nuestra atención en cómo esta normativa ha acogido en su articulado los principios rectores de la Hacienda local, el principio de autonomía y, más concretamente el principio de autonomía financiera, y el principio de suficiencia. ; The Local Finance Regulation in the 1978 Constitution is a logical consequence of its designed organization of the country, that is, a decentralized state, with a government in three levels: state, regional and local. This should be connected to the constitutional principles, ruling principles for Local Finances as it is stated in Art. 137 CE that proclaims "autonomy in the management of their respective interests" of towns, provinces and regions and also Art. 140 where autonomy is recognized for municipalities; besides Art. 142CE is related to the guarantee of financial sufficiency when declaring "Local Finances should have enough means to perform the roles the Law sets down to the different Corporations …" The combination and interaction of these precepts define the local funding model which derives from the Basic Rule. It is a mixed funding system, which is a compound of internal and external means in order to guarantee the adequacy of resources. All these questions arouse our interest to study the Local Government, mainly its local funding, through the analysis of the rules which have governed it. We will focus our attention on how this legislation has included in its articles the guiding principles of local finance, the principle of self-management and, more precisely the principle of financial autonomy and sufficiency.

This thesis analyses the construction of the risk environment with the emergence of a harm reduction policy in Macao, which, I propose acts as a regulatory regime to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic among injecting drug users (IDUs). On the one hand, the policy has endeavoured to address the various levels of the risk environment on the IDUs; on the other hand, it is also portrayed as a bio-political project situated in the history of drug control and public health surveillance in Macao. With harm reduction imperatives such as the methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and needle and syringe programme (NSP), addict citizens are refashioned and made up to be a particular form of drug using subject – health conscious citizens who rationally and calculatingly perform in the use of drugs in a controlled manner in order to minimise drug-related harm to themselves as well as the general society. With the conferral of neoliberal subjectivity, they are offered political benefits in symbolic and material resources, such as recognition, trust and legitimate status, to obtain welfare. However, the tradeoffs are their freedom and mobility in being constrained by the methadone treatment, which is metaphorically represented as "liquid handcuffs". The study utilises ethnographic research methods, such as video-recording, photo-taking, field observations and in-depth interviews, as its data sources. The data analysis is informed by a thematic approach, especially discourse and content analyses. Inspired by risk governmentality, IDUs are not passively subjugated to the surveillance of the treatment regime. Contrarily, they actively display modest amounts of agency, which they assert themselves by developing various streetwise risk strategies to handle overdosing. A code of ethics with regards to moral economy and responsibility are cultivated in the drug user community under the impacts of harm reduction (expert) discourses. In the face of entrenched double stigma around drug addiction and HIV/AIDS which shape their risk environment and spoiled identity as junkies, the drug users in this study endeavour to innovate strategies of resistance with the use of harm reduction measures to properly manage their spoiled identity and reclaim their citizenship. This gives them more freedom, autonomy and pleasure in their life experiences through the negotiation process that is embedded in the risk environment. The theoretical implications of this study include: the integration of risk governmentality with risk environment, and an assessment of harm reduction imperatives, including their effect as a newer form of governance on IDUs, which might conceal the material constraints that they face. In short, harm reduction requires a critical focus on the benevolence of biopolitical projects, such as the MMT and NSP, which, while not intentional, might legitimise the repressive measures directed at drug users – who ultimately are not willing to trade their freedom to take part in ―healthy self-care‖ projects under a neoliberal drug policy. ; published_or_final_version ; Sociology ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

На основе архивных источников (отчеты, справки, протоколы заседаний партийных и профсоюзных органов) и периодической печати реконструируется история становления органов студенческого самоуправления в Томском государственном университете в 1920-е гг. Особое внимание уделяется характеристике профсоюзной студенческой организации: структуре, деятельности (учеба, быт, стипендии, досуг, вневузовская и т.д.). Прослеживается влияние на работу студенческих профсоюзов со стороны партийных органов. ; On the basis of archival sources (reports, certificates, protocols of meetings of party and trade union bodies) and periodicals there is reconstructed the history of the forming institutions of student selfgovernment at Tomsk State University in the 1920s. It is noted that attempts to create student organizations were taken soon after the release of Tomsk on whites. Initiative was showed by a few students communists and then komsomol ones. Efforts and attempts to revive the fraternities. Form of grassroots student organizations had become subject commissions which took an active part in the reform of curricula, teaching methods, teachers elections through competition, etc. The students were presented in the board of the university too. At the same time, the increased participation of students in the management of university was met by professors with resistance. One of the most effective forms of student government became trade unions. Trade union organizations more clearly and objectively reflected the composition of the student at the time. Initially, it looked as follows: 1) profsections; 2) faculty committees; 3) the trade union executive bureau. During the period of reorganization of profsections, faculty committees were abolished and instead there appeared trade union committees. Profsections permanent representatives along with the trade union committees became steel union delegates. The article deals with the various activities of student union organizations, covering all aspects of life of the university: academic performance and improvement of the quality of learning; subscription on the industrialization loan; distribution of scholarships and places in hostels, cultural and sports activities, literacy, patronage, etc. At the same time, according to documents, student independence of trade unions was far from complete. The students were under active control of communist fractions. The party organization played a crucial role in deciding many problems including trade union life, depriving trade unions initiative that ultimately played a negative impact on their work. Union members, the majority of students, showed little interest in participation in the life of the university. As a result, the apparent non-partisan solidarity with the party of students and managers were often negative in the work of profsections. There was concluded that in contrast to the minority at the time of the party and komsomol organizations aimed at providing the maximum impact on the activities of trade unions, it was the latter which began to form associations of considerable mass of students. The experience of self-organization of students gained in the 1920s., сan be claimed today too.

