In 2011 the Ghanaian government issued a policy establishing Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) for the purpose of implementing infrastructure projects and improving the capacity of services provision. A World Bank Mission visited Ghana early in 2012 to assess the legal and practical feasibility of participation in PPPs at the sub-national level of the Government and the possibility that private commercial banks can provide non-sovereign financing to such PPPs. This report will present a summary of the available information on local governments and financial markets in Ghana, and identify potential infrastructure investments that could later be supported directly or indirectly by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) sub-national window, such as with bank guarantees, non sovereign loans, equity or other means. This report also discusses the legal framework for financial operations of SOEs.
"Avant-propos" signed: A. Darlu. ; Avant-propos.--Les principes de la morale positiviste et la conscience contemporaine, par G. Belot.--La morale de Renouvier, par A. Darlu.--La morale de Bastiat, par Ch. Gide.--La morale de Proudhon, par M. BerneÌ€s.--Karl Marx, par A. Landry.--Les ideÌes morales de Vinet, par J.-E. Roberty.--La morale et la politique de Renan, par R. Allier.--FreÌdeÌric Nietzsche, par H. Lichtenberger.--Maurice Mæterlinck, par L. Brunschvicg. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Préface, par Émile Boutrox.--Morale positive. Art et science. Vues d'ensemble, par E. Delbet.--Classification des idées morales du temps présent, par A. Darlu.--L'unité morale, par Marcel Bernès.--De l'orientation morale du temps présent, par le pasteur Wagner.--La justice et le droit, par le R.P. Vincent Maumus.--Charité et sélection, par G. Belot.--L'éthique du socialisme, par G. Sorel.--La morale de Tolstoï, par Maxime Kovalevsky.--Justice et charité, par Charles Gide.--L'ordre des joies, par Léon Brunschvicg.--Le devoir présent de la jeunesse, par F. Buisson.--Morale et politique, par E. de Roberty.--La morale individuelle et la morale sociale, par P. Malapert.--La morale des Grecs et la crise morale contemporaine, par Lionel Dauriac. ; Mode of access: Internet.
PreÌface, par EÌmile Boutroux.--Morale positive. Art et science. Vues d'ensemble, par E. Delbet.--Classification des ideÌes morales du temps preÌsent, par A. Darlu.--L'uniteÌ morale, par Marcel BerneÌ€s.--De L'orientation morale du temps preÌsent, par le pasteur Wagner.--La justice et le droit, par le R.P. Vincent Maumus.--ChariteÌ et seÌlection, par G. Belot.--L'eÌthique du socialisme, par G. Sorel.--La morale de Tolstoi, par Maxime Kovalevsky.--Justice et chariteÌ, par Charles Gide.--L'ordre des joies, par LeÌon Brunschvicg.--Le devoir present de la jeunesse, par F. Buisson.--Morale et politique, par E. de Roberty.--La morale individuelle et la morale sociale, par P. Malapert.--La morale des Grecs et la crise morale contemporaine, par Lionel Dauriac. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Alors que l'anthropologie montre que la naissance est d'abord un événement communautaire, actuellement des parents se retrouvent de plus en plus profondément seuls et démunis devant leur bébé. Ce phénomène est l'objet d'une recherche en cours qui essaie d'évaluer après la naissance les effets de l'isolement familial des parents sur la vie psychique du bébé lors de sa première année. Dans le cas clinique qui illustre ici cette « nouvelle solitude » des parents, les forums d'internet tentent de relayer la faiblesse du soutien familial alors que les anxiétés, bien légitimes autour de la naissance, perdurent quand le bébé grandit. Au-delà des problèmes de la dépression maternelle du postpartum, l'accent est mis sur la place réelle que prend l'entourage comme soutien des processus plus intrapsychiques propres à la construction de la parentalité.
Background: Describing the relationship between socioeconomic inequalities and cancer survival is important but methodologically challenging. We propose guidelines for addressing these challenges and illustrate their implementation on French population-based data. Methods: We analyzed 17 cancers. Socioeconomic deprivation was measured by an ecological measure, the European Deprivation Index (EDI). The Excess Mortality Hazard (EMH), ie, the mortality hazard among cancer patients after accounting for other causes of death, was modeled using a flexible parametric model, allowing for nonlinear and/or time-dependent association between the EDI and the EMH. The model included a cluster-specific random effect to deal with the hierarchical structure of the data. Results: We reported the conventional age-standardized net survival (ASNS) and described the changes of the EMH over the time since diagnosis at different levels of deprivation. We illustrated nonlinear and/or time-dependent associations between the EDI and the EMH by plotting the excess hazard ratio according to EDI values at different times after diagnosis. The median excess hazard ratio quantified the general contextual effect. Lip–oral cavity–pharynx cancer in men showed the widest deprivation gap, with 5-year ASNS at 41% and 29% for deprivation quintiles 1 and 5, respectively, and we found a nonlinear association between the EDI and the EMH. The EDI accounted for a substantial part of the general contextual effect on the EMH. The association between the EDI and the EMH was time dependent in stomach and pancreas cancers in men and in cervix cancer. Conclusion: The methodological guidelines proved efficient in describing the way socioeconomic inequalities influence cancer survival. Their use would allow comparisons between different health care systems.
