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This paper considers the effects on the local labour market, for both women and men, of the relocation of Kiruna, a large town in the north of Sweden. Whilst the area of Kiruna has been dominated by mining activity for many years this has now become the source of both problems and opportunities for those in the labour market, if not the whole community, as they ready themselves for the relocation of their town - presently situated above a number of deep mine shafts - to a safer area. Mining, transport and engineering industries flourish in Kiruna, with the current labour market and the relocation of the town expected to generate growth and a regional expansion. But the labour market for mining has been dominated traditionally by men, with women found predominantly in the public sector. A question that rises is how much will change, and who might be winners and losers, when the town relocates? Equal opportunities in labour markets have long been a part of political and philosophical debates in a number of European countries, not least Sweden where achievements of political gender equality debates have earned it an international reputation as a world leader in gender equality (Regeringskansliet, 2007). Indeed, in Sweden equal opportunities in respect of gender have been promoted as a part of the school curriculum since 1970 (SCB, 2006; Regeringskansliet, 2007). Subsequent to this and other achievements during the 1970's, social democratic politicians and other campaigners have striven to keep equal opportunities at the forefront of social awareness. This remained the case throughout the 1980's and 1990's, and into the new millennium (SCB, 2006). In 2004, for example, strategies for the integration of gender equality in Government Offices in Sweden were implemented, followed by "new" gender equality policies, that also focused on equal opportunities, in 2006 (SCB, 2006). However, in 2007 a "new" liberal approach to gender equality emerged, its significance albeit somewhat unclear. It is this on which the study focuses: changes to gender equity and labour markets in Kiruna. In order to do this we draw on early results from an empirical investigation involving a subset of data comprising 1,732 questionnaires sent to men and women respondents in the Kiruna local authority area. Although limited, the evidence suggests that the current gender discourse in Kiruna, at least amongst those that participated in the empirical research, is that the attitudes of women and men in respect of gender are decidedly similar. The indication from the data is that work is prioritised over the family and home. Yet while securing an income is widely agreed to be a joint responsibility, the evidence also suggests that the expectation that women will contribute jointly is lower. Moreover, whilst a majority of the participants agree that responsibility for taking care of the home and family is mutual, there is nonetheless a desire for men to increase their contribution. Even so, this does not mean that the men are expected to reduce the amount of paid work they do. These somewhat contradictory findings might be expected - people after all may well say one thing and then do another - but the findings do indicate that ideas of gender equity are in the minds of our respondents, even if they appear to co-exist in ways that are perhaps far from complementary, suggesting the need for an exploration that sets their responses in context as they shift between discourses of gender equity and the experience of inequity in their daily lives.This is important because it has been shown that imbalanced gender distribution has and continues to exist in the labour market in Sweden. This is despite apparent opportunities, choices and legal rights, with many men and women in Sweden 'choosing' gender-segregated occupations and professions, raising questions about the degree of freedom in such choices even in a gender-friendly country that prides itself on equality of opportunity. Yet this appears to have predated the self-interest and competitiveness promoted by the "new" liberal equality-integration policies of the present neo-liberal coalition government concerning the freedom to choose between occupation, profession and parenthood. But what effect is this now having? In what ways have form(s) of gender discrimination persisted and are there new varieties, linked to neo-liberalism (Harvey 2005) at play? The current gender discourse allows women and men to make apparently free choices, with the prioritising of paid work over the home and family by both women and men indicating that parenthood is the least attractive option presently on offer. Indeed, the evidence suggests that denying oneself parental responsibilities - or maybe at least deferring - is becoming the norm. In order to do this parents are mutually dependent on one another and, in most cases, municipal day-care facilities provided through the offices of the local authorities. However, the present government is scrutinising the costs of this provision closely. It is issues such as these that the paper explores through a consideration of approaches to equal opportunity - a concept that is itself liberal in its promotion of equal opportunities to be unequal, in contrast to affirmative action and quotas - in changing contexts in Sweden as they impact on our case study of Kiruna ; Godkänd; 2008; 20081210 (allkin)

В сентябре 2008 года были опубликованы результаты четырехлетнего проекта ОЭСР «Тематический обзор по высшему образованию», в котором приняли участие 24 страны, в том числе Российская Федерация. Итогом проекта стала публикация обзора «Роль высшего образования в экономике знаний» (Tertiary Education for the Knowledge Society), представляющего собой комплексное и широкомасштабное исследование ключевых тенденций и направлений политики в области высшего образования в странах-членах и странах-партнерах ОЭСР. По сути, публикация результатов проекта является своего рода «международной энциклопедией высшего образования», поскольку охватывает все основные направления политики в области высшего образования, а также обобщает опыт стран, существенно различающихся как по уровню социально-экономического развития, так и по подходам к образовательной политике. Особую ценность для специалистов, занимающихся разработкой и реализацией образовательной политики, представляют практические рекомендации, выработанные экспертами ОЭСР на основе проведенного сравнительного межстранового исследования и выявления наиболее успешных политических практик, позволяющих странам эффективно отвечать на современные вызовы, с которыми сталкиваются их образовательные системы. В то же время, представляя результаты проекта, эксперты ОЭСР подчеркивают, что использование всего комплекса предложенных рекомендаций, а также конкретных инструментов их реализации на национальном уровне, требует тщательного анализа и обсуждения с участием различных заинтересованных сторон: общенациональных и региональных органов управления образованием, агентств по обеспечению качества образования, вузов, ассоциаций работодателей, студенческих союзов, с учетом особенностей национального контекста, традиций и особенностей развития образования. Анализ приоритетов и наиболее успешных практик образовательной политики стран ОЭСР и оценка возможностей их использования для развития российского образования было одной из задач проекта «Аналитическое исследование возможностей использования опыта образовательной политики стран ОЭСР на основе анализа «дорожной карты» в свете поставленной задачи присоединения к ОЭСР», реализованного Институтом международных организаций и международного сотрудничества в 2008 году по заказу Федерального агентства по образованию. Мы представляем нашим читателям первый аналитический материал из серии материалов, подготовленных в рамках проекта на основе анализа результатов проекта ОЭСР. Неслучайно этот материал посвящен теме качества образования, поскольку именно обеспечение качества образования, в том чисел высшего образования на различных уровнях (международном, национальном, институциональном) сегодня становится одним из основных направлений текущей аналитической работы Директората ОЭСР по образованию, что обусловлено растущими масштабами, диверсификацией систем высшего образования и усиливающейся конкуренцией на рынке образовательных услуг. В публикуемом материале, в том числе, представлена оценка возможностей использования рекомендаций ОЭСР в части обеспечения качества высшего образования для развития образования в России. ; The results of four-year OECD project Thematic review of tertiary education, in which took part 24 countries, including the Russian Federation, were published on September 2008. The outcome of the project was publication of the review Tertiary Education for the Knowledge Society which represents a full-scale and combined research of the key tendencies and directions of tertiary education policy in the member and partner countries of OECD. The publication of the project's results is per se international encyclopedia of tertiary education, because it covers all the fundamental directions of the tertiary education policy and summarizes the experience of countries which have not only different levels of socio-economic development, but also different approaches to educational policy. The particular interest for specialists responsible for elaboration and realization of educational policy, represent the practical recommendations, worked out by OECD experts on the basis of conducted comparative international research and revelation of the most successful political practices, which permit countries to respond effectively to the contemporary challenges faced by their educational systems. In the same time, while representing the project's results, the OECD experts emphasize, that the use of the entire set of proposed recommendations as well as the specific instruments of their realization on the national level, requires the careful analysis and discussion with the involvement of different stakeholders: national and regional government authorities, quality assurance agencies, TEIs, employers and students associations, taking into account the features of national context, traditions and peculiarities of country's education system development. The analysis of priorities and national case-studies of OECD countries' educational policy and the estimation of possibilities of their usage for Russian education development was one of the main objectives of the project «Analytical review of the OECD member states education policy and analysis of the Education policy committee strategic priorities to respond to the Roadmap for the Russian Federation accession to the OECD Convention requirements», realized by International Organizations Research Institute in 2008 by request of the Federal Agency of Education. We present to our readers first analytical article form the series of materials, prepared in the framework of the Project on the basis of the OECD project results analysis. It is no coincidence that this article is devoted to the theme of educational quality, as far as the educational quality assurance, including tertiary education, on different levels (international, national, institutional) today becomes one of the main directions of the current analytical work of OECD Directorate on Education, which is conditioned by the growing scale and diversification of higher education systems and increasing concurrence on the educational services market. In the published material is also presented the estimation of the possibilities to use the OECD recommendations on the tertiary education quality assurance for the development of education in the Russian Federation.

