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In: The European legacy: the official journal of the International Society for the Study of European Ideas (ISSEI), Band 21, Heft 2, S. 229-231
ISSN: 1470-1316
In: Political theory: an international journal of political philosophy, Band 32, Heft 4, S. 570-579
ISSN: 0090-5917
In: Holocaust and genocide studies, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 492-495
ISSN: 1476-7937
In: The journal of politics: JOP, Band 26, Heft 2, S. 460-461
ISSN: 1468-2508
In: International affairs, Band 23, Heft 4, S. 531-545
ISSN: 1468-2346
In: International affairs, Band 19, Heft 12, S. 642-642
ISSN: 1468-2346
In: Journal of political economy, Band 50, Heft 5, S. 785-787
ISSN: 1537-534X
In: Bulletin of the German Historical Institute, Heft 28, S. 3-27
World Affairs Online
In: Journal of contemporary history, Band 38, Heft 4, S. 515-538
ISSN: 0022-0094
In: Political science
In: Philosophy
In: Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, Band 9, Heft 3, S. 526-527
In: The Australian journal of politics and history: AJPH, Band 31, Heft 1, S. 138
ISSN: 0004-9522
In: Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, Band 9, Heft 2, S. 226-263
In: Fascism: journal of comparative fascist studies, Band 4, Heft 2, S. 169-193
ISSN: 2211-6257
Aside from equating it with Hitlerism, there have been few scholarly attempts to define national socialism and specify its relation to the broader category of fascism. This article posits that national socialisms are a sub-genus of fascism, where the distinguishing feature is an ultaranationalism based on a palingenetic völkisch racism, of which anti-Semitism is an essential element. Thus, national socialism is not just mimetic Hitlerism, as Hitler is not even necessary. National socialist movements may even conceivably be opposed to the goals and actions of Hitlerism. To test this definition, the case of Latvia's Pērkonkrusts [Thunder Cross] movement is analysed. Based on an analysis of its ideology, Pērkonkrusts is a national socialist movement with a völkisch racialist worldview, while also being essentially anti-German. The case study even addresses the apparent paradox that Pērkonkrusts both collaborated in the Holocaust, and engaged in resistance against the German occupation regime.