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[Vol.I] published without general title. ; [I].A Quaker experiment in government. 1898--II.The Quakers in the revolution. 1899. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Reprint from Neues schweizerisches museum, 1864. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The political culture of the society consists of the perceptionof citizens about the political phenomena.Therefore, know how citizens have understood the questionof the protection of human rights It makes it possible to learn more about the Brazilian political behavior, which is to guide the design of public policies to encourage support for these rights and reaffirm the importance to democracy. Being like that, we must bear in mind the premise of which the satisfaction with the action of the State is a recognized element of the confidence of the citizens in the institutions and bigger / better quality of democracy. Mainly because, the studies of political culture have demonstrated that the number of Brazilian citizens who support the political system, but they do not agree with the institutional democratic aspects, it is high. In this sense, it becomes in discussion how Brazilian citizens have understood over time the protection of these rights in Brazil.The raised hypothesis was that the perception of the Brazilian citizen on the protection of the human rights has been kept in the negative sense, that is to say, that the Brazilian does not consider have these protected rights.The adopted methodology was quantitative, with the statistical longitudinal analysis of information of public opinion gathered by the institute of investigation Latinobarómetro in the rounds of survey survey in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 and 2015 in Brazil. As a partial result, met with all this this time series, the majority of the population feels little or nothing guaranteed of protection of the environment, equality of gender, equal opportunities irrespective of the origin of the people, freedom of expression (except for 2009 and 2011), security and social security. These findings call into question the quality of democracy in Brazil. Keywords: Human Rigths; Political Culture; Quality of Democracy.