In der gesellschaftlichen Umbruchsphase des späten Mittelalters äußerte sich das Streben der Laienbevölkerung nach einer aktiven Rolle insbesondere auf dem Gebiet der Wohlfahrt. Diese fand vor allem im Rahmen der äußerst populären religiösen Bruderschaften und vergleichbaren Semireligiosengruppen statt, die gleichsam als Brennpunkte laikalen Aktionswillens auf der Suche nach eigenen religiöse Lebensformen, Heilswegen und politischen Rechten fungierten. Im Zentrum der Dissertation stehen die visuellen Ausdrucksformen dieser für die Stärkung der laikalen Position und die Entwicklung der Wohltätigkeit so folgenreichen Bewegung in Italien. Gerade die Bildkunst der Gemeinschaften läßt die speziellen Bedürfnisse und Anliegen wie auch die sich wandelnde gesellschaftliche Position der Laien hervortreten, wie an ausgesuchten Bildprogrammen karitativer Einrichtungen aus Bergamo, Florenz, Ancona, Prato, Assisi, Siena, Parma und Rom aus der Zeit zwischen 1300 und 1500 aufgezeigt werden kann. Pietas und Caritas, Frömmigkeit und Barmherzigkeit zu Gunsten des Hilfsbedürftigen wie auch des Wohltäters im Diesseits und im Jenseits bildeten das duale Leitprinzip der Sozietäten. Das Miteinander von religiöser und sozialer Zielsetzung prägte zugleich die per se sehr unterschiedlichen architektonischen Kulissen der korporativen Tätigkeit, resultierte in der Untrennbarkeit von religiöser und profaner Sphäre, von Kirchen, Kapellen und Oratorien mit Räumen der Vereinigungen und der Armen- und Krankenpflege. Auch deren Bilddekoration bestätigte mit ihrer Themenwahl die Bedeutung beider Aspekte, wie die in der vorliegenden Arbeit exemplarisch betrachtete Bildformel der biblischen "Werke der Barmherzigkeit" beweist, diente doch die Matthäus-Perikope vom Weltgericht (Mt 25,31-46) als Leitmotiv der korporativen Fürsorge. In dem entsprechend häufig anzutreffenden ikonographischen Muster konnte eine summarische Darbietung theologischen Lehrguts in biblischer Form mit der sozial-historischen urbanen Realität und der Repräsentation der Auftraggeber verbunden werden. Mit der Visualisierung der gelebten Frömmigkeit wurde nicht nur der Laie an sich als Teil der Gemeinschaft bildwürdig, sondern seine in Wohltätigkeit transformierte, seinen Mitbürgern zugute kommende Religiosität wurde zum eigentlichen Bildthema: Der barmherzige Laie erhielt – im Bild wie im Leben – einen eigenen Standort im religiösen Heilsplan und in der spätmittelalterlichen Gesellschaftsordnung. Über das einzelne Mitglied hinaus erstreckte sich die heilsame Wirkung für Körper und Seele, welche der Bilddekor den Räumlichkeiten und der korporativen Tätigkeit zusprach, auf die Hilfesuchenden, ja auf die ganze Stadt. Das in Architektur wie Bild bezeichnende Ineinandergreifen von urbanem und korporativem Bereich macht die Stellung der Institutionen als sozial, wirtschaftlich und politisch wichtigen Bestandteil des städtischen Gefüges zwischen weltlichen und religiösen Mächten, ob Potentaten, kommunalen Regierungen, politischen Parteien, Bischöfen, Pfarreien oder Orden deutlich. Von diesen teils gänzlich instrumentalisiert, wurde der Bilddekor der Einrichtungen gezielt zur Propagierung spezieller Personen und Regierungen oder zur Verbreitung spezifischer religiöser Konzepte und Kultformen genutzt. In Sprache, Inhalt und Einsatz der Bilder zeigt sich die beträchtliche Transferleistung der Vereinigungen im Austausch religiöser und gesellschaftlicher Ideen, Normen, Rituale und Interessen, ihre maßgebende Funktion als Schaltstelle zwischen öffentlichem und privatem, politischem und religiösem, diesseitigem und jenseitigem Leben. ; Pietas - Caritas - Societas : Pictorial programs of charitable institutions in late medieval Italy In the social upheaval of the late middle ages, the striving of the lay population for an active role expressed itself especially in the area of charity. This was carried out in the main by the highly popular religious confraternities and similar groups, which at the same time acted as foci for the lay desire for their own forms of religious living, their own routes to salvation and their political rights. At the centre of the dissertation are the visual forms of expression of this movement in Italy, a movement which was to be so influential in the development of charity and in the strengthening of the lay position. The decorative art of local communities in particular allowed the specific desires and concerns of the lay population to be expressed, as well as illustrating their changing position in society as a whole. This can be seen in selected pictorial works from charitable establishments in Florence, Ancona, Prato, Assisi, Siena, Parma and Rome from the period between 1300 and 1500. Pietas and caritas, piety and mercy to help the needy as well as the charitable in this world and the one to come, formed the dual founding principle of the societies. At the same time, the coincidence of religious and social goals formed the per se divergent architectural backdrops of corporate activity. This resulted in the inseparability of the religious and the profane spheres, joining churches, chapels and oratories with the associations' halls and places for helping the poor or sick. In their choice of subjects, their pictorial decoration, too, confirmed the importance of both aspects, as is shown in the dissertation using the example of the formula pictures of the biblical "works of mercy", where the Matthew pericope (Mt 25.31-46) of the Last Judgement is used as a leitmotiv for corporate charity. In the often-seen iconographic pattern, a summary presentation of theological teachings in biblical form is connected with social-historical reality, as well as with a representation of the sponsor. With the visualisation of lived devoutness, the lay person as part of the community became not only worthy of picturing, but his religiosity, transformed into charity and helping his fellows, became the actual subject of the picture. The charitable lay person received – in the picture as in life – his own place in the religious journey to salvation and in the late medieval social order. The healing effect for body and soul to which the pictorial decoration and corporate activity spoke, extended beyond the individual member, out to those seeking charity, and indeed to the whole city. The intertwining of urban and corporate spheres which was expressed in architecture as well as image makes clear the position of the institutions as an important social, economic, and political part of the urban structure – amongst the worldly and religious powers, the potentates, communal governments, political parties, bishops, parishes and religious orders. In part entirely instrumentalised by their patrons, the pictorial decorations of these institutions were purposefully used for the promotion of specific people and authorities, or for the dissemination of specific religious concepts and cults. The language, content and use of the pictures demonstrate the impressive achievements of the associations in their exchange of religious and social ideas, norms, rituals and interests, their defining function as interface between the public and the private, between the political and the religious, and between life in this world and in the next.

The higher education system in Europe is currently under stress and the debates over its reform and future are gaining momentum. Now that, for most countries, we are in a time for change, in the overall society and the whole education system, the legal and political dimensions have gained prominence, which has not been followed by a more integrative approach of the problem of order, its reform and the issue of regulation, beyond the typical static and classical cost-benefit analyses. The two classical approaches for studying (and for designing the policy measures of) the problem of the reform of the higher education system - the cost-benefit analysis and the legal scholarship description - have to be integrated. This is the argument of our paper that the very integration of economic and legal approaches, what Warren Samuels called the legal-economic nexus, is meaningful and necessary, especially if we want to address the problem of order (as formulated by Joseph Spengler) and the overall regulation of the system. On the one hand, and without neglecting the interest and insights gained from the cost-benefit analysis, or other approaches of value for money assessment, we will focus our study on the legal, social and political aspects of the regulation of the higher education system and its reform in Portugal. On the other hand, the economic and financial problems have to be taken into account, but in a more inclusive way with regard to the indirect and other socio-economic costs not contemplated in traditional or standard assessments of policies for the tertiary education sector. In the first section of the paper, we will discuss the theoretical and conceptual underpinning of our analysis, focusing on the evolutionary approach, the role of critical institutions, the legal-economic nexus and the problem of order. All these elements are related to the institutional tradition, from Veblen and Commons to Spengler and Samuels. The second section states the problem of regulation in the higher education system and the issue of policy formulation for tackling the problem. The current situation is clearly one of crisis with the expansion of the cohorts of young students coming to an end and the recurrent scandals in private institutions. In the last decade, after a protracted period of extension or expansion of the system, i. e., the continuous growth of students, universities and other institutions are competing harder to gain students and have seen their financial situation at risk. It seems that we are entering a period of radical uncertainty, higher competition and a new configuration that is slowly building up is the growth in intensity, which means upgrading the quality of the higher learning and getting more involvement in vocational training and life-long learning. With this change, and along with other deep ones in the Portuguese society and economy, the current regulation has shown signs of maladjustment. The third section consists of our conclusions on the current issue of regulation and policy challenge. First, we underline the importance of an evolutionary approach to a process of change that is essentially dynamic. A special attention will be given to the issues related to an evolutionary construe of policy analysis and formulation. Second, the integration of law and economics, through the notion of legal economic nexus, allows us to better define the issues of regulation and the concrete problems that the universities are facing. One aspect is the instability of the political measures regarding the public administration and on which the higher education system depends financially, legally and institutionally, to say the least. A corollary is the lack of clear strategy in the policy reforms. Third, our research criticizes several studies, such as the one made by the OECD in late 2006 for the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, for being too static and neglecting fundamental aspects of regulation such as the logic of actors, groups and organizations who are major players in the system. Finally, simply changing the legal rules will not necessary per se change the behaviors that the authorities want to change. By this, we mean that it is not only remiss of the policy maker to ignore some of the critical issues of regulation, namely the continuous non-respect by academic management and administrative bodies of universities of the legal rules that were once promulgated. Changing the rules does not change the problem, especially without the necessary debates form the different relevant quarters that make up the higher education system. The issues of social interaction remain as intact. Our treatment of the matter will be organized in the following way. In the first section, the theoretical principles are developed in order to be able to study more adequately the higher education transformation with a modest evolutionary theory and a legal and economic nexus of the interactions of the system and the policy challenges. After describing, in the second section, the recent evolution and current working of the higher education in Portugal, we will analyze the legal framework and the current regulatory practices and problems in light of the theoretical framework adopted. We will end with some conclusions on the current problems of regulation and the policy measures that are discusses in recent years.

