Suchergebnisse

In recent years, Western experts have generally portrayed the Kremlin's actions as either strategic or tactical. Yet this proposition raises a very important question: how closely does the West's interpretation of Russian strategy reflect the country's own definitions? While many military historians have sought to interpret Russian strategy, 'Strategiya' takes a different approach. It brings together, in English, the classic works of the Russian art of strategy, which were rediscovered after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Instead of explaining his analysis of Russia's contemporary strategy, Ofer Fridman offers his translation of and commentary upon the founding texts of Russia's own Clausewitzes, Baron Jominis and Liddell Harts, who have been inspiring Russian strategic thinking, from the moment Moscow rejected the exclusive role of Marxism-Leninism in strategic affairs.

Abstract
Spring barley breeding has been carried out for almost a century in all three Baltic countries. The efforts of breeders have resulted in many new improved varieties released. The goal of our project was to survey the effect of these efforts throughout the century on this crop. The material included in this study consisted of 64 accessions originating from Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania, representing landraces, varieties released from 1927 to 2001, and breeding lines. Six agronomic traits (days to heading, days to maturing, plant height, harvest index, volumetric weight and thousand kernel weight) were recorded during two years (2002 and 2003) at three locations - Priekuïi (Latvia), Landskrona (Sweden) and Bjørke (Norway). The differences between spring barley materials of different origin and from different breeding periods were assessed, and variation of their performance in different environments was discussed

In recent years, Western experts have generally portrayed the Kremlin's actions as either strategic or tactical. Yet this proposition raises a very important question: how closely does the West's interpretation of Russian strategy reflect the country's own definitions? While many military historians have sought to interpret Russian strategy, Strategiya takes a different approach. It brings together, in English, the classic works of the Russian art of strategy, which were rediscovered after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Instead of explaining his analysis of Russia's contemporary strategy, Ofer Fridman offers his translation of and commentary upon the founding texts of Russia's own Clausewitzes, Baron Jominis and Liddell Harts, who have been inspiring Russian strategic thinking—both its conceptualisation and its implementation—from the moment Moscow rejected the exclusive role of Marxism-Leninism in strategic affairs. Russian contemporary strategists draw their inspiration from three main schools of thought. While works by Soviet military thinkers have already been translated into English, those by both Imperial strategists and military thinkers in exile have remained almost inaccessible to the Western reader. Filling this lacuna, Strategiya offers a fascinating glimpse inside the foundations of Russian strategic thought and practice.

The article examines the evolution of the worldview of the outstanding Chi­nese reformer and philosopher Kang Youwei (1858–1927) in the second half of the 1890s. The "Japanese Bibliography" compiled by him in 1897 was a land­mark work for the perception of modern scientific terminology in China, and at the same time indicates that on the eve of the Reform Movement of 1898, Kang Youwei still remained in the position of Neo-Confucianism, did not try to synthesize Confucian concepts with contemporary scientific picture of the world and Darwinian evolutionary theory. The preface to the Japanese Bibliography proves that the process of formulating the philosophy of history and the basic law of history (change of the Three Eras) by Kang Youwei was far from com­pleted, and he did not use the concept of the Great Unity (Da Tong). Kang Youwei stated that the scientific and technological superiority of the Western Powers is secondary, but the primary thing is the world "battle of minds", in which countries that have embarked on the path of catching-up development have a chance to overtake the former hegemons. An example is given of Imperial Japan, whose intellectuals were able to synthesize Western philosophy with East­ern thinking and hieroglyphic writing. To accelerate the Westernization of China, the apologist of which was then Kang Youwei, Japanese experience should be fully used, including already completed translations of scientific and technical literature into Japanese. When compiling the Bibliography, Kang Youwei was not yet able to propose an original taxonomy of scientific knowledge and used ready-made samples. A radical change in his thinking came only at the beginning of the twentieth century.

The 'route from the Varangians to the Greeks' is widely known and often mentioned in research, popular science and educational literature. Much less often is it mentioned that the existence of the trade route is seriously doubted and needs additional evidence. The discussion about the actuality of a 'route from the Varangians to the Greeks' has intensified in the recent decade; it mostly involves historians who draw on chronicles, archive materials and literary sources. Although relevant geographical studies focus on small territories and have a limited scope, only they can give a definitive answer to the question of whether it was possible to sail the rivers of the East European Plain between the Baltic and Black Seas in the 8th-11th centuries AD. Of particular importance are studies on the watersheds marking the principal legs of the route. If the watersheds were traversable, the 'route from the Varangians to the Greeks' was navigable, and the impassability of watersheds would preclude navigation along the route. Methodologically, the study employs methods and approaches used in physiographical field studies, which have not been applied earlier to the watershed sections of the 'route from the Varangians to the Greeks'. The central result of the research is the reconstruction of the hydrological features and hydrographic situation of the watershed between the basins of the Neva (River Lovat) and the Western Dvina (River Usvyacha) during the existence of the 'route from the Varangians to the Greeks'. This reconstruction and the study of the watershed territories, the system of land communication routes and toponymic features of this territory conclusively demonstrate that the 'way from the Varangians to the Greeks', or the Baltic-Black Sea waterway, could actually exist.