This article outlines the philosophical and educational paradigm of new approaches in the process of self­identity at school period, the prospects for transformation of educational content as a means of self­identity of the student. It describes the components of the school education content: informational and active (with cognitive, value, technological, developmental components), communicative and reflexive. Changes of the paradigmatic framework of schooling are going on in the context of the content and quality of education improvement concept. The concept of secondary education is determined by the following components: «learning as a process», «participants of learning process», «learning time», «institution» and «educational technologies». Conceptual center of school is a person. Means of students' personal potential realization determine the future of human development in the twentieth century. The following should be fulfilled: content focusing on educational results, which are formed as key competences; introducing in the disciplinary approach and program optimization in different subjects and coursebooks, practical usage of the content and its optimization; using assessing technologies which are true to life. Philosophy of education and practical pedagogy have identified the main strategic goal of humanizing the sphere of education. In her center of attention is the personality of the student, his personality, the formation of potential opportunities for self-expression and self-development, creative thinking. School education is a synthesis of learning and individual cognitive activity, education and self-education, development and self-development, maturing and socialization of students, preparing them for an adult and independent life. Metaphorically, education is perceived by our society as a process of creating an image of a person in an individual. All these processes are inseparable, which is why in the post-classical philosophical and educational paradigm education is considered as a multilevel space in which specific educational and educational processes take place, creating conditions for self-development of the individual. Thus, education is a multi-level structure in which society first of all creates conditions for self-development and self-realization of the individual, and the actual education and upbringing in a general educational institution serves only as an instrument for achieving this socially significant goal. Today, the society's need for successful socialization of schoolchildren is felt very acutely. Further integration of educational factors is planned: school, family, micro-and macro-society. The profound socio-economic and political changes create conditions for changes in all spheres of education, the content of the work of educational institutions, the technology of school education and the updating of methodological pedagogical tools. All modernization processes and innovations that are taking place in educational institutions increase the relevance of education and training problems, which, accordingly, enhances the vector of educational work on the basis of the ideas of humane pedagogy, the awakening of their own activity of students, the disclosure of personal potentials. The rather intensive attention to the problem of self-realization is related to the understanding of its decisive role in the development of the personality, the orientation of the modern school on the differentiation and the stability of learning, which in turn determines the need to create conditions that will allow the student to uncover and realize the internal potential. In this context, an active search for the most effective management models should take place: content content of the educational process in accordance with the society's demand for a clear, consistent and understandable structure of education in a general education school, enhancing the openness of school education for understanding and appropriate assessment of parents and society as the main customers educational service. The society defined the special role of the teacher at all levels of the educational activity of the individual in relation to the formation of the real content and quality of knowledge, skills and abilities. The level of self-actualization of students to effective and effective acquisition of knowledge and skills at the level of time requirements depends on his pedagogical actions and participation in this process of the parents' community, the student's staff. ; У статті розглядається філософсько­освітня парадигма пошуку нових підходів у процесі самореалізації особистості в шкільний період, перспективи трансформації змісту освіти як засобу самореалізації особистості школяра. Дається характеристика компонентів змісту шкільної освіти: інформаційно­діяльнісного (із пізнавальною, ціннісною, технологічною, розвивальною), комунікативною та рефлексивною складовими). Зміни парадигмальних засад шкільної освіти проходять у контексті концепту розвитку змісту та якості освіти, їх удосконалення. Концепт середньої освіти визначають по наступних складових: «навчання як процес», «учасник навчального процесу», «час навчання», «навчальний заклад» та «навчальні технології». Концептуальним центром шкільної освіти є людина. Засоби реалізації особистісного потенціалу школяра визначають у перспективі сталий розвиток людства у ХХІ столітті. Потрібно реалізовувати: фокусування змісту на навчальних результатах, виписаних у форматі ключових компетентностей; запровадження міжпредметного підходу та оптимізація змісту програм з предметів, навчальних підручників; практичне застосування змісту та його оптимізація; застосування оцінних технологій, що наближені до життєвих ситуацій. ; У статті розглядається філософсько­освітня парадигма пошуку нових підходів у процесі самореалізації особистості в шкільний період, перспективи трансформації змісту освіти як засобу самореалізації особистості школяра. Дається характеристика компонентів змісту шкільної освіти: інформаційно­діяльнісного (із пізнавальною, ціннісною, технологічною, розвивальною), комунікативною та рефлексивною складовими). Зміни парадигмальних засад шкільної освіти проходять у контексті концепту розвитку змісту та якості освіти, їх удосконалення. Концепт середньої освіти визначають по наступних складових: «навчання як процес», «учасник навчального процесу», «час навчання», «навчальний заклад» та «навчальні технології». Концептуальним центром шкільної освіти є людина. Засоби реалізації особистісного потенціалу школяра визначають у перспективі сталий розвиток людства у ХХІ столітті. Потрібно реалізовувати: фокусування змісту на навчальних результатах, виписаних у форматі ключових компетентностей; запровадження міжпредметного підходу та оптимізація змісту програм з предметів, навчальних підручників; практичне застосування змісту та його оптимізація; застосування оцінних технологій, що наближені до життєвих ситуацій.

Teeth replacement through dental implants represents one of the oldest practices in the entire history of dentistry, being supported by archaeological findings and dedicated chapters in old medical textbooks. Ancient civilizations like Mayans, Egyptians, Phoenicians, or Chinese used amazing methods of implantology, and interesting materials like shells, bamboo, porcelain, iridioplatinum, or cobalt-chromium-molybdenum, connected using ligature wires made of gold, silver, linen or silk, or even real teeth, of human or animal origin. Over the time, dental implantology has evolved from rudimentary attempts to replace missing teeth, to experimental treatments with various materials, until reaching the point where implant-supported prostheses represent a highly predictable rehabilitation option. This historical perspective starts from ancient civilizations and emphasizes the main findings in every important phase of evolution of dental implants, providing a tour of the materials that were used, the main contributors and experiments that defined the science of implantology through time.

