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Following immense international pressure, Turkmen satirist Farid Takhbatullin was granted amnesty from three years in prison in 2003. His work on the environment brought him head-to-head with President Saparmyrat Niyazov and he felt he had no future in his own country. From his new home in western Europe, he follows events in Turkmenistan closely and publishes a human rights bulletin online. He plans to launch Central Asia's first satirical website this year.

How has the invasion of Iraq influenced global jihadist ideology? Based on primary sources in Arabic, this article highlights important ideological changes; Iraq is considered a crossroads in the global jihad against the "Crusaders." New strategic dilemmas have caused divisions
among militants, and Iraq's attractiveness has undermined other battlefronts. A new "strategic studies" genre has emerged in jihadist literature. Countries in Europe and the Gulf are increasingly highlighted as enemies and potential targets.

"Im Jahr 2001 wurde die gesetzliche Rente um neue Instrumente der Altersvorsorge ergänzt. Für bereits vorhandene Instrumente wurden die Rahmenbedingungen verbessert. Dieser neue Mix vergrößert die Chancen zum Aufbau einer eigenständigen Altersvorsorge für bestimmte Personengruppen. Außerdem erlaubt er eine bessere Anpassung an individuelle Vorsorgebedürfnisse. Die Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojektes 'Private pensions and social inclusion in Europe' zeigen, dass es positive Entwicklungen vor allem bei der Übernahme von kollektiven Formen der Eigenvorsorge im Rahmen von Betriebsrenten gibt. Die Möglichkeiten, an diesen Formen zu partizipieren, unterscheiden sich jedoch nach der Einbindung in den Arbeitsmarkt und dem Informations- und Bildungspotenzial. Hier liegen die Risiken des neuen Sicherungssystems, die durch solidarische Elemente der Mindestsicherung aufgefangen werden müssen." (Autorenreferat)

Résumé L'Union européenne a longtemps usé de sa politique commerciale comme d'une politique extérieure de substitution, assurant son propre développement et modelant ses partenaires à son image. Cependant les difficultés internes – intérêts économiques et politiques divergents – et externes – négociations de l'OMC, politiques de la Chine ou des concurrents américain ou japonais – mettent à mal le modèle d'une Europe au fédéralisme inachevé, menant une politique étrangère qui ne s'assume pas comme telle.

Un nouvel intérêt pour l'Afrique se manifeste dans l'opinion publique française, porté notamment par des débats sur la colonisation. L'exemple de la gestion de la mémoire du Congo en Belgique fait ressortir un retard français en la matière. Mais les polémiques sur les responsabilités coloniales dans les difficultés actuelles des communautés d'origine africaine en Europe posent la question du rôle de la critique historique et de sa diffusion face aux revendications mémorielles antagonistes.

While the theoretical case for Land Value Taxation is regarded as being very persuasive, most people looking closely at the idea form the view that the practical difficulties of introducing it into an established modern economy are compelling. Nevertheless, in Europe and America the ideas put forward by George continue to influence many people discussing issues around land use planning, urban development and methods of funding infrastructure and local government.

At present, there are about 190,000 Jews living in Germany. 60 years after the end of WWII, they are struggling with their self-conception that is influenced by four primary developments: 1) forced normalization; 2) generation change; 3) Jewish immigration from Eastern Europe; and 4) religious pluralism. With the passing on of the Holocaust generation, a significant change is taking place where understandings and taboos are changing, even loosing their significance.

This article analyses the behavior of the French media during the campaign for the 29 May 2005 referendum on the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe. The media were biased in favour of the Treaty. The media bear a share of responsibility in the rejection of the Treaty in leading people who felt that the media were disconnected from the people's concerns to vote against the Treaty. Tables, References. [Copyright 2005 Elsevier B.V.]

This paper will first dwell on the differences in security perceptions at an overall level, before examining US an European attitudes. It will then present European Security issues as seen from a Swiss perspective, with an eye on NATO and ESDP. Following that, it will focus on Swiss security policy, neutrality, international cooperation, peace support operations and the fight against terrorism. In conclusion, it will briefly turn to governance issues in Europe, referenced by the Swiss political experience of multiculturalism.

This essay fills a gap by exploring compliance theory in international law to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. After introducing the topic and setting the context, it delves into the question of why nations follow international law. Interacting with prominent theoretical models (including the managerial model, fairness and legitimacy, transnational legal process, self-interest, and a comparative perspective with Europe), it arrives at a critical synthesis in the conclusion.