Alors que la politisation de l'UE a été de plus en plus étudiée ces dernières années, l'analyse s'est principalement concentrée sur les partis politiques et les médias. Ainsi, les études de la politisation de l'UE chez les individus, sans être absentes, restent rares. Cet article présente un nouveau set de données qualitatives de 21 groupes de discussion dans quatre pays européens et avec des profils sociaux variés, permettant d'étudier les processus de (dé)politisation au niveau des citoyens, la manière dont ils parlent de l'UE et les clivages qui structurent leurs attitudes. Cette recherche comparative offre un nouvel éclairage sur les discours et les opinions sur l'Europe, les mécanismes de politisation et les discussions politiques.
In: Leng , G , Adan , R , Belot , M , Brunstrom , J , de Graaf , K , Dickson , S , Hare , T , Maier , S , Menzies , J , Preissl , H , Reisch , L , Rogers , P & Smeets , P 2017 , ' The determinants of food choice ' , Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , vol. 76 , no. 3 , pp. 316-327 . https://doi.org/10.1017/S002966511600286X
Health nudge interventions to steer people into healthier lifestyles are increasingly applied by governments worldwide, and it is natural to look to such approaches to improve health by altering what people choose to eat. However, to produce policy recommendations that are likely to be effective, we need to be able to make valid predictions about the consequences of proposed interventions, and for this, we need a better understanding of the determinants of food choice. These determinants include dietary components (e.g. highly palatable foods and alcohol), but also diverse cultural and social pressures, cognitive-affective factors (perceived stress, health attitude, anxiety and depression), and familial, genetic and epigenetic influences on personality characteristics. In addition, our choices are influenced by an array of physiological mechanisms, including signals to the brain from the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue, which affect not only our hunger and satiety but also our motivation to eat particular nutrients, and the reward we experience from eating. Thus, to develop the evidence base necessary for effective policies, we need to build bridges across different levels of knowledge and understanding. This requires experimental models that can fill in the gaps in our understanding that are needed to inform policy, translational models that connect mechanistic understanding from laboratory studies to the real life human condition, and formal models that encapsulate scientific knowledge from diverse disciplines, and which embed understanding in a way that enables policy-relevant predictions to be made. Here we review recent developments in these areas.
Purpose of the studyTo describe long‐term incidence trends and median age at diagnosis for the three AIDS‐defining cancers (ADC) in HIV‐1‐ infected (HIV1+) patients compared to general population. To study the risk of ADC in HIV1+patients with good immune status (CD4≥500/mm3 for at least 2 years).MethodsIncident ADC (Kaposi's sarcoma [KS], non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas [NHL] and cervix uteri cancer [CUC]) were retrieved in HIV1+adults followed in the French hospital database on HIV (FHDH) cohort between 1992 and 2009. Cancer incidence rates (IR) in general population were calculated using data from the French cancer registries (Francim network). IR among the HIV1+and the general population were standardized using the 5 years age and sex groups structure of the HIV1+population (1997–2009) and standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were estimated in HIV1+ patients vs. general population in 4 calendar periods (1992–1996, 1997–2000, 2001–2004, and 2005–2009). Median age at diagnosis was estimated after adjusting for the difference in age structure between HIV1+and general population.Summary of results5,935 incident ADC were diagnosed among 100,536 HIV1+ patients followed between 1992 and 2009. All ADC IRs were significantly reduced between pre‐ and post‐cART eras and continue to decline in the cART period (p<10−4). SIR are presented in the table.Median age at diagnosis was significantly younger among HIV1+ patients than the general population for KS (40.4 vs. 42.5; p<10−4), NHL (41.4 vs. 52.5; p<10−4) and CUC (39.3 vs. 42.5; p<10−4). For HIV1+ patients under treatment who maintained controlled viral load (<500 copies/µL) and CD4 ≥500/mm3 for at least 2 years, the risk for KS, NHL and CUC were respectively SIR=71.6 (28.7–147.5), 2.4 (0.9–4.8) and 1.6 (0.3–4.7) vs. general population.ConclusionsThe incidence rates of KS, NHL and CUC continued to decline through 2009 but the risk remained elevated as compared to general population in the most recent cART period. Despite the great reduction when compared to general population, the risk is still very high for KS in HIV1+patients who maintained CD4 ≥500/mm3 for at least 2 years. The risk was not significant for CUC and NHL.
