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Regional and local governments worldwide are working tirelessly toward effective ways of addressing the COVID-19 crisis. During this time, the government has had to ensure that they provide full usage of technological means to confront the pandemic and discourse a wide range of COVID-19 related problems. Herein, this article will discuss the application of technical means and the advancement of technology in different sectors as a consequence of the COVID-19 crisis. Further, it highlights how government and health organizations have introduced new policies intending to try to curb the spread of the coronavirus. These new policies, such as lockdowns and social distancing measures, have resulted in technological advancement and new means of interaction with government, businesses, and citizens. Such changes include increased online shopping, as well as robotic delivery systems, the introduction of digital as well as contactless payment systems, remote working, the role of technology in distance learning, Telehealth, 3D Printing, and online entertainment. These technological advancements have been embraced all the way during this pandemic by a few countries around the world, with its limitation in some underdeveloped and developing countries.

This article examines the relationship between cooperative tendencies of middle managers and their rate of advancement in organizational settings. Data was collected by means of three independent simulation exercises, which were administered in 12 national groups. Altogether, 700-2000 managers participated, depending on the specific exercise. The results indicate that, on a global basis, organizations seem to reward their managers more for noncooperativeness than for cooperativeness, but national differences are important. In Scandinavia and Japan positive correlations between cooperativeness and rate of advancement outnumber the negative ones, and in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands they are equal. It is suggested in the conclusions that probably cooperative managers as such are often not considered most effective by their superiors. However, there is need for further elaboration of the contingency perspective which focuses on critical circumstances that influence the outcome of the cooperative behavior of managers.

Abstract
Background
Circular economy (CE) is a development priority of the European Union and it is part of the EU industrial strategy. The transition to a more circular economy is an essential contribution to the EU's efforts to develop a sustainable, low carbon, resource-efficient and competitive economy. The author focuses her CE-related reflections and research in this paper on the macro-level (research subjects: 28 EU countries), the level which is least represented in scholarly publications addressing CE (as follows from the analysis of literature in the Scopus database). This study aims to fill this gap partially. The aim of this paper is to identify and group the EU-28 countries according to their advancement towards circular economy. CE indicators proposed by the European Commission were used for the analysis. Given the research subjects and after an analysis of the literature they were concluded to be the most adequate. The theoretical part was based on an analysis of the literature, whereas the empirical work used the principal components analysis, hierarchical and k-means clustering and a grade correspondence-cluster analysis.

Results
On the basis of the research, the existence of a "two-speed Europe" was identified in terms of EU countries' advancement towards CE. Leading countries, those most advanced in pursuing operation according to CE principles, include Germany, Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The second pole accommodates EU countries in which transformation towards CE is happening at the slowest pace. This group includes mainly countries of the Central and Eastern Europe and the countries of the south of Europe.

Conclusions
Differentiated levels of advancement of individual countries towards CE result inter alia from the adoption by some of the latter of different development strategies for their economies' transitioning to circular economy (according to recommendations of EU ministers at the Environment Council in June 2016) and also from the differences occurring in social and economic development (it is mostly noticeable between the EU-15 and the EU-13 countries). Unfortunately, as can be concluded from the effects obtained so far, only a few of the adopted development strategies may be considered effective in meeting the challenges of circular economy according to the European Union's standards.

Intro -- Technological Advancements in Product Valorization of Tea Waste -- Copyright -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Global tea production and business opportunity -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Global production of tea -- 1.3. Business and trading aspect of tea -- 1.3.1. Global export of tea -- 1.3.2. Variation in the price of tea -- 1.4. Tea production in India and its export strategy -- 1.5. Different types of tea -- 1.5.1. Black tea -- 1.5.2. Green tea -- 1.5.3. Oolong tea -- 1.5.4. Yellow tea -- 1.5.5. White tea -- 1.5.6. Dark tea -- 1.6. Summary -- References -- Chapter 2: Tea processing techniques and waste management thereof -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Conventional methods for tea processing -- 2.2.1. Plucking -- 2.2.2. Withering -- 2.2.3. Maceration -- 2.2.4. Fermentation -- 2.2.5. Drying -- 2.2.6. Sorting, grading, and packing -- 2.3. Conventional methods for the disposal management of tea waste -- 2.3.1. Selling -- 2.3.2. Exporting -- 2.3.3. Preparation of instant tea -- 2.3.4. Feed for animal, poultry, and fish -- 2.3.5. Feedstock for fertilizer and nutrients -- 2.4. Summary and future recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3: Advancement in the extraction of bioactive compounds from tea leaves -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Different techniques for extraction of active biomolecules -- 3.2.1. Solvent extraction methods -- 3.2.2. Ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques -- 3.2.3. Microwave-based technique -- 3.2.4. High-pressure-assisted methods -- 3.2.5. Supercritical fluid extraction -- 3.3. Bioactive polyphenols and their importance in human health benefits -- 3.3.1. Tea flavonoids and their antioxidant action mechanism in human -- 3.3.2. Tea flavonols and their pharmacokinetics in human -- 3.4. Tea polysaccharides and their bioactivity.