"Valsts sagrābšanas" koncepts: Latvijas piemērs Anotācija Pasaules Banka 2000.gada pētījumā par korupciju bijušajā komunisma valstīs, Austrumeiropā un PSRS pirmo reizi politiskās korupcijas definēšanai šajā reģionā lietoja terminu "valsts sagrābšana" Vienlaikus PB savos pētījumos konstatēja, ka lielākā daļa pospadomju valstu, tai skaitā Latvija ir smagas politiskās korupcijas skarta. PB konstatēto, ka Latvijas "valsts ir sagrābta" un tās svarīgākās valsts institūcijas pārņemtas, nākamos gados apstiprināja arī virkne citu autoritatīvu starptautisko un Latvijas ekspertu veiktie pētījumi, tādejādi neapstrīdami apliecinot problēmas politisko nozīmību ne tikai atsevišķās valstīs, bet reģionā kopumā. Arī Latvijas piemēra analīze apliecina, ka, neskatoties, ka no Latvijas neatkarības atjaunošanas pagājuši jau padsmit gadi, joprojām var runāt par plaša mēroga politisko korupciju, turklāt līdz ar gadiem korupcijas apjomam nebūt nav tendence samazināties, bet gan pieaugt, iegūstot arvien rafinētākas un grūtāk identificējamas formas. Kā klaiskākos Latvijas "valsts sagrābšanas" piemērus var minēt Latvenergo "trīs miljonu lietu", valsts digitālās televīzijas ieviešanas projektu, politiķu un partiju parakstītos sadarbības līgumus par noteiktas politikas realizāciju un lavēlīgu lēmumu pieņmšanu, Aivara Lemberga krimināllietu, Jūrmalgeitas skandālu, vēlēšanu kampaņu tēriņu ierobešojumu neievērošana, ar valsts drošības dienestiem saistīto likumu grozīšana u.c. Līdz ar virkni iepriekš minētajiem koruptīvajiem darījumiem un aizdomām par rafinētu "valsts institūciju sagrābšanas" realizāciju, ir pamats apgalvot, ka pēdējo 17 gadu laikā Latvijā ir notikusi arī ekonomiskās un politiskās varas saplūšana un atsevišķu politisko spēku biznesa un politisko interešu izlīdzināšanās jeb vienādošanās, ko lielā mērā sekmējus kvazi-politisku organizāciju darbība Latvijā. Tāpēc darbs "Valsts sagrābšanas" koncepts: Latvijas piemērs skaidro un risina aktuālas mūsdienu Latvijas politikas jautājumu, piedāvājot politisko korupciju skatīt caur politisko partiju prizmu. ; "State Capture" concept: Latvia case study Synopsis In 2000, the World Bank in its research about corruption in post-Soviet region – Eastern Europe and USSR – for the first time subdivided corruption not according its scope, but according its type into administrative and political corruption, defining it as "state capture" At the same time the World Bank revealed in its researches that most of post Soviet countries including also Latvia are affected by hard political corruption defined as "state capture". What was stated by the World Bank that Latvian "state is captured" and its most important state institutions seized, a year later was confirmed also by UN Development Programme's National Human Development Report for Latvia published in 2001 and analyzing decision making mechanisms and procedures in the country. Key conclusion of the report was that a closed model of politics formation had developed in Latvia, where parties and business elite have decisive importance, while civic society has trifling influence on political process. These and similar conclusions were confirmed also in other international and local researches about Latvia. Analysis of the Latvia's case also confirms that although 17 years passed since the independence of Latvia had been restored we still can talk about wide-scale political corruption. Moreover, with the course of time corruption tends not to diminish but expand, becoming even more refined and complicated for identification. Among classical examples of "state capture" over the last years we can mention Latvenergo "three million case", state project for digital TV launch, agreements between politicians and parties about the implementation of fixed policy and adoption of favourable decisions, Aivars Lembergs' criminal case, Jūrmalgeit scandal, non-observance of expenses limit for election campaigns, amendments to laws regarding national security services etc. All above mentioned corruption cases and suspicions about refined "state institutions capture" being realized, suggest that over past 17 years economic and political powers have merged in Latvia and business and political interests of some political forces have equalized or unified, which was very much promoted by the activity of quasi-political organizations in Latvia. The goal of this study was to make analysis of most wide-scale Latvia's cases of "state capture", which confirm seizure of most important state institutions – legislative and executive power, by using the World Bank's concept of "state capture", corruption typology suggested by political scientist Rasma Kārkliņa and Transparency International. At the same time another task of the study was to prove a hypothetic assertion about the importance of quasi-political organisations in seizing state institutions and to describe the mechanism of merger between economic and political powers. Principles of quasi-political organisation formation and activity were described using the example of the People's Party and Latvia's First Party. The study concluded that the seizure of most important Latvian state institutions realized by secret powers network in the nineties of the 20th century guaranteed political elite a possibility to fulfil its interests avoiding possible penalty. There are also reasons to suspect that legislation has been "arranged" appropriately by misusing power with the aim to fulfil personal or sponsors' economic interests and neutralize political or business competitors. The cases analyzed in the study also confirm that political agenda of political parties, government and parliament differs very much from people's political agenda. Over these years it was one of the crucial factors, which furthered people's estrangement from the state authorities and distrust to them. Thus we can forecast that also Latvian society will soon run out of patience with such all embracing corruption, because as V.Kalniņš points out, there are at least two further alter

In den letzten Jahren hat die Diskussion um den Erhalt und die Nutzung von kulturellem Erbe aufgrund des Potenzials für Tourismus, Planung und Bildung sowie der Bedeutung für die Entwicklung in der Informationsgesellschaft verstärkt politisches und gesellschaftliches Interesse auf sich gezogen. Die rasanten informationstechnologischen Entwicklungen im Kulturerbe-Sektor führen zu einer Neubewertung der gesellschaftlichen Rolle von öffentlichen Einrichtungen. Die Beteiligten stellen erhöhte Anforderungen an das Management von Sammlungen, die wissenschaftliche Forschung über die Erhaltung von Materialien sowie die Verfügbarkeit und den innovativen, umfassenden und dynamischen Zugang zu kulturellen Beständen durch Wissenschaftler, Fachkräfte und interessierte Bürger. Mit dem Einsatz der Internettechnologie sowie neueren Entwicklungen der Datenbanktechnologie in Standard-Computeranwendungen oder Spezialsystemen können Informationen zum kulturellen Erbe einer großen Anzahl von Nutzern verfügbar gemacht werden. Seit Anfang der 90er Jahre werden Geoinformationssysteme (GIS) zunehmend auch in Disziplinen außerhalb der Geodäsie und Geografie eingesetzt. Unter anderem beschäftigen sich aktuell die Archäologie, die Geologie und die Denkmalpflege mit der digitalen Datenverarbeitung von kulturell und historisch interessanten Objekten in GIS. Insbesondere zur Bearbeitung von raumbezogenen Problemstellungen stehen in allen gängigen GIS zahlreiche Methoden zur Erfassung, Speicherung, Analyse und Visualisierung zur Verfügung. Der zeitlichen Komponente dagegen, die gerade für historische Entwicklungen oder dynamische Prozesse eine große Rolle spielt, wurde sehr viel weniger Bedeutung beigemessen. Sie wird aber neben der nach wie vor sehr wichtigen dritten Dimension in Anwendungen für das kulturelle Erbe zunehmend geschätzt. Objektorientierte Sprachen und Methoden sind als Softwareentwicklungs-Technologie in der Geoinformatik und ihren Anwendungsgebieten unverzichtbar geworden. Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit ist es daher, durch die Nutzung der Vorteile der Objektorientierung bzw. eines objektrelationalen Datenbanksystems einen durchgängigen objektorientierten Ansatz zur Erfassung und Verwaltung von Geoobjekten in einem temporalen GIS (TGIS) für kulturelles Erbes aufzuzeigen. Die Vorgehensweise beinhaltet die objektorientierte konzeptionelle Modellierung eines temporalen Datenmodells für kulturelles Erbe unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von temporalen Anforderungen der Anwendung mittels der Bildung von Objekten mit räumlichen, zeitlichen und thematischen Eigenschaften sowie der Implementierung in eine objektorientierte Software-Umgebung. Es wird auf punktuelle Aspekte des temporalen Umfelds in GIS für kulturelles Erbe eingegangen und diese werden anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen beschrieben. Bei der Modellierung des Informationssystems wurde ein UML-Klassendiagramm eingesetzt und dieses in ein objektrelationales Datenbanksystem abgebildet. Die Grundlage der vorliegenden Arbeit bildete eine Zusammenarbeit der Technischen Universität München mit Gemeinden des Achentals und Verwaltungen in Lehrveranstaltungen und Projekten in Bereichen der Erfassung, Dokumentation und Analyse von kulturellem Erbe in einem GIS. Der eigentliche Wert von kulturellem Erbe, so wurde von den Beteiligten in einem Workshop im Jahr 2001 festgestellt, liegt für die ländlichen Gemeinden nicht in rein kommerzieller Natur, sondern besteht in der Förderung intellektueller Aktivitäten und der Bewusstmachung, dass kulturelles und historisches Wissen die Wurzel regionaler und lokaler Identität bildet. Durch die Kombination neuer Medien, GIS und Internet können neue Anwendergruppen für eine nachhaltige Nutzung, beispielsweise im Heimat- oder Geschichtsunterricht, hinzu gewonnen werden. Zusätzliche oder neue Einnahmequellen entstehen dann in anderen, mit dem Kultursektor verbundenen wirtschaftlichen Sektoren, wie z. B. der regionalen Entwicklung, dem Tourismus oder der Medienindustrie. ; In recent years, there has been a growing social and political debate about the preservation and use of cultural heritage resources. Attention was drawn to the potential of cultural heritage for tourism, planning and education as well as to its significance for the formation of the information society in general. The rapid development of information technologies in the field of cultural heritage leads to a revaluation of the social role of public facilities. The parties hereto make great demands on the management of collections, scientific research on the preservation of materials as well as the availability and innovative, comprehensive and dynamic access to cultural assets through scientists, specialists and interested citizens. By employing Internet technologies and recent developments in database technologies in standard computer applications or expert systems, information about cultural heritage can be made accessible to a large group of users. From the early nineties, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have increasingly been used outside disciplines such as geodesy and geography. Amongst others, archaeologists, geologists and people concerned with the preservation of monuments and historic buildings work with digital representations of cultural and historical objects in GIS. Particularly with regard to the processing of spatial problems, state-of-the-art GIS provide numerous methods for acquisition, storage, analysis and visualisation. In contrast, the temporal component that plays an important role for historical developments and dynamic processes has received far less attention. However, in addition to the still very important third dimension, the temporal dimension is increasingly being valued in cultural heritage applications. Object-oriented languages and methods have become indispensable software development technologies in geoinformatics and its fields of applications. It is therefore a goal of this work to present an integrated object-oriented approach for the acquisition and management of geo-objects in a temporal GIS (TGIS) for cultural heritage. This is achieved through utilising the advantages provided by object-oriented concepts and object-oriented database management systems respectively. The approach comprises the object-oriented conceptual modelling of a temporal data model for cultural heritage. Special consideration is given to the temporal requirements of applications by modelling objects with spatial, temporal and thematic properties as well as by implementing the solution within an object-oriented software environment. Selected aspects of the temporal environment for cultural heritage in GIS are addressed and further explained on the basis of use case scenarios. An UML class diagram is used for the modelling process which is transformed into an object-relational database management system. The basis of the present work is a co-operation between the Technical University of Munich, local authorities of the "Achental" valley and regional authority in university courses and projects concerned with the acquisition, documentation and analysis of cultural heritage in a GIS. According to the results of a workshop held in 2001, the real value of cultural heritage for rural communities is not merely financial in nature, but lies in an encouragement of intellectual activities and in increasing the awareness that cultural and historical knowledge forms the roots for regional and local identity. Combining new media, GIS and Internet, new user groups for a sustainable utilisation, for example, in social and history lessons, can be found and inspired. Additional or new sources of revenue will then emerge from other economic sectors that are connected to the cultural sector. Examples here are regional development, tourism or the media industry.

