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The article analyses different approaches to definition of the legal incentive. Thereis comparison between understanding incentives only as a positive legal mean of influencinghuman behavior (like benefits and privileges) and its extending by including alsonegative legal means (for example, restrictions and liability). It is concluded that incentivesare legislated only as a positive legal means (for example, benefits and privileges).At the same time regardless of different understanding approaches of «legal incentives»researchers share one view on its functional feature: positive legal motivation and legalinfluence on subjects of law behavior and social relations. The article also analyses variouspoints of view on role of incentives in legal regulation mechanism: as a means, amethod of legal regulation and a norm of law. Being outwardly a norm of law (incentiverule), legal incentives play the role of an instrument that helps to achieve socially usefulaims. That reveals that legal incentives are means of legal regulation without becoming amethod of legal regulation at the same time. ; В статье проводится анализ различных подходов к определению понятия «правовой стимул». Производится сравнение между пониманием стимулов только как позитивных средств воздействия (например, льгот и поощрений) и расширением его объема посредством включения в него также и негативных средств воздействия (например, ограничений и ответственности). Делается вывод, что на законодательном уровне в сфере информационного права стимулы выражаются только в качестве позитивных средств. При этом независимо от того или иного подхода к пониманию «правового стимула», исследователи сходятся в его функциональной особенности – положительной правовой мотивации и правовом воздействии на поведение субъектов права и общественные отношения. В статье также рассматриваются различные точки зрения на роль стимулов в механизме правового регулирования: в качестве средства, метода правового регулирования и нормы права. Внешне выражаясь в норме права (норме-стимуле), правовой стимул играет роль инструмента, посредством которого достигаются социально полезные цели, то есть по своей сути является средством правового регулирования, не перерастая при этом в метод правового регулирования.

Abstract This article seeks to unveil the many narrative, graphic and formal layers that give rise to the forensics reports on rape and sexual assault crimes, produced by the Legal Medical Institute of Campinas ( Instituto Médico Legal - IML), between 2004 and 2005. Therefore, I start from the graphic model that shapes these papers – its layout-form – to gradually show the narrative formula contained in them: pieces of flesh . Finally, by following these paths, I intend to show how the criminal materiality of rape and sexual assault is confused with the materiality of the sex of girls, boys and women who are taken care of at this institution.

On numerous online discussion forums in various countries, ordinary people pose specific legal questions and both ordinary people and lawyers answer them. This article considers this new and rapidly growing method of providing legal advice. It emphasizes qualitative over quantitative issues. It seeks to answer questions such as "What kind of questions are being asked?"; "What sort of people are giving legal advice?", "What sort of people are getting legal advice?". For those few legal systems that I know something about, I also have considered the question, "How good is the advice?" This is a comparative study, involving discussion forums for Armenian, Australian, Austrian, Brazilian, Canadian, Croatian, English, French, German, Italian, Moldovan, Portuguese, Russian, Scots, Spanish, Swiss, Ukrainian, United Kingdom, and United States law.

In a previous issue of this Quarterly Colin Warbrick gave an exposition of the British Order in Council (The United Nations (International Tribunal) (Former Yugoslavia) Order 1996) which implements Security Council Resolution 827. This note gives an alternative view of the scope and legality of that Order.Why. it may be said, should anyone want to raise objection to the Order in Council implementing Resolution 827 when it merely introduced a procedure which ensures war criminals (whether Serb, Croat, or Bosnian) seeking refuge in Britain are promptly handed over to face justice?The answer is that, whilst the immediate purpose of the Order in Council may be unobjectionable, the means by which it has been achieved are out of proportion to that purpose, and open the door to further unconsidered transfers of national powers.

This paper aims to reflect on the challenges faced by the harmonization of legal frameworks as a strategy to globally address transnational organized environmental crime, taking into consideration the difficulties experienced at a regional level, in the EU. The focus will be specifically on the harmonization of sanctions, due to the impact that this issue has on the application of UNTOC (United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime). With this aim, the implementation of Directive 2008/99/EC on the protection of the environment through criminal law is analysed to check the extent to which the harmonization of sanctions was reached five years after the due date for the transposition of the Directive. This paper also highlights that, beyond political will and European criminal competences, harmonization is a matter of legal culture, which renders the challenge even more complex.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACES -- INTRODUCTION -- I. GENERAL PRESENTATION OF THE TRIBUNAL AND ITS OPERATION -- I. ORGANISATION OF THE COURT -- II. JURISDICTION OF THE TRIBUNAL -- 1. Jurisdiction ratione loci -- 2. Jurisdiction ratione temporis -- 3. Jurisdiction ratione materiae: punishable crimes -- 4. ratione personae Jurisdiction: the guilty parties -- III. PROCEDURES -- II. AID, PROTECTION AND FACILITIES AVAILABLE TO VICTIMS AND WITNESSES -- I. FINANCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF AID AND PROTECTION -- 1. The need for an adequate budget -- 2. The distribution of aid to victims and witnesses -- II. PROTECTION GIVEN TO VICTIMS AND WITNESSES: INDISPENSABLE BUT STILL INADEQUATE -- 1. Explicit and direct protection: the inadequacies -- 2. Explicit but indirect protection -- 3. The question of protection of victims and witnesses from national jurisdictions -- III. LIGHTENING THE BURDEN OF PROOF: THE EXAMPLE OF SEXUAL ASSAULT -- III. THE CRUX OF THE MATTER: TRYING THE CRIMINALS -- I. TRYING THE CRIMINALS: COOPERATION FROM STATES IS A NECESSITY -- 1. The apportionment of jurisdictions between the Tribunal and the National Jurisdictions -- 2. Cooperation from the states and legal aid -- II. TRYING THE CRIMINALS: THE RESOURCES ALLOCATED -- 1. Remanding the accused to the custody of the court -- 2. Absence of the accused: an obstacle to prosecution and conviction: -- 3. A penal responsibility that would be difficult to dispute -- CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY BIBLIOGRAPHY -- ORGANIZATIONS WHICH TOOK THE INITIATIVE TO PRODUCE THIS BOOK -- APPENDICES -- - Security Council Resolution 808 (22 February, 1993) -- - Security Council Resolution 827 (25 May, 1993) -- - Rules of procedure and evidence of the Hague Tribunal (as amended 6 October 1995) -- NIJHOFF LAW SPECIALS.

"Building on their successful cases and materials book, Collins, Ewing and McColgan present an entirely restructured and freshly written new textbook on employment law. Comprehensive and engaging, it combines detailed analysis and commentary on the law with short contextual extracts to fully equip the labour law student. Carefully balancing clear exposition of legal principles with critical and scholarly analysis, this is the definitive textbook on the subject written by the UK's foremost employment law scholars. The book's 20-part structure maps logically onto either a full or half module employment law course. Chapter introductions and conclusions and an uncluttered text design carefully guide the student through the material. Innovative case studies show the law 'in action' and discussion of the globalised workplace gives the work a contemporary feel. Put simply, this is required reading for all students of the subject"--