Раскрываются процессы эволюции политической коммуникации в Сети. Обосновывается роль Политического Интернета, определяемая через становление интерактивной модели коммуникации, делается вывод об объективности установления новой системы взаимодействия власти и общества - интерактивного политико-коммуникативного взаимодействия. Подведены некоторые итоги новой формы организации деятельности органов государственной власти - электронного правительства на региональном и муниципальном уровнях. Прослежено становление интернет-среды как коммуникационного и информационного агента в муниципальных образованиях. В качестве исследовательской задачи определена попытка оценить сайты муниципальных образований Тамбовской области, выяснить, насколько они являются современным и эффективным средством связи между органами власти и населением. На основании анализа функционирования Программы электронного правительства в Тамбовской области, а также привлечения результатов эмпирических контент-аналитических наблюдений устанавливается, что сайты государственных и муниципальных органов вполне справляются с возложенными на них функциями, а информационные технологии становятся той базисной единицей, которая способствует расширению спектра форм и возможности непосредственного осуществления самоуправления населением. Тем не менее, выделяются проблемы, сдерживающие внедрение информационно-коммуникативных технологий, - проблемы кадрового, правового, технологического, финансового характера, проблемы бюрократического управления, а также называется проблема отсутствия заинтересованности самого общества в активизации процесса электронизации. В связи с этим сделан вывод о малоизученности того, как продвигается внедрение электронного правительства в российских регионах, что требует дальнейших мониторинговых исследований составляющих этого процесса. ; The evolution of political communication in the Web is described. The role of the Political Internet, defined through the establishment of an interactive model of communication is justified, the conclusion is made about the objectivity of establishing the new system of interaction between government and society interactive political-communicative interaction. Some results of a new form of organization of activity of bodies of state government E-Government at the regional and municipal levels are summarized. The emergence of the Internet as a communication and information agent in municipalities is traced. As a research task is made an attempt to estimate the sites of municipal formations of Tambov region, figure out how modern and efficient means of communication between the authorities and the population they are. Based on the analysis of the functioning of the Program E-Government in the Tambov region, as well as bringing the results of empirical content analysis of the observations is determined that the websites of state and municipal authorities are able to cope well with their functions, and information technology will be the base unit, which helps to expand the range of forms and the possibility of direct self-government by the population. Nevertheless, the problems hindering the adoption of information and communication technologies are revealed problems of personnel, legal, technological, financial, problems of bureaucratic management and is also called the problem of lack of society's interest in the revitalization process of electronification. In this regard, the conclusion is made that this question is not studied enough and how is the implementation of E-Government in the Russian regions is working, which requires further monitoring studies components of this process.

Анализируется опыт выявления и изучения состояния общественного мнения в 1987-1989 гг., реализованный в цикле передач «Общественное мнение» Ленинградской студии телевидения (ЛСТ). Представлен анализ, сделанный в 1988 г., дана современная оценка ему. В прямом телеэфире проводилось голосование зрителей по актуальным темам, специально отобранным экспертами для обсуждения. Дискуссию в студии вели две группы экспертов, аргументировавших обозначенные позиции. Оперативный социологический комментарий к результатам голосования обеспечивался компьютерной обработкой данных. Социологи-аналитики, принимавшие участие в передаче, сообщали результаты телефонного голосования и социально-демографические характеристики его участников. Общий вывод из анализа результатов голосования: водораздел мнений как по возрастным группам, так и по группам занятости проходил внутри каждой группы, а не между ними. Специфичной оказалась молодежная часть выборки наиболее радикально настроенная, независимо от того, какой именно обсуждался вопрос. Группы субъектов цикла передач «Общественное мнение» как социального явления: 1) ученые специалисты (обществоведы, экономисты, юристы); 2) представители власти, руководители; 3) простые люди с улицы. Анализ поведения этих групп обнаружил следующие проблемы: относительно низкий уровень профессионализма и очень высокий уровень самоцензуры экспертов; недоверие к словам представителей власти со стороны простых людей; отсутствие практики и, как следствие, беспомощность представителей власти в общении не с массами, а с конкретными людьми по конкретным вопросам. Анализируя поток писем в адрес передачи, удалось выделить и описать наиболее часто встречающиеся типы общественного сознания и высказать предположения о степени их распространенности. ; The author gives an attempt to study and describe public opinion in 1987-1989 based on The Public Opinion TV program of the Leningrad TV Studio (LST). The paper presents an analysis carried out in 1988 and delivers its comprehensive assessment. The TV audience was asked to express the opinion on actual topics online. The studio discussion was hosted by two groups of experts who had to prove their positions. Computer data processing was used to provide continuous sociological commentary. Social analysts who took part in the TV program announced the results of the telephone-based survey as well as socio-demographic profile of the respondents. The basic conclusion drawn from the survey results are as follows: people were divided in their opinions according to both age groups and employment group; the division was inside the group rather than between groups. Young respondents had their specifics: they were radical regardless of the type of question. The following social groups were involved in the Public Opinion TV program: 1) scientists from various fields of study (social scientists, economists, lawyers); 2) representatives of authorities, leaders; 3) ordinary people. The analysis of the groups revealed the following problems: rather low professional level and extremely high level of self-censorship among experts; ordinary people distrusting the representatives of authorities; lack of practice resulted in inability of authorities to communicate with each person separately but not with the masses. A great volume of letters sent to the TV editors was analyzed to describe the most common types of public consciousness and their prevalence.