In den Jahren 1874/75 wurden in Deutschland und Spanien Zentralnotenbanken eingeführt und zu diesem Zweck umfangreiche Notenbankgesetze erlassen. Auf welche politischen und ökonomischen Interessen, geldtheoretischen Paradigmen und sozioökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen gingen diese Bankgesetze zurück? Welche institutionellen Vorbilder gab es und unter welchen Alternativen konnte gewählt werden? Welche Erfahrungen wurden mit dem bisherigen System regionaler Monopole gemacht? Welche Rolle wurde den Zentralnotenbanken zugedacht? Mit welcher Organisation, Rechtsform und Geldpolitik sollten diese Ziele erreicht werden? Entsprach die Praxis der Geldpolitik auch der normativen Vorgabe? Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen stehen die Entscheidungs- und Verfügungsrechte, die Elastizität des Geldangebots, die Verlässlichkeit des Rechtssystems und der institutionelle Wandel des Notenbanksystems im Vordergrund. Zentralbanken werden auf der Basis eines institutionenökonomischen Modells von Curzio Giannini weder real- noch idealtypisch als isolierte Einheiten betrachtet sondern als Knotenpunkt konträrer Interessen analysiert. In Deutschland wurde mit dem Bankgesetz von 1875 ein semizentralistisches Notenbanksystem installiert, dessen wichtigstes Merkmal die Gründung der Reichsbank war. Die Reichsbank stand als private Aktiengesellschaft unter ausschließlich staatlicher Leitung an der Spitze dieses Systems und war das Ergebnis eines Kompromisses privater, fiskalischer und öffentlicher Interessen. Die Reichsbank war als Instrument gedacht, um das deutsche Notenbanksystem in einem 15 jährigen Übergangs- und Bewährungsprozess in ein monopolistisches Zentralnotenbanksystem zu überführen. Grundelemente ihrer Organisation, Ordnungs- und Prozesspolitik entsprachen der zeitgenössischen Auffassung vom Eisenbahnsystem. Anhand bisher unbekannter Dokumente wird gezeigt, dass das Bankgesetz zur Gründung der Reichsbank auf die Planungen der liberalkonservativen Ministerialelite des Kaiserreichs zurückging. Mit der Reichsbank sollte das inländische Wachstum befördert, der Anschluss an den englischen Goldstandard garantiert und der Übergang zum Buchgeld beschleunigt werden. Um den Geldwert bei wechselnder Geldnachfrage zu sichern wurde der Reichsbank zwar eine elastische Geldangebotspolitik erlaubt, diese aber an ein strenges Normensystem gebunden. Diese Regeln waren der zeitgenössischen Banking- und Currencytheorie entnommen und entsprachen dem Paradigma der Newtonschen Physik. Durch die Übertragung dieser Vorschriften in mathematische Funktionen wird der Handlungsspielraum des Bankvorstands ermessen, dem nach Gesetzeslage eigentlich nur eine administrative Funktion zukam. Es gelang dem Bankvorstand aber, diese Vorschriften im Sinne einer pro-zyklischen Konjunkturpolitik legal zu umgehen. In Spanien wurde 1874 ein bankingtheoretisches Modell nach französischem Muster eingerichtet. Die neue Zentralbankverfassung leitete den Richtungswechsel zum liberalkonservativen Zentralstaat ein. Im Gegensatz zum französischen Vorbild wurde der Regierung nahezu unbegrenzter Staatskredit eingeräumt und es der Bank als privater Aktiengesellschaft ermöglicht, ihre Gewinne zu optimieren. Im Rahmen sozioökonomischer Entwicklungsverläufe wird das institutionelle Netzwerk aufgezeigt, in dem Regierung, Staatsnotenbank und Provinznotenbanken seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts agierten. Anhand makroökonomischer Koordinaten und einer erstmalig unternommenen mikroökonomischen Innenperspektive wird nachgewiesen, aufgrund welcher Sichtweisen und Alternativen es schließlich zum Bankdekret von 1874 kam. Der schwebende Rechtscharakter des Bankdekrets führte zu massiven Widerständen seitens der Provinznotenbanken. Aus der Differenz zwischen gesetzlicher Norm und organisatorischem Vollzug werden die Transaktionskosten konfiguriert, die den Übergang zu einem effizienten Zentralbanksystem erschwerten. ; In 1874/75 both in Germany and Spain bank laws were issued that changed a formerly decentralised note-issuing system with regional monopolies to a centralised and hierarchical structure with a Central Bank at its top. Which political and economic interests, monetary theories, social and economic constraints qualified for the respective bank laws? What kind of institutional alternatives were at hand? Did a formerly decentralised system of regional monopolies really fail? Which functions were both Central Banks ascribed to? Did legal norms guarantee that bank authorities managed money supply in due course? Answers are presented on behalf of a comprehensive institutional approach outlined by Curzio Giannini from the Bank of Italy. This approach combines property rights analysis, transactions costs, monetary theory and evolutionary economics. Legal norms are also checked by functional analysis. Evidence is presented as highly revealing documents of central decision-makers are presented for the first time. The Reichsbank was founded in 1875 as a private equity company with an executive board that existed solely of government functionaries. This legal structure was only partly the result of a compromise out of private, public and fiscal interests. As a temporary Public-Private-Partnership model the Reichsbank was permitted a period of 15 years to prove its successful working. At the end of this transformation decision makers imagined a Central Bank with the monopoly to issue notes. Bank notes would also have to be replaced step by step by the use of cheques and current accounts. Decision-makers stipulated a set of strict norms in order to hold both the price level constant and the money supply elastic. These norms were a mixture of elements taken from contemporary Banking and Currency-School. Evidence is given that these norms should steer money supply steadily towards an equilibrium point – according to the principles of Newtonian Physics and the working of the railway system. The rules for money supply would leave the executive board of the Reichsbank with no discretionary choice. Yet, the executive board managed to overcome these norms in order to satisfy money demand. The Spanish note-issuing system was based on the legal norms of Banking-School and the French central bank system. In contrast to these models, in the Spanish central bank law security standards for monetary stability were purposely lowered. Banking norms were opened up to allow for almost unlimited government credit and were eased to maximise the private profit of bank owners. As this may be seen as a rather questionable means towards monetary stability and economic efficiency, the range of alternative decisions is discussed. A long term institutional perspective gives insight into government relations with the Bank of Spain in Madrid and regional banks whose issue of notes was envied by the Bank of Spain ever since. Informal networks illustrate the structure of decision-making within Spanish financial and fiscal oligarchy. Confidential reports of central decision-makers point to the possibility of alternative choices. Intense discussion within the board of the Bank of Spain itself shows which kind of experience and future expectation drove the majority of the executive board finally towards accepting the new central bank law. Provincial note banks resisted in 1874 furiously to the fact that they were taken off their legal right to issue notes in their respective provinces. In response, the bank law could not be executed as imagined by its authors and had to be postponed several times. As legal norms and their effective implementation diverged immensely various kinds of transaction costs are localised in the wake of institutional change.