The authors analyze the role of the societal (generally systematic) factor of democratization and modernization of the political system of a society, as well as the relation of these processes to the nature of the societal identity and the socio-cultural development of countries. By the examples of the socio-historical development of the USA and Spain, the universal character of threats concer-ning with the nature of the societal factor in various aspects is proved, and their actuality for Ukraine's political modernization is considered. A forecast of the development of societal properties of Ukraine's socium which are an important precondition of the steady development of the country is given.

The authors used archetypal methodology to analyse the problem of the international relations multipolar system formation, which occurs against the background of full-scale armed aggression by Russia against Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the phenomenon of security as a prerequisite for individual and collective activity, which is the keeper of the world history evolution, and knows various systems of international relations, their classification and typology: unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar. It is noted that after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia for an extended period, cultivated resentment about the American-centric world because of the Soviet defeat in the Cold War. According to the authors, the latter manifests the war of identities if we understand it as a hierarchy of values. Thus, the process of social change in the consciousness of Ukrainian society, which dates to the Orange Revolution (2004), is essentially a recreation of the preconditions of the former Cold War. According to the author's monitoring (1992–2022), it was then that substantial changes took place in the self-consciousness of Ukrainians: collectivist values gave way to individualist self-consciousness, resulting in radical institutional changes in society. However, unrealised public expectations in general for literally one (2005) year catalysed public consciousness in the inversion and pathopsychological state, which manifested itself in the phenomenon of "nonconformism" of the "Revolution of Dignity" (2013–2014). Significantly strengthened the pathopsychological state of environmental and reform factors influence. The Russian-Ukrainian war (2014–2022) became the final chord of the social transformation of the public consciousness of Ukrainian society. At the same time, the completion of transformational changes in Ukraine after the war, according to the authors, will coincide with the world's transition to a postmodern multipolar system of international relations. Moreover, suppose a block approach to national security characterises the modern approach, then in the postmodern conditions. In this case the international security system will be built by combining the hierarchical and network properties of the new – multipolar international system. At the same time, the main issues will remain control over communications, sources of raw materials and technology. The postmodern multipolar system of international relations will consist of several hierarchical structures. The post-Yeltsin system of international relations will occur under challenging conditions of "multipolar confrontation" in an interconnected world. The factor of the interdependence of the multipolar international structure inspires optimism in the conditions of the new postmodern international imperative: "unity of the world in its diversity", which considers the socio-cultural specifics of our country and embraces the national interests of Independent Ukraine.

The article examines the nature of delinquency as a manifestation of the pathopsychological state of society in the conditions of transformational changes. The general background of this relationship is the visible weakening of social norms and institutions regulating and disciplining people's behaviour through transformational processes, which leads to the denial of the authority of existing social norms and provokes various forms of deviant behaviour. Therefore, the psychological (psychosocial) aspect, which covers the individual and the collective conscious and unconscious nature of social behaviour, comes to the forefront of the knowledge of the new – Postmodern social situation. For the analysis of transitional processes and the social situation as a whole, the authors use both the established concept of the Modern era – "social identity" and introduce a new one, corresponding to the realities of the postmodern era, the concept of "societal identity" as a multidimensional psychosocial reality, which is measured by the author's BAD methodology. It is about its six binary scales-oppositions, which measure such qualitative features of the social system as: "extroversion – introversion", "emotionality – pragmatism", "irrationality – rationality", "intuitiveness – sensory", "externality – internality", "executiveness – intentionality". Monitoring the trends of changes in these qualitative characteristics during the years 2002–2023 provided an opportunity not only to establish the fact of the birth and subsequent dominance of a new type of "social identity" in Ukraine but also to determine the "landmarks" of the irreversibility of the process of social transformation, which became: the "Orange Revolution" (2004), the "Revolution of Dignity" (2013–2014), the Russian-Ukrainian war (2014–2023), especially its final phase – Russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine (2022–2023). The latter seems to be the equifinal moment of social transformation, which brings victory for Ukraine while turning into a strategic defeat for Russia. This defeat is accompanied by the criminal nature of the delinquent behaviour of the military and politicians, which is caused by the pathopsychological state of Russian society with its conformist behavioural colouring, which is based on the archetypal tradition of the "oprichnina" of the Muscovite state of the 16th century, during the reign of Ivan 4th the Terrible.