This research aims to describe the power of policy entrepreneurs in disability-inclusive policy-making. Disability-inclusive policy in the Jember Regency of East Java, Indonesia, is a result of a thirteen-year- long struggle of the disability groups. Their struggle started as a series of demonstrations, petitions, and hearings with the Regional House of Representatives and the Regent. It then continued with a series of debates and negotiations with the policy-makers. This descriptive- qualitative research utilized Kingdon's multiple stream framework analysis to capture the stipulation of Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2016 on the Protection and Fulfillment of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The informants were six disabled persons and two former members of the Regional House of Representatives. The study finds that the problem stream was raised through demonstrations, petitions, and hearings; the policy stream was done through efforts to include the draft of the disability act in the regional legislative program. Policy windows took place during the momentum initiated by the stipulation of a nationwide disability-inclusive policy by the state government, and, finally, policy entrepreneurs act through lobbies and negotiations. This study concludes that the disability policy-making process in Jember Regency was influenced by the strong power of policy entrepreneurs. Disability groups and the Regional House of Representatives as a policy entrepreneur force acted quickly to take advantage of the open policy window momentum, and, finally, the policy maker ratifies local regulations regarding the protection and fulfillment of the rights of persons with disabilities.

Africa's and South America's rich endowments of resources and great need for infrastructure development make them perfect candidates for China's "infrastructure-for-resources" loans. Over the past decade, such an arrangement for pursuing China's resource-security goals overseas - namely, securing long-term supply contracts and accessing exploration rights - has proved more effective in Africa than in South America. This article discusses the reasons for this regional variation by providing a comparative study of China's economic statecraft in Angola and Brazil, focusing on the deployment of infrastructure-for-oil deals. It argues that the variation in China's energy-security outcomes (long-term supply and access to oil equity) in Angola and Brazil can be attributed mostly to fundamental differences between the institutional structures of each country's oil industry. Although this foreign policy instrument has worked well for the centralised structure encountered in Angola, it has been less suitable for the far more liberalised and regulated environment that characterises Brazil's oil sector. (JCCA/GIGA)

This article shows how we can use the securitization framework to study extreme history politics.Securitizationrefers to a speech act or discursive process in which an actor makes a claim that some referent object, deemed worthy of survival, is existentially threatened. If successful, securitization justifies the use of extraordinary measures to counter the threat. After introducing the concept of securitization in detail, the article presents three ways in which history and securitization can be connected: history can serve as a facilitating condition of securitization; history can be explicitly used to strengthen a securitizing move; or history, or a particular interpretation of it, can be the referent object of securitization. The second half of the article is devoted to a discussion on the role of history in the securitization of national identities. Historical myths are the standard building blocks of national identities; challenging these myths can be presented as threats to the survival of the nation. The article also discusses potential forms of resistance against securitization of history/national identities. Illustrative examples from the political use of WWII history in Finland will be used to show the practical consequences of various conceptual choices.

Abstract The family farming sector in Brazil is an important player in the country's economy, especially in poor rural areas., The government has created the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture (PRONAF) to stimulate the development of family farming in Brazil. It a credit program that offers loans at a subsidized interest rate. Previous studies have shown that wealthier farmers and more developed regions have more access to subsidized credit. Due to this apparently unequal allocation of PRONAF resources, the study aims to analyze, through econometric regressions and interviews with specialists, the underlying determinants for the unequal credit allocation across the municipalities in Brazil. Results indicate that wealth and knowledge of farmers are significant determinants of loan size, whereas municipalities that represent a high risk have received significantly fewer resources from PRONAF per household head. Thereby, we can conclude that PRONAF's operations are not fulfilling their pro-poor objectives of targeting poor farmers and municipalities. Progress in infrastructure and institutions to reduce risks, enhancement of farmers' qualifications and organization, better access to markets and agroindustry, and improvements in rural extension services are found to be essential to increasing the access to PRONAF's credit.