I. EinleitungII. Bedeutende Elemente des japanischen Arbeitsrechts1. Die "Erbschaft" aus der Vorkriegszeit2. Das alte Gewerkschaftsgesetz3. Arbeitsrechtliche und soziale Bestimmungen in der Verfassung4. Das Arbeitsstandardgesetz5. Der amerikanische EinflussIII. Der weitere Einfluss des europäischen und amerikanischen Rechts auf die Entwicklung des japanischen ArbeitsrechtsIV. Das Konzept der Deregulierung und sein Einfluss auf die Entwicklung des japanischen Arbeitsrechts1. Das japanische Arbeitsrecht als flexibles System2. Die Amerikanisierung des japanischen ArbeitsrechtsV. Probleme im Zusammenhang mit der Amerikanisierung des Arbeitsrechts1. Die Vereinbarkeit von verfassungsrechtlichen Vorgaben mit dem Ziel der Deregulierung2. Amerikanisierung und Globalisierung ; This is a slightly revised manuscript of a lecture the author gave in Freiburg, Germany, on the occasion of receiving an honorary doctoral degree in law from the Faculty of Law of Freiburg University on June 30, 2004.For almost a century now, Japanese law in general and labor law in particular have been continuously influenced by foreign law. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, it was mainly the reception of German law that provided the basis for the development of a modern legal system in Japan. This influence was particularly strong in the field of labor law, and this is probably one major reason for the fact that, despite all the law reforms in the early years of the postwar period which were mainly initiated by the U.S. Occupation Authorities, and despite constant influence by American law during the following decades, the German influence still persists. For instance, German law is at the basis of basic workers' and social rights guaranteed in Artt. 25, 27, and 28 of the Japanese Constitution, and also some fundamental rights and notions laid down in the Trade Union Law and the Labor Standards Law.From the 1960s through the 1980s, no grand changes came about in the field of labor law in Japan. Japanese legislators saw no particular need to enact new laws or add major amendments to already existing laws, though some changes were brought about by developments in case law and legal theory. During that period of time, however, one very important change relating to the attitude of Japanese researchers took place. This would determine the direction of the development of Japanese labor law in the years to come. Whereas formerly – i.e., in the pre-war and early postwar period – a majority of scholars in the early stages of their careers went to Germany to study labor law, from this point on they started to visit many other countries as well. The U.S. in particular became a popular place for undertaking studies abroad. This is generally considered to be one of the main reasons why the influence of American labor law on Japanese labor law began increasing during the 1980s. Another reason is that the U.S. had meanwhile captured a general global predominance.The conventional concept of labor law in the U.S. has two specific features that have especially affected the development of Japanese labor law since the 1990s. First, "collective bargaining" plays an essential role in American labor law. Second, the perception of equal bargaining power between employers and employees is still a very significant feature, giving rise to a comparatively weak legal standing of employees ("employment at will") in the U.S. The latter in particular has begun to dominate recent reform debates in the field of labor law in Japan, with enterprises and employers' associations calling for more deregulation and more flexible employment opportunities.The author raises doubts as to whether the further Americanization of Japanese labor law is a desirable process. He argues that the legal and social framework in Japan significantly differs from that of the United States. American labor law itself has been developing under specific circumstances that share few similarities with those of other countries such as Japan. In Japan, therefore, collective bargaining between employers and trade unions (for instance) plays a different role and has different functions in comparison with the U.S. Furthermore, extreme deregulation in the field of labor law such as in the U.S. would violate workers' rights and social standards in Japan that are guaranteed by the Constitution. In addition, the current standard of legal protection of individual employees under Japanese law is already quite low. A further Americanization and weakening of employees' rights in Japan would axe more than a century of achievements by the Japanese labor movement.Although a continued deregulation triggered by globalization, especially in the field of labor law, is a common trend in many developed countries, care should be taken to avoid getting trapped in a continuous race to the bottom with regard to social standards. In global competition with less developed countries and countries in economic transition, even the U.S. would reach its limits if it aimed to increase economic efficiency primarily by lowering social and labor standards. Instead of engaging in such a misperceived form of globalization, Japan should contribute by setting up reasonable standards of social and workers' rights in developed countries. As a model for setting up such standards, continued tracking of European standards is advisable.Without any doubt, Japan will continue to import foreign law as it has done in the past, and this process can be of great value for any further legal development inside Japan. However, the best product for such an import should be carefully scrutinized and selected.(The Editors)

The author analyses the significance of the rich cultural heritage in Kosovo and Metohija as well as the consequences of its destruction and ruining. Along with this, she takes into consideration the international standards of protection of the cultural heritage in the world. Development of these standards is manifested in increasingly broad implementation of the existing and adoption of new international conventions whose goal is to protect as comprehensively as possible the cultural heritage of the mankind. The author gives a survey of the most important conventions adopted by the UNESCO and the Council of Europe, pointing to the significance of implementation of the Hague Convention and its 1999 Second Protocol introducing the international criminal responsibility for the persons who violate or order violations of the protected cultural property. The paper presents historical, esthetical archaeological, ethnological, scientific and some other values of the cultural heritage in Kosovo. By its characteristics, these values speak of the presence of various religions and civilisations here, while the value of the cultural property in Kosovo and Metohija is far from being merely local and regional. This fully applies to the significance of the cultural monuments of the Serbs. Since Kosovo is under a special international protectorate, UNMIK is also in charge of the preservation of the cultural heritage, what is in accordance with the Resolution 1244 of the Security Council. Also the Joint Document of UNMIK and FRY (November 2001), the chapter on protection of the cultural property confirms the willingness to implement the relevant provisions of the Hague Convention (1954) on protection of the monuments of culture and cultural property. Apart from this, the author points out that the Constitutional Framework for Provisional Self-Government in Kosovo (May 2001) provides for the obligation of the Provisional Institutions of Kosovo to create conditions in order to enable the communities to preserve, protect and develop their identities also pointing to the their duty to work on promotion and preservation of the cultural heritage of all communities with no discrimination. However, in spite of the presence of the international forces in Kosovo and Metohija that should guarantee the implementation of the above mentioned documents and the international standards set by the UNESCO and the Council of Europe destruction of the Serb monuments of culture had not been prevented, and it was particularly prominent in the wave of violence in March 2004. In those events were also destroyed several dozens of Orthodox churches and monasteries, what was noted in the joint statement made by the Council of Europe and European Commission as well as in the report submitted by the UNESCO. The paper also analyses the international programmes of cultural heritage protection in Kosovo, pointing to the basic conclusions and proposals submitted by the missions of the UNESCO, Council of Europe and European Commission that visited Kosovo and Metohija several times. They point out that the violation of international standards in Kosovo is reflected in the deliberate destruction as well as the lack of any protection measures of the monuments from further ruining that results from not taking care of them. Destruction of the religious and cultural heritage is one of the ways for manifesting hostilities as well as the methods for "erasing" the evidence on the historical presence of the people in Kosovo. Apart from this, the author points out that the bad conditions of the cultural heritage in Kosovo also result from the involvement of the international organisations, both governmental and non-governmental, that in this field has often been partial and with no defined programmes and priorities. The author takes a critical consideration of the insufficient involvement of the Serbian authorities in this field, what is, among other things, reflected in the lack of elaborated programme of activities non-coordination and lack of continuity in their work. The author points to the impact of the violence committed in March 2004, as well as on the further work and composition of the international missions, this above referring to the common mission of the Council of Europe and European Commission. These events have in a brutal way drawn attention to the real picture of the bad conditions of the Serb cultural heritage in Kosovo and Metohija, after which the restoration of the destroyed and protection of the remaining monuments of the Serb culture has gained a more important role in involvement of the international community in this field. This role implies above all, involvement of the representatives of the Serb community in the work of the organs and bodies established by the Council of Europe and European Commission with the aim of restoring the monuments of culture of religious character. The article also gives a survey of the measures that SM and Serbia, itself, have already taken or are going to take for the purpose of protecting cultural property in the Province. According to the author's conclusion, in order to apply comprehensive and efficient measures of restoration of the destroyed and damaged monuments of culture and protection of the remaining ones in Kosovo and Metohija it is necessary to, with no delay, ensure the co-ordination of activities of the international and domestic bodies and organisations in order to prevent the irretrievable loss of the rich cultural heritage.

