Suchergebnisse

If you're a robber, how do you choose your victims? As a police officer, how afraid are you of the young man you're about to arrest? As a judge, do you think the suspect in front of you will show up in court if released from pretrial detention? As a juror, does the defendant seem guilty to you? Your answers may depend on the stereotypes you hold, and the stereotypes you believe others hold. In this provocative, pioneering book, economists Brendan O'Flaherty and Rajiv Sethi explore how stereotypes can shape the ways crimes unfold and how they contaminate the justice system through far more insidious, pervasive, and surprising paths than we have previously imagined. Crime and punishment occur under extreme uncertainty. Offenders, victims, police officers, judges, and jurors make high-stakes decisions with limited information, under severe time pressure. With compelling stories and extensive data on how people act as they try to commit, prevent, or punish crimes, O'Flaherty and Sethi reveal the extent to which we rely on stereotypes as shortcuts in our decision making. Sometimes it's simple: Robbers tend to target those they stereotype as being more compliant. Other interactions display a complex and sometimes tragic interplay of assumptions: "If he thinks I'm dangerous, he might shoot. I'll shoot first." Shadows of Doubt shows how deeply stereotypes are implicated in the most controversial criminal justice issues of our time, and how a clearer understanding of their effects can guide us toward a more just society.--

RDX is an explosive that is also a neurotoxin and implicated in adverse health outcomes. Because of its widespread use in military and civilian operations, there is growing concern about potential environmental and health implications. One promising method of bioremediation involves genomic studies of soil microbes. These health concerns and technological issues intersect with social and political dimensions raising questions about public responses to genomic technologies and the degree of environmental accounting expected from the military. In cases of novel technologies entering into contested social spaces, public engagement can be useful to inform broader policy debates. Building on previous work, in this article, we outline the rationale, methods, and results of a public deliberation on these issues. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind on the issues of RDX pollution and microbial genomics, and thus provides an important baseline on public sentiment on these issues.

Currently, Science Communication (SC) professionals who are working in the context of science and technology development, have various jobs at universities, government agencies, NGOs and industry. Their positions have changed in recent years, due to developments in science and technology and to social trends. Increasingly, SC practitioners play a role as mediator in participatory processes, or facilitator of stakeholder meetings. These roles require decisions in difficult to manage processes and in situations that are hard to overlook. A decision support system would be able to help them. In this paper we describe the changing role of SC practitioners and the context in which they make decisions. Then we argue which requirements decision support systems must meet in order to support SC practitioners in their decision making processes. Our paper is based on a literature review on professionalization and in-depth interviews with science communication professionals. Our main conclusion is that a decision support system should not only support the SC practitioner"s instrumental decisions, but should

"Essentials of Environmental Science does not preach or tell students how to conduct their lives. Rather, we focus on the science and show students how to make decisions based on their own assessment of the evidence." -- From the authors on back cover

Postcolonialism and Science Fiction explores intersections and interactions between the genre of science fiction and the theory and practice of postcolonialism, concentrating primarily on contemporary science fiction from the 1950s to the present day. The book argues that several of the foundational myths of science fiction -- the 'other', or the stranger, and the strange and foreign land -- are shared at the heart of colonialism, and that postcolonial science fiction has developed unique and creative ways of overcoming and dispelling these myths. Using close readings and thematic studies, ranging from lively discussions of Japanese and Canadian science fiction to a thorough and incisive deconstruction of race and (post)colonialism in the online game World of Warcraft, Postcolonialism and Science Fiction is the first comprehensive study of the complex and developing relationship between the two areas. It will be of interest to fans, researchers, students and anyone else interested in science fiction, postcolonial studies, or both

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- NASA Appropriations and Authorizations: A Fact Sheet* -- Chapter 2 -- Defense Science and Technology Funding* -- Abstract -- What Is Defense Science and Technology? -- Perspectives on the Roles and Value of Defense S&T -- Historical Defense S&T Funding and Recent Trends -- DOD Basic Research Funding -- DOD Basic Research Funding by Organizational Component -- Basic Research of DOD Components by Performing Sector -- Program Elements in DOD Basic Research -- Defense Research Sciences -- Army -- Navy -- Air Force -- DARPA -- University Research Initiatives -- Army -- Navy -- Air Force -- In-House Laboratory Independent Research -- Army -- Navy -- University and Industry Research Centers -- Collaborative Technology Alliances/Collaborative Research Alliances (CTAs/CRAs) -- University Centers of Excellence (COEs) -- University Affiliated Research Centers (UARCs) -- Other DOD Basic Research PEs -- Issues in Defense S&T -- What Is the Appropriate Funding Level for Defense S&T? -- Approach: Defense S&T as a Share of Total DOD Funding -- Data and Analysis -- Approach: DOD Science and Technology as a Share of DOD RDT&E -- Data and Analysis -- What Is the Appropriate Funding Level for DOD Basic Research? -- Approach: DOD Basic Research as a Share of Defense S&T -- Data and Analysis -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 -- The National Science Foundation: FY2018 Appropriations and Funding History* -- Abstract -- Introduction -- FY2018 Budget and Appropriations Actions -- Research and Related Activities (RRA) -- Education and Human Resources (EHR) -- Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC) -- Other Accounts and Initiatives -- Authorizations of Appropriations -- NSF Funding History -- Long-Term Funding Trends -- NSF Obligations by Account -- Policy Considerations -- Chapter 4.

JASMIN exists to provide the UK environmental sciences the compute facility they need to deliver cost-effective world class science and impact from the exploitation of data. A £17M investment is needed for the next generation of JASMIN, to maintain the UK's scientific and competitive edge, facilitating the exploitation of world class environmental science to meet the global societal challenges of the future. Such an investment would build on international leadership and would support: • The merging of extremely large environmental data sets with the latest earth system models: building downstream growth in space-based environmental services; and underpinning international collaborations. • The transformation of data into information products and services; JASMIN provides the foundation for the UK environmental information ecosystem: investment will provide greater access to knowledge for a range of users. • Enabling researchers to better support government usage of environmental hazard data resulting in large-scale societal benefit e.g. development of earthquake monitoring systems. • The next generation of earth observation and environmental simulation, including for the next phase of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) global model intercomparison project (CMIP6) . The updated JASMIN will deliver cost-effective, world class environmental science, exploiting data for societal benefit. It will be a cutting-edge novel computational environment, ensuring highly-skilled people are retained in the UK from systems engineers to environmental data users, from data scientists and analysts to mathematicians.