Abstract The family farming sector in Brazil is an important player in the country's economy, especially in poor rural areas., The government has created the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture (PRONAF) to stimulate the development of family farming in Brazil. It a credit program that offers loans at a subsidized interest rate. Previous studies have shown that wealthier farmers and more developed regions have more access to subsidized credit. Due to this apparently unequal allocation of PRONAF resources, the study aims to analyze, through econometric regressions and interviews with specialists, the underlying determinants for the unequal credit allocation across the municipalities in Brazil. Results indicate that wealth and knowledge of farmers are significant determinants of loan size, whereas municipalities that represent a high risk have received significantly fewer resources from PRONAF per household head. Thereby, we can conclude that PRONAF's operations are not fulfilling their pro-poor objectives of targeting poor farmers and municipalities. Progress in infrastructure and institutions to reduce risks, enhancement of farmers' qualifications and organization, better access to markets and agroindustry, and improvements in rural extension services are found to be essential to increasing the access to PRONAF's credit.

Abstract
The publication of The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature in 2010 stands as a significant achievement in the field of Chinese literary studies within the global field of Sinology. This groundbreaking work challenged the prevailing narratives of Chinese literary history in two key areas: writing style and perspectives of literary history. By employing updated methodologies, the authors addressed the practical question of how to effectively rewrite Chinese literary history. Additionally, they relied on historiographic principles to reconsider the theoretical issues surrounding the nature of Chinese literary history and the reasons behind its rewriting. Through a comprehensive investigation, this literary history offers a theoretical response to the question of what Chinese literary history truly entails. It sheds light on two fundamental compilation principles: the history of history and the history of literary culture. These principles revolve around the three core elements of history, literature, and China itself. By examining the book's interactions with the mainstream Western theoretical community, insight may be gained into the motivations behind the writing process and the paradigmatic shifts within contemporary overseas Chinese literary history.

The quantification of abiotic features is a process in Geodiversity focused studies to indicate priority areas for conservation. Although some quantification methods are in use, doubts remain as to their applicability, particularly the relationship between coefficients of geodiversity and rugosity. In this perspective, this study proposes to analyze this relationship through the geostatistical models of Local Moran's I and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), applied in sub-basins of one of the most important karstic regions in Brazil. To simulate the rugosity coefficient, the Global Relief Dissection Index was used, which consists of a combination of morphometric indices that enable the estimation of a given region's power of dissection. The application of Local Moran's I showed geodiversity and relief dissection potential behavior patterns, demonstrating that the variables have spatial dependence and are correlated at certain points. The application of GWR was successful, although the model was not able to explain the regional relationship between the coefficients of geodiversity and relief dissection. Nevertheless, it enabled local analysis of different behaviors through the spatialization of local R2 and residuals. It can be inferred that there are other variables that interfere in the local geodiversity, especially, for being a geosystem with characteristics specific.

The creation of new discursive spaces on the Internet that politically claim the importance of indigenous languages for cultural diversity, using the new technologies, has facilitated the convergence of different artistic expressions that constitute emerging strategies of digital artivism. This article presents a study about the Kimeltuwe educational proposal and particularly the analysis of the publications of its Facebook page, during the period of one year, which includes the mapuche annual cycle. We analyzed the different forms of artivism that through this platform are promote, using a mixed methodology that on the one hand quantitatively analyzes the data and figures of their publications, and on the other allows us, through conceptual categories, a qualitative approach to the different interpretations and symbolic meanings of the publications made. ; La creación de nuevos espacios discursivos en internet que reivindican políticamente la importancia de las lenguas indígenas para la diversidad cultural, a partir del uso de las nuevas tecnologías, ha facilitado la convergencia de distintas expresiones artísticas que constituyen estrategias emergentes de artivismo digital. Este artículo presenta un estudio sobre la propuesta educativa Kimeltuwe y particularmente el análisis de las publicaciones de su página de Facebook, durante el periodo de un año, que comprende el ciclo anual mapuche. Se analizaron las diferentes formas de artivismo que a través de esta plataforma promueven sus autores, utilizando una metodología mixta, que por una parte analiza cuantitativamente los datos y cifras de sus publicaciones, y por otra, nos permite a través de categorías conceptuales, un acercamiento cualitativo a las diferentes interpretaciones y significados simbólicos de las publicaciones realizadas.