The study of the normative legal authority of the State includes the Constitutional Regulation, the legal regulation and the Administrative (Public) Regulation in general. Also the legal rules and the administrative regulation in particular. Thus, it is necessary to establish the division of normative forums among the Constitution, the law and the regulation as well as been able to distinguish the differences between legal and administrative regulation. Also, between legal and administrative rule, in order to permit the application to facts. For this, the powers of regulation of the constituent, the lawmaker or any public authority in charge of this jurisdiction. The article also includes the general legal authority by all means (Public Authorities, President of the Republic, Superior Council of the Judiciary, Municipal Councils and Legislative Powers of the Colombian Provinces). Differences between regulation and rules as for example the ones of the National Government contained in 􏰓mark-laws􏰔 in articles 150- 19 and 189-16 of the Constitution and competences of regulation of the same National Government according to number 11th of article 189 of the Constitution. In the same way, competences of administrative regulation enacted by the Constitution to the National Government to Administrative Bureaus such as Department Assemblies, District Councils or Municipals, or to public entities like The General Accountant of the Nation, the Superior Council of Judiciary, The Central Bank, the National TV Commission, the General Attorney of the Republic, the General Auditor of the Republic, the National Electoral Council, the Civil Status Registration Office, the National Commission of the Civil Service, the Directive Councils of Autonomous Regional Corporations and Public Universities. Also studied, the powers of administrative regulation of entities enacted by law like the National Council for Social and Economic Policies (gyx€iƒ), the Superior Council of International Commerce, the Superior Council for National Security, the Superior Council for Fiscal Policies (gyxpsƒ), the regulation Commissions and the General Office of the National Securities Commission. All of this with the purpose of demonstrate that constitutional and legally it is possible for an administrative (public) authority to regulate some issues. ; El estudio de la potestad normativa del Estado comprende tanto la regulación constitucional, la regulación legal y la regulación administrativa en general como la reglamentación legal y la reglamentación administrativa en particular. Por tal razón se debe establecer la división de competencias normativas entre la Constitución Política, la ley y el reglamento, lo mismo que distinguir las diferencias entre regulación legal y/o administrativa y reglamentación legal y/o administrativa, todo lo cual nos debe permitir saber cuál es el régimen normativo aplicable para una materia determinada. Para tal efecto, se estudian las facultades de regulación en general a cargo del constituyente, del legislador o de las autoridades administrativas que ejercen dicha potestad, a la vez que se estudian las potestades reglamentarias en general, sea que las cumpla el legislador o las ejerzan las autoridades administrativas que son titulares de las mismas como el Presidente de la República, el Consejo Superior de la Judicatura, las asambleas departamentales o los concejos municipales. Hecho lo anterior, se establecen las diferencias entre regulación y reglamentación, especialmente en materia administrativa. A manera de ejemplo, se establecen las diferencias entre las competencias de regulación a cargo del gobierno nacional con sujeción a las reglas generales contenidas en las leyes marco según lo previsto en los artículos 150-19 y 189-16 y 25 y las competencias de reglamentación a cargo del mismo gobierno nacional según lo previsto en el numeral 11 del artículo 189. En el mismo sentido, se estudian las competencias de regulación administrativa atribuidas directamente por la Constitución Política al gobierno nacional, a corporaciones administrativas como las asambleas departamentales y los concejos distritales o municipales, o a entidades públicas como la Contaduría General de la Nación, el Consejo Superior de la Judicatura, el Banco de la República, la Comisión Nacional de Televisión, la Contraloría General de la República, la Auditoría General de la República, el Consejo Nacional Electoral, la Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil, la Comisión Nacional de Servicio Civil, los consejos directivos de las corporaciones autónomas regionales y de las universidades oficiales. Asimismo, se estudian las facultades de regulación administrativa atribuidas a organismos creados por la ley tales como el Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social CONPES, el Consejo Superior de Comercio Exterior, el Consejo Superior de Seguridad y Defensa Nacional, el Consejo Superior de Política Fiscal CONFIS, las comisiones de regulación y la Sala General de la Superintendencia de Valores. Todo lo anterior con el propósito de demostrar que constitucional y legalmente es posible que una autoridad administrativa ejerza funciones de regulación respecto de una materia determinada, lo mismo que demostrar que constitucional o legalmente es posible también que una autoridad administrativa ejerza funciones de regulación, dejando claro que si una autoridad puede ejercer, con sujeción a la ley, funciones de regulación, debe delimitarse qué corresponde regular al legislador y qué corresponde regular a la autoridad administrativa, o lo que es lo mismo, que debe hacerse una correcta precisión acerca de lo que corresponde a la reserva legal y lo que puede corresponder al campo de regulación administrativa. Ese es el objeto del presente estudio.

National audience ; This text is a new edition of two articles written in 1999. Among other things, it allows to ponder about questions that have already been strongly addressed and yet remained unresolved at the end of the past century, as well as on their permanence or their particular variation one or two decades later.The document proposes a double model of understanding about the functioning of city theatres on the one hand and, on the other hand, professional theatre companies in France at the end of the past century.The approach is based on a small number of in-depth case studies that are though contrasted enough to allow a first rise in generality. Beyond the singularity of each situation, a comparative analysis inductively reveals a set of recurring features and that is the backbone of the proposed models.The latter make it possible to assess any other case of the same type, either by proximity or difference in comparison to the recurring traits mentioned. Some of these elements could evolve or be deepened by taking a larger sample into account.The first article focuses on city theatres, which were not labelled at the time by the Ministry of Culture. It is based on three case studies with 1997 or 1998 as reference year.These theatres, either located in medium-sized towns or on the outskirts of city centres, provide a delicate mediation function at the crossroads of at least three worlds in tension : the local populations, the public authorities and the artistic teams. Their particular artistic project is based on a constant triangle of show distribution, cultural action and creative help. These projects are differentiated in particular according to the way in which the following double question is treated : the taking into account of the expressions specific to their local populations and the explanations about the dimensions at work in the artistic processes.The second article deals with professional theatre companies of low or medium reputation. It is based on three studies with 1996 as reference year.These organisations that are true associative enterprises are built around an artistic project which is itself based on theatrical aesthetics, including a type of relationship to the audiences. Between the search for permanence of action and the need to have a great flexibility, the theatre companies develop a plurality of activities which are to be constantly put in relation with the partners they manage to mobilize and the networks to which they belong. The financial dynamic that is always delicate is then to be first understood as a result of the social game in which these organisations manage to position themselves. ; Ce texte est une réédition de deux articles écrits en 1999. Il permet, entre autres, de s'interroger sur des questions déjà fortement prégnantes et non résolues en fin du siècle dernier, ainsi que sur leur permanence ou leur déclinaison particulière une ou deux décennies ans plus tard.Le document propose un double modèle de compréhension concernant le fonctionnement, d'une part, des théâtres de ville et, d'autre part, des compagnies théâtrales professionnelles en France à la fin du siècle dernier. L'approche s'appuie sur un petit nombre d'études approfondies de cas, néanmoins suffisamment contrastés pour permettre une première montée en généralité. Au-delà de la singularité de chaque situation, une analyse comparée permet ainsi de dégager inductivement un ensemble de traits récurrents, qui constitue l'ossature des modèles proposés. Ceux-ci permettent d'évaluer tout autre cas de même type, par proximité ou écart aux traits récurrents avancés. Certains de ces éléments pourraient évoluer ou être approfondis par prise en compte d'un échantillon plus large.L'article initial s'intéresse aux théâtres de ville, équipements non labellisés à l'époque par le ministère de la Culture. Il s'appuie sur trois études de cas, avec 1997 ou 1998 comme année de référence.Ces théâtres, implantés dans des communes de taille moyenne ou situées à la périphérie de villes-centre, assurent une délicate fonction de médiation à la croisée en tension d'au moins trois mondes : les populations locales, les collectivités publiques et les équipes artistiques. Leur projet artistique particulier se décline autour d'un triangle constant de diffusion de spectacles, d'action culturelle et d'aide à la création. Ces projets se différencient notamment selon la manière dont est traitée la double question de la prise en compte des expressions propres à leurs populations locales et de l'explicitation des dimensions à l'œuvre dans les processus artistiques.Le second article s'intéresse aux compagnies théâtrales professionnelles de faible ou moyenne notoriété. Il s'appuie sur trois études, avec 1996 comme année de référence.Véritables entreprises associatives, ces compagnies sont constitués autour d'un projet artistique, lui-même fondé sur une esthétique théâtrale incluant un type de rapport aux publics. Entre recherche d'une permanence d'action et nécessité de disposer d'une grande flexibilité, les compagnies développent une pluralité d'activités à constamment mettre en relation avec les partenaires qu'elles arrivent à mobiliser et les réseaux auxquels elles appartiennent. La dynamique financière, toujours délicate, est alors à d'abord comprendre comme une résultante du jeu social dans lequel la compagnie arrive à se positionner.

International audience ; The Angara River is the origin of the settlement and development of eastern Siberia. But the crisis of the 1990s led to rethinking Russian land use planning, so that the regions through which the Angara River runs are more and more differentiated. The paper consists in a bibliographic summary and in unpublished information from three on-site missions and an internship at the Energy Systems Institute of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The first part insists on the conception of the planning of the Angarian territory as a whole by the Soviet authorities. The second part presents the Upper Angara. Upstream of Lake Baikal, it has remained more or less wild, despite the construction of the BAM in the 1970s and 1980s. The third part studies the Middle Angara as an engineered river with its cascade of three dams and hydroelectric power stations: Irkutsk, Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk. The fourth part studies the Lower Angara as a river under construction. This planned construction is revised downwards from year to year. The Bogoutchany dam is completed, but it is no functional, for more than ten years, so that it is the centre of environmental and socio-ethnological controversies. ; L'Angara a été à l'origine du peuplement et du développement de la Sibérie orientale. Mais la crise des années 1990 amène à repenser l'aménagement du territoire russe, de sorte que les régions traversées par l'Angara se différencient de plus en plus fortement. L'article est une synthèse bibliographique, augmentée de tableaux donnant des chiffres inédits issus d'un stage effectué par l'auteur à l'Institut de l'Energie de l'Académie des Sciences Russe d'Irkoutsk en 1996.La première partie insiste sur le fait que l'aménagement du territoire angarien avait été pensé comme un tout par les autorités soviétiques. Le harnachement de l'Angara par une succession de barrages s'appuyait sur d'importantes potentialités naturelles, mais les contraintes étaient très fortes, en particulier celles liées au pergélisol. L'Angara était une pièce majeure de l'avancée du front pionnier et de la politique soviétique de Complexe Territorial de Production. Les projets avaient été pensés dès les années 1920 à l'échelle de la Sibérie tout entière, mais ils réclamaient aussi un important développement local. C'est à partir des années 1950 que la mise en œuvre de ces projets devint effective. La deuxième partie présente l'Angara Supérieure. En amont du lac Baïkal, celle-ci est restée plus ou moins sauvage, malgré la construction du BAM dans les années 1970 et 1980. Le Complexe Territorial de Production du Baïkal Septentrional n'a pas encore conduit à la mise en valeur de la région.La troisième partie étudie l'Angara moyenne, une Angara construite, transformée en une succession de trois lacs de barrage : Irkoutsk, Bratsk et Oust-Ilimsk. (i) Il est d'abord souligné combien la construction des barrages a formé une chaîne, tant énergétique qu'industrielle et urbaine. Les travaux de Bratsk ont commencé avec des générateurs diesel alors que le barrage d'Irkoutsk n'était pas terminé, mais c'est l'achèvement de celui-ci qui a permis, par l'acheminement de la nouvelle énergie produite, de finir celui-là. Le même enchaînement s'est reproduit entre Bratsk et Oust-Ilimsk. La main d'œuvre, après la période de pointe, passait au barrage suivant, laissant au précédent une équipe moins nombreuse, terminant l'ouvrage engagé. En outre, l'invention de grilles chauffantes de protection des turbines et l'expérience de construction en pergélisol, acquises à Irkoutsk, autorisèrent un gain de temps pour Bratsk. Et l'expérience des coupes forestières, de la démoustication et de l'urbanisme ex-nihilo de Bratsk permit d'améliorer l'efficacité des travaux à Oust-Ilimsk. (ii) Dans un second temps, le point est fait sur la révision des priorités en cours, en particulier la nouvelle prise en compte des questions écologiques. Il en résulte l'abaissement de niveau du barrage d'Irkoutsk et son obligation de tenir les niveaux stables durant les périodes de frai. Enfin, la région produit tellement d'électricité qu'elle ne peut être toute utilisée sur place, malgré la forte consommation des raffineries d'aluminium, si bien qu'une partie est exportée.La quatrième partie présente l'Angara inférieure (dite aussi Toungouska supérieure dans l'ancienne toponymie), une Angara en construction ou, plutôt, en projet de construction revu à la baisse d'année en année. Achevé, mais non fonctionnel, depuis plus de dix ans, le barrage de Bogoutchany se trouve au cœur des controverses environnementales et socio-ethnologiques. La situation d'attente de Bogoutchany, et, en aval de celui-ci, l'arrêt de la construction des barrages de Kossaïa Chivera et de celui de Mourojny Byk, s'ils sont regardés par les groupes de pression écologistes comme une bonne nouvelle, n'en posent pas moins de graves problèmes. Les gens, souvent âgés, qui sont restés manifestent et en arrivent à des situations de bataille désespérées contre les hydrauliciens logés dans la ville-nouvelle de Kodinsk. Mais ceux, souvent plus jeunes, qui sont partis se sentent lésés eux aussi, car ils ont abandonné la maison de leurs ancêtres et ont perdu leur terrain constitué de bons sols alluviaux, avec le sentiment, dix ans après, de l'avoir fait pour rien.