Endüstri 4.0, aslen imalat sanayinde dijitalleşmenin önünü açmak için Alman hükümeti tarafından başlatılan bir yüksek teknoloji projesi olup icatçılık, inovasyon ve yenilikçiliğin yanında Yapay Zekanın (AI), Nesnelerin İnternetinin (IoT), Büyük Verinin, yeni algoritmaların, sensörlerin, kontrolörlerin, giyilebilir teknolojilerin ve robotların yaygınlaşan kullanımı ile karakterize edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Yaratıcı Yıkım ve Sektörel Değişim Teorilerini baz alarak Endüstri 4.0 değişkeniyle işsizliği açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler WEF (Dünya Ekonomik Forumu), UNIDO (Birleşmiş Milletler Sınai Kalkınma Teşkilatı) ve Dünya Bankasından elde edilmiş olup 2003-2016 zaman aralığını kapsamaktadır. İşsizliği ve sektörel değişimleri tahmin etmek için kullanılan ülkeler Kanada, Fransa, Almanya, İtalya, Güney Kore, Polonya, İspanya, Birleşik Krallık ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'dir ve bu ülkeler görece yüksek nüfusa sahip olan Endüstri 4.0 indeksinde ilk sıralarda yer alan OECD ülkeleridir. Ampirik sonuçlar göstermektedir ki Gayri Safi Sabit Sermaye Oluşumu (%GSMH), İmalat Sanayi Katma Değeri (%GSMH) ve "Networked Readiness Index" (Endüstri 4.0 hazırlık indeksi)'inin, beklenenin aksine, işsizlik üzerinde negatif etkisi vardır, yani işsizlik oranını azaltmaktadır. Buna göre, Endüstri 4.0 yeni iş olanakları yaratarak işsizliği düşürmektedir. --- Industry 4.0 is a term originally used for a high-technology project German government started up, which facilitated computerization of the manufacturing process and is characterized by the promotion of the innovativeness, invention, and innovation as well as the pervasion of usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, new algorithms, sensors, controllers, wearable technologies and robots. This study tries to explain the unemployment rate change via Industry 4.0 basing upon two main theories, namely, Creative Destruction Theory and Sectoral Shifts Theory. Data used for this study are obtained from WEF, UNIDO and World Bank with a time range from 2003 to 2016. OECD countries with relatively high population rates, which rank at the top of NRI (Networked Readiness Index) such as Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Korea Republic, Poland, Spain, United Kingdom, and the United States are used to estimate unemployment and sectoral shifts and NRI proposed by World Economic Forum (WEF) is utilized as the technological advancement level. Empirical results show that Gross Capital Formation % of GDP, Manufacturing Value Added % of GDP and Networked Readiness Index (NRI) seem to have a negative and statistically significant impact on Unemployment Rate, which means that in contrary to expectations, Industry 4.0 doesn't decrease the level of employment, rather it creates new job opportunities decreasing the level of unemployment.

Published Article ; This article reviews the perspectives on the rights, roles and endeavours of women in the South African work environment. In an attempt to achieve this objective, the article commences with a holistic approach on the evolution of women's rights and roles. The remainder gives perspectives on the South African labour force and finally outlines the importance of South African legislation on the advancement of women. The situation of African women is, in particular referred to, as it was evident during 1995 and earlier that African females were considerably under-represented in various sectors of the workforce. African women were, for example, introduced into the management environment as recently as the 1980s, while supportive legislation only came into place in the 1990s.