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Law and policy provide the foundation for space actors engaging in space activities. Likewise, various levels of policy and regulation apply internationally, domestically, and even institutionally to both governmental and nongovernmental entities. Consequently, teaching the policy frameworks for space regulations and best practices is essential for a comprehensive university curriculum in space education. Challenges arise, however, when instructing technical and non-policy university students in humanities-centered topics. Reading comprehension, writing ability, critical thinking, and communication skills are critical elements of policy education, yet many technically oriented students struggle with these requirements. Given these are fundamental skillsets necessary for success in both academia and a dynamic space work force, adapting traditional teaching methodologies may be required to optimize desired learning outcomes for technical student audiences. Customizable strategies exist that can combine and scale these fundamental skillsets with substantive content and materials, providing a range of teaching and learning modalities for study, assessment, and experience. This presentation will highlight potential learning approaches tried at one aeronautical university to address these challenges. For instance, overarching strategies may include commencing with a visual of the student journey (much like a user journey in an investment pitch) delineating the value-added experience for students engaging in course content, and building substantive skill-based learning components which are introduced sequentially and with increasing level of difficulty. Examples of learning methodologies include applying Bloom's Taxonomy in assignment creation. Most importantly: 1) Knowledge: involves identifying, understanding and remembering core content (e.g. pop quizzes, reading quizzes, cumulative review quizzes, question bank assessments); 2) Analysis: involves reading comprehension, interpretation, evaluation, analysis (e.g. ...

The post-Soviet period of Moldova's history was complex and ambiguous. It was characterized by a difficult socio-economic situation, important transformations of the foreign policy, malign influence of corruption, mass departure of the able-bodied population outside the republic. Recent years have not been an exception. The turbulent events of 2016‒2020, which are analyzed, became a new important stage in the life of Moldova, solidifying the trends of its development in the next decade. The authors analyze the key events of this period, of its domestic and foreign policy: the issues of the creation and functioning of a broad coalition in the summer of 2019, its collapse, the formation of a new coalition between socialists and democrats, the presidential elections in Moldova and their impact on the political situation. The authors note that the recent trends in the political development of Moldova and its foreign policy show that in the near future political instability in the republic will continue. The question is if, in the context of internal political polarization in the country, it will be possible to reach a geopolitical consensus around Moldova and prevent the acute political confrontation in the country from turning into a long-term political and institutional crisis.

THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A CRITIQUE OF GERMAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS, THE OSTPOLITIK OF WEST GERMANY, AND THE EFFECTS OF THIS "DETENTE" ON ITS RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES. THE ARTICLE CONCLUDES WITH NOTES ON THE FUTURE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GERMANY AND THE U.S., NOTING THAT THE ALLIANCE IS VALUABLE TO GERMANY AND WILL ENDURE.

"This book demonstrates the direct influence that political protest behavior has on Congress, the presidency, and the Supreme Court, illustrating that protest is a form of democratic responsiveness that government officials have used, and continue to draw on, to implement federal policies. Focusing on racial and ethnic minority concerns, this book shows that the context of political protest has served as a signal for political preferences. As pro-minority rights behavior grew and anti-minority rights actions declined, politicians learned from minority protest and responded when they felt emboldened by stronger informational cues stemming from citizens' behavior, a theory referred to as the "information continuum." Given the influence that minority protest actions have wielded over national government, the book offers a powerful implication. Although the shift from protest to politics as a political strategy has opened the door for institutionalized political opportunity, racial and ethnic minorities have neglected a powerful tool to illustrate the inequalities that exist in contemporary society"--

(Introduction) Making Sense of the Urban Agendas: Studies in the Production and Use of the Urban in Agenda Discourses -- Part I: The Urban Agenda for the European Union: Spatiality, Knowledge, Powers -- Understanding the Emergence of the Spanish Urban Agenda: Towards a New Multi-level Policy Scenario? -- Urban Policies in Portugal -- Gender Impact in the Agenda 2030 -- Part II: Scottish City Regional Deals: A New Type of Multi-level Partnership? -- The Politics of Making Regions - Competitiveness and the Re-presentation of Territoriality in Europe. The Case of the International Øresund Region -- Metropolitan Areas in Italy, Between National Agenda and Local Agendas -- Part III: The Urban Question in German Policy Making -- Metropolitan Development and Governance: the Cases of England and France -- Metropolitanizing a Nordic state? City-regionalist Imaginary and State Territorial Restructuring in Finland -- Part IV: Urban Agenda at the Regional Scale: the Case of Andalusia -- The Implementation of Madrid 2030 Agenda -- Urban Agenda and Metropolitan Governance: the Case of Milan -- Conclusion. Advancing Urban Agenda Research

This contribution explores the outcomes of tourism-related policy-making processes within the framework of the Italian National Strategy for Inner Areas (SNAI), a development strategy launched by the Italian Government in 2012. The strategy aims at improving the living conditions in those territories located far from urban hubs, which have been suffering from progressive social and economic marginalisation. Exploiting the synergies emerging from the combination of anthropological perspectives and socio-statistical techniques, this study performs a content analysis on the planning documents produced by SNAI's 22 pilot areas, relating to the never-ending debate between spatially blind and place-based development policies. The main objective is to investigate whether and how the planned tourism strategies in these areas are coherent with the policy framework and the guidelines proposed by SNAI. The results highlight different degrees of coherence, identifying how some tourism strategies reflect imprecise knowledge of the territory and the needs of those living there.

Policy learning has been one of the primary mechanisms by which policy innovations are assumed to diffuse from one jurisdiction to another. Recent research suggests, however, that learning is more than simply observing policy adoption in other jurisdictions and must also include an assessment of the outcomes or effectiveness of those policies. This article argues that an assessment of the ability to implement an innovation is also likely to be a component of the learning process. Specifically, it argues that potential adopters are likely to ask not only, "Was the policy effective in other states that adopted it?" but also, "Can we make the policy work for us?" We test hypotheses drawn from this general argument in a directed dyad analysis of renewable portfolio standards in the American states between 1997 and 2009. Results indicate that shared implementation environments among jurisdictions help determine the impact that information about policy effectiveness has on adoption decisions. These findings suggest that implementation concerns may be an important part of the policy learning process.