Atrazin wird seit vielen Jahren als selektives Herbizid in einer Vielzahl landwirtschaftlicher Kulturen, vornehmlich in Mais, aber auch als Bestandteil in Totalherbiziden in Kombination mit anderen Wirkstoffen eingesetzt. In jüngster Zeit vermehrt festgestellte Atrazinfunde in Grundwasservorkommen in verschiedenen Bundesländern haben die Zulassungsbehörde sowie den Verordnungsgeber veranlaßt, die Anwendung atrazinhaltiger Pflanzenschutzmittel zu beschränken: 1987 wurden Obergrenzen des ha-Aufwands pro Jahr festgesetzt, und im März 1991 erfolgte ein vollständiges Anwendungsverbot für alle atrazinhaltigen Mittel. In Schleswig-Holstein wurde das Anwendungsverbot im Rahmen eines 2jährigen Überwachungsprogramms durch Untersuchung von Behandlungsflüssigkeiten aus Feldspritzgeräten (nur 1991) sowie von Bodenproben von Maisflächen (1991 und 1992) auf Atrazin und Desethyl-atrazin kontrolliert. Terbuthylazin, enthalten in dem für die Unkrautbekämpfung in Mais zugelassenen Atrazin-Nachfolgepräparat Gardoprim 500 flüssig, wurde routinemäßig mituntersucht. Insgesamt wurden 13 Behandlungsflüssigkeitsproben mittels HPLC (RP-ClsIUV-Detektor) untersucht. In 11 Proben konnten neben praxisüblichen Terbuthylazin-Gehalten (0,18-6,1 g/l) geringe Atrazingehalte (≤ 50 mg/l) nachgewiesen werden, denen eine pflanzenschutzliche Relevanz im Sinne der Untersuchungsfragestellung nicht zukommt. Zwei Proben enthielten geringe Terbuthylazin-Mengen (≤ 10 mg/l) und keine nachweisbaren Atrazinspuren (≤ 1 mg/l). Die Bestätigung der Terbuthylazin-Befunde erfolgte mittels Kapillar-GC/NPD, die der Atrazingehalte zusätzlich mittels GC/MS (SIM). Praxisübliche Atraz.in-Gehalte konnten in keiner der Behandlungsflüssigkeitsproben ermittelt werden. 1991 wurden 45, 1992 50 Bodenproben auf Atrazin, Desethyl-atrazin und Terbuthylazin mittels Kapillar-GC (N-selektiver Detektor) untersucht. In Ermangelung verbindlicher Bezugswerte für Atrazin-Gehalte im Boden, die auf eine rezente Anwendung schließen ließen, wurde ein "Grenzwert" von 0,1 mg/kg Trockenmasse festgesetzt. Sein Überschreiten gestattet - unter Berücksichtigung einer probenahme- und analysentechnisch bedingten Streubreite von +20 % (einseitige Fragestellung) - den Schluß, daß ein atrazinhaltiges Mittel während der Vegetationsperiode ausgebracht worden ist. In schleswig-holsteinischen Böden, von denen Vorjahresbehandlungen mit atrazinhaitigen Mitteln belegt waren, konnten weder Atrazin noch Desethyl-atrazin oberhalb der Nachweisgrenze (jeweils 0,005 mg/kg) festgestellt werden. 1991 konnten in 10 Proben (= 22 %) Atrazin-Werte oberhalb des Grenzwertes von 0,1 mg/kg TM bestimmt werden; 1992 wurde nur noch eine Überschreitung festgestellt (= 2 %). Durch Wärmebehandlung (Trockenschrank, 3 h, 110 °C) von Bodenproben ließen sich die Atrazin- und Desethyl-atrazin-Gehalte um jeweils ca. 60 % mindern. Trotz Verdachts eines Verstoßes gegen das Anwendungsverbot wurde in beiden Jahren - mit jeweils einer Ausnahme - auf die Einleitung von Ordnungswidrigkeitsverfahren verzichtet. Dafür wurden seitens des amtlichen Pflanzenschutzdienstes in den relevanten Fällen lediglich Verwarnungen ausgesprochen, und das Beratungsangebot .Atrazinfreicr Maisanbau" wurde erneuert. ; The herbicide atrazine has been in use in many agricultural (particularly maize and asparagus) and horticultural crops for many years as a selective active agent. Recent findings of atrazine residues in groundwater and drinking water samples in some regions in Germany alerted the national registration authority (BBA), which in return ordered restrictions regarding the maximum applicable amount per hectare and year on the same field (1987). However, as these restrictions did not suffice, in March 1991 the Federal Government of Germany gazetted a Federal Ordinance in which a general application ban on all herbicides containing atrazine was determined. With this - controversially discussed - decision the blockage of any further, continuous pollution of ground- and surface water resources, namely those used for the generation of drinking water was expected. Therefore, during the spraying season from May to July 1991, 13 samples of spraying solutions were collected directly from the tanks of the spraying machines. For the analyses of the spraying solutions HPLC (RP-C 1S column; UV-detection) was used. 11 samples (of altogether 13) contained practice-relevant terbuthylazine concentrations (0.18-6.1 g/l) - the equally effective but more expensive alternative to the banned atrazine. In these samples also atrazine traces (1.4-49 mg/l, determination limit 1 mg/l) were detected which, however, did not have any impartance as to the objective of this investigation. These residues could be considered as technical contamination from the production process, they could also originate from improperly cleaned tanks and equipment of spraying machines, which was verified by special experiments. Two samples contained only traces of terbuthylazine (≤ 10 mg/l), and atrazine could not be detected (detection limit: 1 mg/l). Practice-relevant atrazine contents (2 0.1 g/l) were not found in any of the spraying solution samples. In 1991,45 soil samples and in 1992,50 soil samples collected from maize fields (taken from May till July) were analysed for atrazine, its degradation product desethyl-atrazine and terbuthylazine by capillary Ge (N-specific detector) using two types of columns of different polarities (DB-I, DB-170I) for confirmatory purposes in case of positive results. Due to the fact that guideline values (mg a.i./kg soil) which could be used for the differentiation whether a field has been sprayed during the vegetation period of whether the residues originate from the previous season, are not existent, an arbitrary "limit" of 0.1 + 0.02 mg atrazine/kg soil (dry matter) was determined (one-sided question). Any results above this value were interpreted that the application ban had not been observed. While in 1991 in 10 samples (= 22 %) atrazine residues were determined above 0,1 mg/kg, in 1992 in only one case this threshold value was excecded. In a special experiment the influenee of heat (drying oven, 110 °C, 3 h) on the fate of atrazine and desethyl-atrazine in a soil sample was checked: for both compounds losses of about 60 % of the respective original concentrations were determined. This information could be useful if a court-case is expected and the perpetratar might treat the counter-sample in the above-mentioned way with the intention to reduce the a.i.-contents. In such cases the soil samples must not solely be analysed for the pesticide in question but also for other soil parameters such as microbial activity etc. Despite the atrazine findings in 1991 (22 %) and in 1992 (2 %) whixh indicate that the application ban had not been observed, the responsible authorities abstained from the preferring charges, with the exception of two particular cases, and instead the Plant Protection Service of Schleswig-Holstein only cautioned the respective farmers and recalled the consultative ofter of "Atrazine-free cultivation of maize".

Central Bank independence, monetary and fiscal policies : a strategic approach Fabrice Capoen, Henri Sterdyniak, Pierre Villa Central Bank independence has recently received a great deal of attention, in both theoretical literature and the public debate. This independence is meant to prevent goverments from practizing over- expansionary economic policies, which, when integrated in private agents expectations, are unable to sustain activity and thus only result in increased inflation. Independence increases the credibility of the government commitment to maintain a low level of inflation. However the risks of independence have not yet been considered to a sufficient extent. While institutional considerations lead to dedicate respectively monetary policy to inflation control and fiscal policy to activity regulation, this separation can be dangerous at a macroeconomic level. Diverging orientations of monetary and fiscal policies may lead to situations featuring high interest rates, large public deficits and overvalued exchange rates, the costs of which, for the country as well as its partners, must be considered. The first part of the article studies the closed economy case. In a Keynesian model, in which fiscal and monetary policies are used in independent ways to manage the inflation/unemployement trade-off, the conflict beetwen them induces a sub-optimal equilibrium, where both interest rates and public deficit are to high. In the same way, in a Barro-Gordon model, an independent Central Bank does not insure private agents against an inflationary surprise due to fiscal expansion. Finally a dynamic model shows that the rise of interest rates increases the financial burden borne by the firms, reduces their profitability and investments, and consequently limits the development of the production capacity. A situation where fiscal policy controls the demand and where monetary policy is dedicated to controlling profitability of firms would be preferable. The second part of the article introduces a two-country model. The lack of internal coordination between monetary and budgetary policies worsens the lack of international coordination so as to lead, in an inflationary shock context, to an equilibrium with high interest rates and deep public deficits, whereas the opposite policy-mix would be better (low interest rate, restrictive fiscal policy). The point is that the monetary tool is relatively less efficient when a world wide inflationary shock occurs. Only, a concerted behavior of monetary and fiscal authorities can result in an efficient policy-mix. But, is it compatible with Central Bank independance? ; Le thème de l'indépendance de la Banque centrale a reçu récemment une attention importante, tant dans la littérature théorique que dans le débat public. Celle-ci empêcherait les gouvernements de pratiquer des politiques économiques trop expansionnistes, qui, intégrées dans les anticipations des agents, sont impuissantes à soutenir l'activité et ne font qu'engendrer de l'inflation. Elle crédibiliserait la volonté de l'Etat de maintenir un bas taux d'inflation. Toutefois, les risques de cette indépendance ne semblent pas avoir été convenablement réfléchis. En cas d'indépendance de la Banque centrale, se pose un problème d'affectation et de coordination des instruments de la politique économique. Si des considérations institutionnelles amènent à consacrer la politique monétaire à la lutte contre l'inflation et la politique budgétaire au soutien de l'activité, cette affectation forcée a-t-elle un sens au niveau économique ? Des orientations différentes des politiques monétaire et budgétaire peuvent entraîner des situations de taux d'intérêt élevés, de surévaluation du taux de change, de déficit public dont le coût, tant pour le pays concerné que pour ses partenaires, doit être pris en compte. La première partie de l'article se situe en économie fermée. Dans un modèle keynésien où les politiques budgétaire et monétaire sont utilisées de façon indépendante pour gérer l'arbitrage inflation/production, le conflit entre elles se traduit par un équilibre non-optimal caractérisé par un taux d'intérêt trop élevé et un déficit public trop important. De même, dans un modèle à la Barro-Gordon (1983), une Banque centrale indépendante ne garantit pas les agents contre les surprises inflationnistes si la politique budgétaire est expansionniste. Enfin, une maquette dynamique montre que l'affectation de la politique monétaire à la lutte contre l'inflation ne va pas de soi : la hausse des taux d'intérêt augmente les charges financières pesant sur les entreprises et réduit leur profitabilité, ce qui nuit à leur investissement, donc au développement des capacités de production. Une configuration où la politique budgétaire régule la demande et la politique monétaire régule la profitabilité des entreprises serait préférable. La deuxième partie présente une maquette à deux pays, dans laquelle la problématique de la coordination des politiques économiques est réinterprétée dans une situation d'indépendance des politiques monétaire et budgétaire. L'indépendance des Banques centrales rend encore plus difficile la coordination des politiques économiques puisque chaque pays parle par deux voix discordantes. Le problème de la coordination interne s'ajoute à celui de la coordination internationale pour aboutir, en cas de choc inflationniste, à un équilibre à forts taux d'intérêt et forts niveaux des déficits publics alors que la constellation inverse (bas taux d'intérêt, politiques budgétaires restrictives) serait préférable. Cet inefficacité provient du fait que l'instrument monétaire est relativement moins efficace en cas de choc inflationniste mondial. Seule, la négociation entre autorités monétaire et budgétaire permettrait d'y échapper. Mais, est-elle compatible avec l'indépendance de la Banque centrale ?

Current northernmost distribution of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is not defined precisely; mentioned to be located "at the Serranía del Perijá" without accurate/confirmed distribution records, and placed by the IUCN at the Serranía de Portuguesa (Venezuela). There is an information gap on the fragmentation of the Andean bear associated ecosystems (Andean forest and Paramo) throughout its distribution in Colombia and Venezuela. The aim of this study is to provide precise knowledge on the current northernmost distribution of the Andean bear in South America at the Serranía del Perijá, besides quantifying spatial trends of the fragmentation of its associated ecosystems at the eastern and western slopes. Confirmed distribution records were obtained from field surveys (2009 to 2016), literature, scientific collections and biodiversity databases. The fragmentation degree of Andean bear associated ecosystems was characterized using FRAGSTATS (V 4.2) software with satellite images from 2008. A current population block with at least three sectors of incidence is present along both slopes of the Serranía del Perijá. Although the Colombian slope comprises greater raw area of Andean bear associated ecosystems, it is highly fragmented and isolated. Core area analysis (extracting a disturbance buffer of 1,000 m into the border of each patch) exhibits a Venezuelan slope maintaining greater amount of Andean bear associated ecosystems at few, large and less fragmented patches. This study extends the distribution of the species 180 km until the north of the Serranía del Perijá (regarding the current distribution recognized by the IUCN) and provides the northernmost confirmed distribution records for South America: Barrancas (Colombia) and Mara (Venezuela) municipalities. This study provides the first fine-scale information on Andean bear associated ecosystems fragmentation for Colombia and Venezuela, with traceable landscape measurements permitting future long-term comparative analyses. A high fragmentation degree of the Andean bear associated ecosystems is present at the Colombian slope of the Serranía del Perijá due to extensive legal and illegal agricultural activities and wood extraction. The lack of information about the Andean bear distribution and its associated ecosystems fragmentation could be putting the survival of local populations at risk, while a clear knowledge on these issues could generate planned conservation actions by the governmental environmental authorities. ; La distribución más septentrional actual del oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus) no está definida con precisión; generalmente se le localiza "en la Serranía del Perijá" sin registros precisos/confirmados, y la UICN la ubica en la Serranía de Portuguesa (Venezuela). Existe un vacío de información de la fragmentación de los ecosistemas asociados al oso andino (bosque Andino y Páramo) en Colombia y Venezuela. El objetivo de este estudio es brindar conocimiento preciso sobre la distribución más septentrional del oso andino en Suramérica en la Serranía del Perijá, además de cuantificar las tendencias espaciales de la fragmentación de sus ecosistemas asociados en las vertientes occidental y oriental. Los registros de distribución confirmados se obtuvieron de exploraciones de campo (2009 to 2016), literatura, colecciones científicas y bases de datos de biodiversidad. El grado de fragmentación de los ecosistemas asociados al oso andino se caracterizó utilizando el software FRAGSTATS (V 4.2) con imágenes satelitales del 2008. Un bloque poblacional actual con al menos tres sectores de incidencia está presente en ambas laderas de la Serranía del Perijá. Si bien la vertiente colombiana presenta una mayor área en bruto de los ecosistemas asociados del oso andino, está altamente fragmentada y aislada. Análisis de área de nucleo (extrayendo un área de influencia de perturbación de 1,000 m desde el borde de cada parche) exhiben que la vertiente venezolana contiene una mayor cantidad de ecosistemas asociados al oso en pocos parches, grandes, y menos fragmentados. Este estudio extiende la distribución de la especie 180 km hasta el norte de la Serranía del Perijá (en relación con la distribución actual reconocida por la UICN) y proporciona los registros de distribución mas septentrionales confirmado para Sudamérica: municipio de Barrancas (Colombia) y Mara (Venezuela). Este estudio proporciona la primera información a escala fina sobre la fragmentación de los ecosistemas asocia- dos al oso andino para Colombia y Venezuela, con mediciones espaciales del paisaje monitoreables, permitiendo análisis comparativos a largo plazo. Un alto grado de fragmentación de los ecosistemas asociados al oso andino está presente en la vertiente colombiana de la Serranía del Perijá debido a actividades agrícolas legales e ilegales y extracción de madera. La falta de información sobre la distribución del oso andino y la fragmentación de sus ecosistemas asociados podría poner en riesgo la supervivencia de las poblaciones locales, mientras que un conocimiento claro sobre estos temas podría generar acciones de conservación planificadas por parte de las autoridades ambientales gubernamentales ; Fil: Rodríguez, Daniel. Fundación Wii; Colombia ; Fil: Shisley, Adriana Reyes. Fundación Wii; Colombia ; Fil: Reyes Amaya, Nicolás Rafael. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina ; Fil: Gallegos Sánchez, Silvana. Universidad Central de Ecuador; Ecuador ; Fil: Gutierrez, Jorge. Fundación Wii; Colombia ; Fil: Suárez, Raúl. Corporación Autónoma Regional del Cesar; Colombia ; Fil: Prieto, Fernando. Corporación Autónoma Regional de la Guajira; Colombia